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36-448: The name is a Czech diminutive form of woman name Caroline . It was derived from given name of stepmother of its founder, Jewish entrepreneur Salomon Reich. Until 1951, its name was Karolinina Huť , meaning "Karolina's glassworks". Karolinka is located about 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of Vsetín and 38 km (24 mi) northwest of Žilina in Slovakia . It borders Slovakia in

72-452: A glass factory established on the territory of Nový Hrozenkov municipality in 1861. Karolinina Huť was separated as a municipality of its own from Nový Hrozenkov in 1949. In 1951, it was renamed Karolinka. Karolinka is located on the railway line Vsetín– Velké Karlovice . The main landmark of Karolinka is the Church of Our Lady of Carmel. It is a modern church built in 1994–1997. Karolinka

108-637: A -le suffix (the e being distinctly pronounced, but not stressed). For example, a small house would be a "Häusle" or a little girl a "Mädle". A unique feature of Swabian is that words other than nouns may be suffixed with -le, which is not the case with other German dialects (except Bernese Swiss German), High German, or other languages: wasele (diminutive of was , what ) or jetzetle (diminutive of jetzt , now ) or kommele (diminutive of kommen , come ). (In both Spanish and Italian, these may be formed similarly, e.g. igualito – diminutive of igual , same and pochino or pochettino - diminutive of poco ,

144-526: A different meaning: A few words exist solely in a diminutive form, e.g. zeepaardje ( seahorse ) and sneeuwklokje ( Snowdrop ), while others, e.g. meisje ( girl ), originally a diminutive of meid ( maid ), have acquired a meaning independent of their non-diminutive forms. See other examples. A diminutive can also sometimes be added to an uncountable noun to refer to a single portion: ijs ( ice , ice cream ) → ijsje ( ice cream treat , cone of ice cream ), bier ( beer ) → biertje, cola → colaatje. When used,

180-500: A diminutive suffix to some extent but is often used as a slang suffix which is very colloquial. See latin diminutive . In the Latin language the diminutive is formed also by suffixes of each gender affixed to the word stem . Each variant ending matches with a blend of the variant secondary demonstrative pronouns: In Old Latin , ollus , olla , ollum ; later ille , illa , illud (< illum- da to set off ileum ). Similarly,

216-618: A little/a few). Many variants of Swabian also have a plural diminutive suffix: -la. E.g.: "oi Mädle, zwoi Mädla." In High Alemannic the standard suffix -li is added to the root word. A little would be äs bitzli (literally a little bite) as to "ein bisschen" in Standard German. The diminutive form of bitzli is birebitzli . Vowels of proper names often turn into an umlaut in Highest Alemannic, whereas in High Alemannic it remains

252-405: A more colloquial "cute" usage would be Mädl , Madl or Mäderl . It is regular for Austrians to replace the normal Bisschen ('a little' as in "Can I have a little more?") with Bissel . This has become a very distinctive feature of Austrian German. Contrary to the previous section, umlaut are not used that frequently (Gurke - Gürkchen vs. Gurkerl). A familiar example of the -erl diminutive

288-406: A reduction in size and they are not merely restricted to nouns. The nuances of meaning expressed by diminutives are particularly unique to Dutch and can be difficult to master for non-native speakers. Diminutives are very productive endings, they can change the function of a word and are formed by adding one of the suffixes -je , -pje , -kje , -tje , -etje to the word in question, depending on

324-514: A verb, as in, "ziehen" - "Zögling", "setzen" - "Setzling". Use of these diminutive suffixes on a finally stressed word stem causes umlaut of the stressed vowel. In Bavarian and Austrian German , the -l or -erl suffix can replace almost any usual German diminutive. For example, the standard word for 'girl' in German is Mädchen and, while Mädchen is still used frequently in Austrian German,

360-407: Is Nannerl , the childhood name of Maria Anna Mozart , the sister of the celebrated composer. Historically, some common Austro-Bavarian surnames were also derived from (clipped) first names using the -l suffix; for example, (Jo)hann > Händl , Man(fred) > Mändl (both with epenthetic d and umlaut ), (Gott)fried > Friedl , and so on. In Swabian German this is done by adding

