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39-486: Karl Theodor may refer to: Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (1724–1799), Prince-Elector of Palatine and of Bavaria Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg (1744–1817), Freiherr of Dalberg and Archbishop-Elector of Mainz Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria (1839-1909) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with

78-583: A degree that for a long time he has had no opinions save those inspired in him by his entourage. The void which this indolence has left in his soul is filled with the amusements of the hunt and of music and by secret liaisons, for which His Electoral Majesty has at all times had a particular penchant. In the course of his career, Charles Theodore acquired a celebrated secretary when the Florentine noble, Cosimo Alessandro Collini (1727–1806), who had been Voltaire 's secretary, accepted his patronage and remained in

117-577: A more Italianate style. This mixture of influences is, in fact, typical of many German courts of the period. Charles Theodore was also responsible for the construction of the Old Bridge in Heidelberg, which bears his name as the Karl-Theodor-Brücke . Charles Theodore liked to style himself as a prince of peace, in contrast to other princes like his chief political opponent, the great warrior Frederick

156-576: A puppet state of Austria. When he died of a stroke in Munich in 1799, the population in Munich celebrated for several days. He is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich. Despite the mutual dislike and distrust between the elector and his Bavarian subjects, Charles Theodore left a distinctive mark on the city of Munich. It was during his reign that the English Garden , Munich's largest park,

195-584: A royal crown, and he never managed to control the mounting social tensions in Bavaria. After a dispute with Munich's city council, he even moved the electoral residence in 1788 to Mannheim but returned only one year later. In 1785, he appointed the American Loyalist exile Benjamin Thompson as his aide-de-camp and chamberlain. Over the next 11 years, Thompson reformed the Bavarian Army and many aspects of

234-411: Is a kind master." The French foreign minister, Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes , knew him and described his foibles even more succinctly: Although by nature intelligent, he has never succeeded in ruling by himself; he has always been governed by his ministers or by his father-confessor or (for a time) by the [E]lectress [his wife]. This conduct has increased his natural weakness and apathy to such

273-461: Is shown in his diplomatic correspondence. It is more widely understood that Charles Theodore continued the despotic and expensive habits he had developed as Elector Palatine. Charles Theodore never became popular as a ruler in Bavaria. according to his critic Lorenz von Westenrieder . He attempted, without success, to exchange the electoral lands of Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands and

312-541: The Austrian Netherlands , even better, for proximity to his Palatinian homelands. Maximilian III Joseph ordered in 1751 François de Cuvilliés to construct the splendid rococo Cuvilliés Theatre and in 1755 the Stone Hall of Nymphenburg Palace . He also ordered the decoration of some rooms of the New Schleissheim Palace in rococo style. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was received by Maximilian III Joseph, who

351-516: The Electorate of Bavaria nor that of the Palatinate; Charles Theodore needed territory that he could bequeath to his illegitimate children. On 3 January 1778, shortly after the death of Max Joseph, Charles Theodore signed an agreement with Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to exchange southern Bavaria for part of the Austrian Netherlands . The plan was strongly opposed by Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony ,

390-705: The War-party , led by Foreign Minister General Ignaz Count of Törring and the French envoy Chavigny. After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April Maximilian Joseph quickly abandoned his father's imperial pretenses and made peace with Maria Theresa in the Treaty of Füssen , in which he agreed to support her husband, Grand Duke Francis II Stephen of Tuscany , in the upcoming imperial election. In 1747, Maximilian married his first cousin, Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony , but

429-680: The Austrian Netherlands in 1784 also failed as Frederick II of Prussia initiated the Fürstenbund . When Charles Theodore died, Bavaria and the Palatinate passed to his cousin, Max Joseph, Duke of Zweibrücken , the younger brother of Charles August, who had died in 1795. In 1989, Marvin E. Thomas argued in Karl Theodor and the Bavarian Succession, 1777–1778 that Charles Theodore had wanted to maintain possession of his new territory, as

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468-642: The Bavarian succession but agreed that his illegitimate descendants could not inherit Bavaria. Austria acquired the Innviertel , a part of Bavaria in the basin of the Inn River . Charles Theodore had only one son, Franz Ludwig Josef, with his wife, Countess Elizabeth Augusta of Sulzbach , who died a day after birth. His wife died in 1794. In 1795, he married Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este , Joseph's niece, but they had no children. A second proposal to exchange Bavaria for

507-500: The Great of Prussia . Allegorically, Minerva , the Roman goddess of wisdom and protectress of the arts, is often depicted as a stand-in for the elector himself. This self-view is best summed up in the inscription of a small monument at Schwetzingen : "A field of war and death of Romans and Germans has been discovered, through the unearthing of weapons, urns and bones, in the year 1765. – To

