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56-456: The cemetery was named after a warrior companion of Orhan , the second Ottoman sultan and is believed to have been founded in the mid-14th century. Karacaahmet Cemetery, which hosts many bird species, looks like a forest with trees such as cypress , plane tree , oak , laurel , hackberry , and various other plants. The burial ground is covered by high cypress trees. As a 700-year-old burial ground of historical importance, Karacaahmet Cemetery

112-412: A Turkish emir and its main inhabitants were Turkish so it was an abode of peace . The Ottomans had to have special justification for conquering fellow Muslim Turkish principalities. In the case of Karesi, the ruler had died and had left two sons whose claims to the post of emir were equally valid. So there was a fight between the armed supporters of the two claimant princes. Orhan's pretext for invasion

168-463: A big city out of these gravestones." The famous Danish writer and master of fairy tales, Hans Christian Andersen , who was impressed by its size during his visit to Istanbul in 1841, just 5 years after Moltke, described the Karacaahmet cemetery, as if confirming Moltke: “The area of this cemetery is so vast that if sow wheat, it would feed the whole city, and if all the local tombstones were used, then

224-653: A commander of light cavalry, and he and his sons and grandsons led Ottoman troops in the Balkans. Once Bursa was captured, Orhan sent cavalry towards the Bosphorus, capturing Byzantine towns on the Marmara coast. There were even sightings of Ottoman light cavalry along the Bosphorus coast, and Ottoman forces laid siege to Nicaea (second only to Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire). In 1329, Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III led

280-526: A dent of 1.5 m diameter and 4 m depth occurred close to the cemetery wall. It was reported that some graves were damaged. List is sorted in order of the year of death. Orhan Orhan Ghazi ( Ottoman Turkish : اورخان غازی ; Turkish : Orhan Gazi , also spelled Orkhan ; died 1362) was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt , as the son of Osman I . In

336-601: A later date, and ascribe to Murad I . Alaeddin, by his military legislation, may be truly said to have organized victory for the Ottoman dynasty. He organised for the Ottoman Beylik a standing army of regularly paid and disciplined infantry and horses, a full century before Charles VII of France established his fifteen permanent companies of men-at-arms, which are generally regarded as the first modern standing army. Orhan's predecessors, Ertuğrul and Osman I , had made war at

392-580: A mercenary army to relieve Nicaea and regain Kocaeli. In the ensuing battle of Pelekanon (near Nicomedia, Bithynia. Present day: Maltepe, Turkey), on 10 or 15 June, Orhan's disciplined troops routed the Byzantines. Thereafter Andronikos abandoned the idea of getting Kocaeli back and never again conducted a field battle against Ottoman forces. Nicaea surrendered to Orhan after a three-year siege that concluded in 1331. Orhan captured Nicomedia in 1337 . Orhan gave

448-542: A monk. Each of these two contestants for power was continually soliciting Orhan's aid against the other, and Orhan supported whichever side would benefit the Ottomans. Orhan was the longest living and one of the longest reigning of the future Ottoman Sultans. In his last years he had left most of the powers of state in the hands of his second son Murad and lived a secluded life in Bursa. In 1356 Orhan and Theodora 's son, Halil ,

504-440: A new wall could be built that would surround Istanbul." As if in unanimous agreement, Western travelers and writers have argued that the cemetery does not receive much sunlight, because it is covered with cypresses, and looks like a forest in dark greenery. This is one of the rare cemeteries for which poetry has been written in history. The oldest photographs of the cemetery were taken by Ernest de Caranza in 1852–1854, followed by

560-507: A physician. He returned to Ireland in 1835, where he obtained the living of Kilbride, County Wicklow , and exchanged it for that of his earlier residence at Finglas in 1839, and died there in 1852. Several generations of his family were interested in archaeology , and Robert Walsh was no exception. He made the discovery of a celebrated ancient cross called the Cross of Nethercross in Finglas . There

616-454: A right to do, same as what we do with our own; and the treatment which I propose is not only lawful, but benevolent. By enforcing the enrolling them in the ranks of the army, we consult both their temporal and eternal interests, as they will be educated and given better life conditions. He also claimed that incorporating children of the conquered would induce other people to enlist: their friends and relations, who would come as volunteers to join

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672-524: A series of such raids, the Byzantines had to use superior forces to deal with them. Ibn Battuta gave the following account of Orhan during his reign: The greatest of the kings of the Turcomans and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces. Of fortresses he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its condition. It