396-436: Is das Mädchen , which is neuter because it is a diminutive of die Magd (feminine) – the maiden (Handmaid, maidservant, not: virgin). While Mädchen is an everyday word, Magd is not common in modern use—and in any meaning other than "female farm employee" it is associated with medieval language (as in fables, novels, etc.). However, -ling has a masculine gender. In the cases of "Zögling", "Setzling", this form nominalizes

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432-456: Is twinned with: Diminutive A diminutive is a word obtained by modifying a root word to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning, either to convey the smallness of the object or quality named, or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment , and sometimes to derogatorily belittle something or someone. A diminutive form ( abbreviated DIM ) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings. A double diminutive

468-502: Is a productive part of the language. For example, in Spanish gordo can be a nickname for someone who is overweight, and by adding an -ito suffix, it becomes gordito which is more affectionate. Examples for a double diminutive having two diminutive suffixes are in Polish dzwon → dzwonek → dzwoneczek or Italian casa → casetta → casettina ). In English,

504-399: Is a diminutive form with two diminutive suffixes rather than one. Diminutives are often employed as nicknames and pet names when speaking to small children and when expressing extreme tenderness and intimacy to an adult. The opposite of the diminutive form is the augmentative . In some contexts, diminutives are also employed in a pejorative sense to denote that someone or something

540-531: Is from the Latin diminutive cuniculus . The use of diminutives is quite different between the dialects. The Alemannic dialects for example use the diminutive very often. There are two suffixes that can be systematically applied in German: The contemporary colloquial diminutives -chen and -lein are always neuter in their grammatical gender , regardless of the original word. For example, the common German word for girl

576-503: Is that in the Dutch language also adjectives and adverbs can be conjugated as diminutives as if they were nouns. Diminutives are widely used in both languages, but possibly more so in the Afrikaans language. In some cases the diminutive in Afrikaans is the most commonly used, or even only form of the word: bietjie (few/little), mandjie (basket), baadjie (jacket) and boontjie (bean). In other cases

612-467: Is weak or childish. For example, one of the last Western Roman emperors was Romulus Augustus , but his name was diminutivized to "Romulus Augustulus" to express his powerlessness. In many languages, diminutives are word forms that are formed from the root word by affixation . In most languages, diminutives can also be formed as multi-word constructions such as " Tiny Tim ", or "Little Dorrit". In most languages that form diminutives by affixation, this

648-573: The umlaut in combination with the suffixes -gie(n): In East Frisian Low Saxon , -je, -tje, and -pje are used as a diminutive suffix (e.g. huis becomes huisje (little house); boom becomes boompje (little tree)). Compare this with the High German suffix -chen (see above). Some words have a slightly different suffix, even though the diminutive always ends with -je. For example, man becomes mannetje (little man). All these suffixes East Frisian Low Saxon shares with Dutch. In Northern Low Saxon ,

684-892: The - je diminutive is rarely used, except maybe Gronings , such as in Buscherumpje , a fisherman's shirt. It is usually substituted with lütte , meaning "little", as in dat lütte Huus - the small house. The same goes for the North Germanic languages . Historically, some common Low German surnames were derived from (clipped) first names using the -ke(n) suffix; for example, Ludwig > Lüdeke , Wilhelm > Wilke(n) , Wernher > Werneke , and so on. Some of these name bases are difficult to recognize in comparison to standard German; for example, Dumke, Domke < Döm 'Thomas', Klitzke < Klitz 'Clement', etc. Some of these names may also have Slavic or mixed Slavic-Germanic origins. Yiddish frequently uses diminutives. In Yiddish

720-452: The Caithness –ag (the latter from Scottish Gaelic , and perhaps reinforcing the other two before it). -ie is by far the most common suffix used. Others are -le or -er for frequentative or diminutive emphasis. Less frequent diminutives are kin (often after the diminutive -ie ) and -lin . Examples include In Dutch , diminutives are used extensively. Their meaning often goes beyond