546-471: The Mannheim painters are particularly notable today (with the possible exception of Kobell, primarily a master of landscapes), the elector had several highly talented sculptors at his disposal, among them Peter Anton von Verschaffelt , Peter Simon Lamine and Konrad Linck. Linck also distinguished himself as a designer of porcelain figurines at Frankenthal . Charles Theodore's chief architect Nicolas de Pigage

585-426: The Palatinate. Although Charles Theodore certainly wished to acquire more territory, he had only illegitimate natural sons and so he preferred territory that he could dispose of through his testament , rather than territory encumbered by a legal entailment that he could pass only to a legitimate son. Charles Theodore was a great lover of the arts, including drama and especially music. His Mannheim court orchestra

624-478: The actress Françoise Després-Verneuil, later Countess von Parkstein (d. 1765): From his liaison with Maria Josefa Seyfert, Countess von Heydeck (1748 – 1771): From his liaison with Countess Maria Anna zu Leiningen-Westerburg-Neuleiningen (1741–1835), widow of Count Franz Friedrich von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar (1702–1769): Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria Born in Munich , Maximilian

663-699: The arts of peace, which are the sole joys of his life, the elector Charles Theodore has dedicated this spot, excavated to the height of seven feet, and had this monument erected in 1768." On 17 January 1742, in Mannheim, he married Elisabeth Auguste , daughter of Count Palatine Joseph Charles of Sulzbach and his consort Countess Palatine Elizabeth Augusta Sophie of Neuburg . There was one child of this marriage who died in infancy, Francis Louis Joseph (28 – 29 June 1761). On 15 February 1795, in Innsbruck , he married Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este . There were no children of this marriage. From his liaison with

702-531: The composer. Mozart quotes him as saying "No music has ever made such an impression on me. It is magnificent." In keeping with the customs of the time, an Italian opera company as well as a troupe of French actors were employed at Mannheim, each performing in their respective tongues. Later, the Nationaltheater (national theatre) was established, one of the first theatres in Germany to exclusively showcase plays in

741-646: The development of his country. He encouraged agriculture, industry, and exploitation of the mineral wealth of the country, and abolished the Jesuit censorship of the press. In 1747 the Nymphenburg Porcelain Factory was established, while the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis was written in 1756. In 1759, he founded Munich's first academic institution, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . During

780-544: The marriage remained childless. During the Seven Years' War Bavarian forces then fought on the Habsburg side. Maximilian Joseph's sister Maria Josepha of Bavaria was married in 1765 to Maria Theresa's son Archduke Joseph . But long-term weakening of Prussia was not in the Bavarian interest, as that country offered the only counterweight to the Habsburg monarchy. Maximilian Joseph tried, as far as possible, to keep Bavaria out of

819-467: The native tongue (most notably, the first staging of Schiller's "Die Räuber" in 1782). In the visual arts, a massive collection of plaster casts taken from celebrated antique works was assembled at Mannheim. The pre-existing Düsseldorf gallery, including many works by Rubens , was first transferred to Mannheim, then to Munich, where it was later incorporated in the Alte Pinakothek . While none of

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858-522: The new elector's presumptive successor , Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken , to secure Bavaria's independence from Austria. The Prussian king had to threaten both the emperor and Bavaria itself with war. Austria had already invaded portions of the duchy immediately after the Elector's death and the new elector had less than any interest in his new realm. Instead, Charles Theodore, much to public annoyance, repeatedly tried to change it for Further Austria or

897-440: The popularity in Bavaria that he enjoyed in the Palatinate. Charles Theodore was more interested in arts and philosophy than in politics. The British Victorian historian Thomas Carlyle referred to him as a "poor idle creature, of purely egoistical, ornamental, dilettante nature; sunk in theatricals, bastard children and the like; much praised by Voltaire, who sometimes used to visit him; and Collini , to whom he [Charles Theodore]

936-419: The ride, as he passed one of the tower clocks, the mechanism broke, and the clock struck 77 times. Commenting to the passengers, Max Joseph decided this was an omen, and that his years had run out. Within days, he was stricken with a strange disease. None of his 15 doctors could diagnose it, but by Christmas, it had become clear that it was a particularly virulent strain of smallpox , called "purple small pox" at

975-562: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Theodor&oldid=681270571 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria Charles Theodore (German: Karl Theodor ; 11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799)

1014-556: The severe famine in 1770 Maximilian sold some of the crown jewels to pay for grain imports to relieve hunger. In that year, he also issued an edict against the extravagant pomposity of the Church which contributed to the end of the era of Bavarian rococo . He also forbade the Oberammergau Passion Play . In 1771 the elector regulated general school attendance. In December 1777 Maximilian Joseph rode in his carriage through Munich; on