756-864: The Western Dutch and later Standard Dutch form -tje has derived by palatalization ), -eke(n) , -ske(n) , -ie , -kie , and -pie are (still) regularly used in different dialects instead of the former mentioned. Some of these form part of expressions that became standard language: The form -ke(n) is nowadays still present in many women's names: Janneke (< Jan < Johannes, Dutch equivalent of John); Renske (< Rens, men's name); Marieke, Marijke, Mieke, Meike (all from Maria); Anneke (< Anna, Anne); Tineke (< Martine); Joke, Hanneke (< Johanna); and many others like Lieneke (<< Catharina, compare Caitlin), Lonneke, Wieteke, Dineke, Nelleke, etc. Similar women's names, such as Femke and Sjouke, exist in Frisian . Until

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792-960: The alteration of meaning is often conveyed through clipping , making the words shorter and more colloquial . Diminutives formed by adding affixes in other languages are often longer and (as colloquial) not necessarily understood. While many languages apply a grammatical diminutive to nouns , a few – including Slovak, Dutch , Spanish , Romanian , Latin , Polish , Bulgarian , Czech , Russian and Estonian – also use it for adjectives (in Polish: słodki → słodziutki → słodziuteńki ) and even other parts of speech (Ukrainian спати → спатки → спатоньки — to sleep or Slovak spať → spinkať → spinuškať — to sleep, bežať → bežkať — to run). Diminutives in isolating languages may grammaticalize strategies other than suffixes or prefixes. In Mandarin Chinese , for example, other than

828-448: The diminutive has mostly a neutral or positive connotation: The diminutive can, however, also be used pejoratively. Besides the above, Dutch also has the now no longer productive diminutive -lijn (similar to the German diminutive -lein ), which is preserved in several words like for example vendelijn "small flag", Duimelijn "Little Thumbling", vogelijn "little bird" and lievelijn "sweetie". The grammatical gender of words in

864-550: The diminutive is always neuter, regardless of the original gender of the words. In Afrikaans , the diminutive is formed by adding one of the suffixes -ie., -pie, -kie, -'tjie, -tjie, -jie, -etjie to the word, depending on the latter's phonology (some exceptions exist to these rules): Diminutives of words that are themselves diminutives are used, for example baadjie (jacket) → baadjie tjie (little jacket). Such constructions do not appear in Dutch. Afrikaans has almost identical usage and grammar for diminutive words as Dutch ,

900-509: The diminutive may be used figuratively rather than literally to imply affection, camaraderie, euphemism , sarcasm, or disdain, depending on context. German features words such as "Häuschen" for "small house", "Würstchen" for "small sausage" and "Hündchen" for "small dog". Diminutives are more frequently used than in English. Some words only exist in the diminutive form, e.g. "Kaninchen" ("rabbit") derived from Old French word conin , which in turn

936-436: The diminutive of gladius ( sword ) is gladi olus , a plant whose leaves look like small swords. Adjectives as well as nouns can be diminished, including paul ulus (very small) from paulus (small). The diminutive ending for verbs is -ill- , placed after the stem and before the endings. The diminutive verb changes to the first conjugation , no matter what the original conjugation. Conscribere "write onto"

972-505: The early twentieth century the diminutive was a normal way (in the Netherlands, not in Belgium) of forming men's names into women's names: Dirk → Dirkje, Pieter → Pietertje. In Dutch, the diminutive is not merely restricted to nouns, but the diminutive form is a noun in some cases. Note that adverbs get an extra s appended to the diminutive: Some nouns have two different diminutives, each with

1008-626: The following examples are given in masculine single form): Some Yiddish diminutives have been incorporated into modern Israeli Hebrew : Imma (mother) to Immaleh and Abba (father) to Abbaleh. A common diminutive suffix in Icelandic is -lingur : Examples: The Swedish use of diminutive is heavily dominated by prefixes such as "mini-", "lill-", "små-" and "pytte-" and all of these prefixes can be put in front of almost all nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs: The suffixes "-ling" and "-ing" are also used to some extent: The suffix "-is" can be used as