1053-602: The state, rose to high ministerial rank with Charles Theodore's backing and became Count von Rumford. Charles Theodore is also known for disbanding Adam Weishaupt 's order of the Illuminati in 1785. In 1794, the French Revolutionary Army occupied the Duchy of Jülich ; in 1795, they invaded the Palatinate; and in 1796, they marched towards Bavaria. Charles Theodore begged Francis II for help that would have made Bavaria

1092-473: The time. By the last day of the month he was dead without leaving an heir. Maximilian III Joseph is buried in the crypt of the Theatinerkirche in Munich. As the last of the junior branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty which derived from Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and had ruled Bavaria since early 14th century, Maximilian's death led to a succession dispute and the brief War of the Bavarian Succession . He

1131-672: The wars. Apart from militia troops, he sent only a small force of 4,000 men to join the Austrian army . In 1758/1759 (only a year and half into the war), he withdrew Bavarian auxiliary troops from Austrian service. Together with the Wittelsbach Elector Charles Theodore of the Palatinate he enforced the neutrality of the Empire during the conflict. Maximilian Joseph was a progressive and enlightened ruler who did much to improve

1170-680: The widow of Max Joseph, and Charles Theodore's cousin Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken , the head of the House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld and the next heir of Bavaria and the Palatinate. They were supported by Frederick II of Prussia and most of the German minor states. The ensuing diplomatic crisis led to the War of the Bavarian Succession , which was ended by the Peace of Teschen (1779). Charles Theodore accepted

1209-569: Was a German nobleman of the Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach . He became Count Palatine of Sulzbach at the age of six following the death of his father Johann Christian in 1733. With the death of his cousin, Charles III Philip , he became Prince-elector and Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1742, being eighteen. In his fifties, he became Prince-Elector of Bavaria at the death of another cousin, Maximilian III Joseph , in 1777. Charles Theodore

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1248-515: Was born into Palatinate-Sulzbach branch of the House of Wittelsbach . His father was Johann Christian , who later became Count Palatine of Sulzbach. His mother was Marie-Anne-Henriette-Leopoldine de La Tour d'Auvergne, Margravine of Bergen op Zoom , a grandniece of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne . He was born in Drogenbos near Brussels and educated in Mannheim . Charles Theodore

1287-549: Was charged to complete the Mannheim Palace , design the Schlosstheater and the gardens at Schwetzingen Palace (including numerous pavilions, among them several artificial "Roman" ruins and a "mosque") as well as Benrath palace . While these works are in a pure contemporary French style (marked by the transition from late Baroque to early classicism), some of the other architects employed by Charles Theodore were proponents of

1326-414: Was considered one of the finest in its time. The Mannheim School (including composer Christian Cannabich and conductor Johann Stamitz ) did groundbreaking work that the celebrated Wiener Klassik would later draw upon. Mozart applied for a position with the Mannheim orchestra in 1777, but was turned down, as the court was about to move to Munich. In 1780, Charles Theodore commissioned Idomeneo from

1365-434: Was created, and the city's old fortifications were dismantled to make place for a modern, expanding city. One of Munich's major squares, Karlsplatz , is named after Charles Theodore. Munich natives, however, seldom use that name, calling the square instead Stachus , after the pub " Beim Stachus " that was located there until construction work for Karlsplatz began, mainly because Charles Theodore, as noted above, never enjoyed

1404-551: Was married to Charles Theodore and her sister Maria Anna to the Bavarian prince Clement . As reigning prince-elector of the Palatinate , Charles Theodore founded an academy of science, stocking up the museums' collections and supporting the arts. When Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria died in 1777, Charles Theodore became also elector and duke of Bavaria and moved to Munich . Charles Theodore did not immediately take up his new title. He had several mistresses and many illegitimate children. However, those children could inherit neither

1443-556: Was succeeded (in the male line) by his 12th cousin, once removed, the Elector Palatine Charles Theodore from the senior branch of the dynasty. Maximilian's widow Maria Anna Sophia of Saxony and Maximilian's sister Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria as well as Maria Anna of Palatinate-Sulzbach, the widow of the former Bavarian crown prince Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria negotiated with Max's reluctant heir and intervened together with Frederick II. of Prussia and

1482-604: Was the Margrave of Bergen op Zoom from 1728 onwards. He then succeeded his father as Count Palatine of Sulzbach in 1733 and inherited the Electoral Palatinate and the duchies of Jülich and Berg in 1742, with the death of Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine . To strengthen the union of all lines of the Wittelsbach dynasty Charles III Philip had organised a wedding on 17 January 1742 when his granddaughter Elizabeth Augusta

1521-621: Was the eldest son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and his wife, Maria Amalia of Austria , daughter of Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor . Upon his father's death in January 1745, he inherited a country in the process of being invaded by Austrian armies (see War of the Austrian Succession ). The 18-year-old Maximilian Joseph wavered between the Peace-party , led by his mother Maria Amalia and Army Commander Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff and

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