1044-416: The language Afrikaans was derived from (detailed above). There are differences in Dutch as compared to Afrikaans. One is that suffixes end with -je (e.g. beet je , a [little] bit, mand je , basket) as compared, i.e. in Afrikaans (e.g. bietj ie , mandj ie —same meanings respectively). This reflects the usage, i.e. in the dialects of the province of Holland that most of Dutch settlers came from. Another difference

1080-497: The latter's phonology: A few words have several diminutives: kip → kipp etje or kip je ( chicken ), rib → ribb etje or rib je ( rib ). One word has even three possible diminutives: rad → rad je , ra a d je or rad ertje ( cog ). A few words have more than one diminutive, of which one is formed by lengthening of the vowel sound with a different meaning. Examples: gat-gaatje/gatje, glas-glaasje/glasje, lot-lootje/lotje, pad-paadje/padje The diminutive suffixes -ke(n) (from which

1116-415: The nominal prefix 小- xiǎo- and nominal suffixes -儿/-兒 -r and -子 -zi , reduplication is a productive strategy, e.g., 舅 → 舅舅 and 看 → 看看 . In formal Mandarin usage, the use of diminutives is relatively infrequent, as they tend to be considered to be rather colloquial than formal. Some Wu Chinese dialects use a tonal affix for nominal diminutives; that is, diminutives are formed by changing

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1152-403: The primary diminutive is -l or -ele in singular, and -lekh or -elekh in plural, sometimes involving a vowel trade in the root. Thus Volf becomes Velvl, Khaim: Khaiml, mame (mother): mamele, Khane: Khanele, Moyshe: Moyshele, kind (child): kindl or kindele, Bobe (grandmother): Bobele, teyl (deal): teylekhl (mote), regn (rain): regndl, hant (hand): hentl, fus (foot): fisl. The longer version of

1188-495: The same. Proper names: Christian becomes Chrigi, in Highest Alemannic: Chrigu. Sebastien becomes Sebi resp. Sebu. Sabrina becomes Sabsi resp. Sabä. Corinne becomes Cogi resp. Corä. Barbara becomes Babsi resp. Babsä, Robert becomes Röbi resp. Röbu. Jakob becomes Köbi resp. Köbu. Gabriel becomes Gäbu in Highest Alemannic. In varieties of West Low German , spoken in the east of the Netherlands, diminutives occasionally use

1224-839: The south. It lies on the border between the Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains and Maple Mountains . The highest point is the Malý Javorník mountain at 1,019 m (3,343 ft) above sea level, which top is on the Czech-Slovak border. The town proper is situated in the valley of the Vsetínská Bečva river. A notable body of water is the Karolinka Reservoir. The whole territory of Karolinka lies in the Beskydy Protected Landscape Area . The settlement grew up around

1260-675: The suffix ( -ele instead of -l ) sounds generally more affectionate and usually used with proper names. Sometimes a few variations of the plural diminutive forms are possible: balebos (owner, boss): balebeslekh (newly-wed young men): balebatimlekh (petty bourgeois men). Many other diminutives of Slavic origin are commonly used, mostly with proper names: These suffixes can also be combined: Khaim/Khaimkele, Avrom/Avromtshikl, Itsik/Itshenyu. Some Yiddish proper names have common non-trivial diminutive forms, somewhat similar to English names such as Bob or Wendy: Akive/Kive, Yishaye/Shaye, Rivke/Rivele. Yiddish also has diminutive forms of adjectives (all

1296-609: The tone of the word. List of diminutives by language#Latin The following is a list of diminutives by language. English has a great variety of historical diminutives adopted from other languages but many of these are lexicalized . Productive diminutives are infrequent to nonexistent in Standard English in comparison with many other languages. In Lowland Scots diminutives are frequently used. The most common diminutive suffixes are -ie , -ock , -ockie (double diminutive) or

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