728-422: A severe earthquake and was therefore evacuated by its inhabitants. Suleyman refused various financial inducements offered by John VI to empty the castle and the city. The emperor pleaded with his son-in-law Orhan to meet personally and discuss the matter, but the request was either rejected or could not be carried out due to Orhan's age and ill-health. This military situation remained unresolved, in part because of

784-670: Is elaborately described by Byzantine writers. In the following year, Orhan and Theodora visited his imperial father-in-law at Üsküdar , (then Chrysopolis) the suburb of Constantinople on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus where there was a display of festive splendor. However, this close relationship soured when Byzantines suffered from marauding migrant Turcoman bands that had crossed the Marmara Sea and Dardanelles and pillaged several towns in Thrace. After

840-463: Is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege. During Orhan's reign as the Ottoman emir, the Byzantine Empire declined – partly due to the ambitions of Italian maritime states and to the aggression of the Turcomans and other city Turks, but also due to civil wars within the empire. During these years

896-511: Is situated within the cemetery. There are also many other historical tombs and masjids , which is the Arabic word for mosques, built during the Ottoman period. The cemetery, which began to expand in parallel with the increase in the Turkish population during the reign of Sultan Murad I , expanded further after the conquest of Istanbul in 1453. Karacaahmet was officially turned into a cemetery in 1582 by

952-586: The Ottoman Turkish alphabet , a version of the Arabic alphabet. The total number of burials is not known precisely, because no records were kept in the past, but it is estimated in millions. Because the burial registers of the Istanbul Cemeteries Directorate started to be kept only after 1937. The shrine of Karaca Ahmet Sultan , a 13th-century physician and saint of Bektashis , a tariqah of Islam,

1008-537: The Anatolian side of the Dardanelles Straits . With the conquest of Karesi, nearly the whole of northwestern Anatolia was included in the Ottoman Beylik, and the four cities of Bursa, Nicomedia, Nicaea, and Pergamum had become strongholds of its power. At this stage of his conquests, Orhan's Ottoman Principality had four provinces: A twenty-year period of peace followed the acquisition of Karesi. During this time,

1064-537: The Byzantine Empire became so weak that commercial supremacy in the surrounding seas around it became a bone of contention for the Italian maritime commercial city states. The Republic of Genoa possessed Galata , a separate Genoese city across the Golden Horn from Constantinople itself. The Genoese had fought the Byzantines earlier in 1348 when the Byzantines had decreased their customs tariffs in order to attract trade to

1120-621: The Byzantine side of the Golden Horn. In 1352 the rivalry for trade led to a war between Genoa and Venice . The Genoese, in resisting a Venetian fleet attacking their ships in the Golden Horn, bombarded the sea walls of Constantinople and pushed the Byzantines to ally with the Venetians. The Venetians assembled a large naval force, including hired fleets from Peter IV of Aragon and from the Byzantine Empire of John VI Cantacuzene . The sea battle between

1176-628: The East. In addition, the Polish Count Edward Raczyński in 1814 in his book “Journey to Istanbul and Canakkale” and the German Generalfeldmarschall Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke in his book “Letters from Turkey” gave a large place to the Karacaahmet cemetery. Calculating that the underground population of Karacaahmet far exceeds the living population of Istanbul, Marshal Moltke said in 1836: "You can build

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1232-698: The Genoese. In the midst of the distress and confusion that the Byzantine Empire now suffered, Orhan's eldest son, Suleyman Pasha, captured the Castle of Tzympe (Cinbi) in a bold move which gave the Turks a permanent foothold on the European side of the Dardanelles Straits. He also started to settle migrant Turcomans and town-dwelling Turks in the strategic city and castle of Gelibolu ( Gallipoli ), which had been devastated by

1288-492: The Ottoman forces permanently to his interests, and hoped to achieve this by giving his second daughter, Theodora , in marriage to their ruler, despite differences of creed and the disparity of age. However, in Byzantine and in Western European history, dynastic marriages were quite usual and there are many examples which were much more strange. The splendour of the wedding between Orhan and Theodora at Selymbria ( Silivri )

1344-559: The Ottoman power experienced a twenty-year period of general repose. However, as the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 dissipated the last resources of the Byzantine Empire, the auxiliary armies of the Emirs of Turkish principalities were frequently called over and employed in Europe. In 1346, Emperor John VI Cantacuzene recognised Orhan as the most powerful sovereign of the Turks. He aspired to attach

1400-447: The Ottoman ranks. Acting on this advice, Orhan selected a thousand of the finest boys from conquered Christian families. The recruits were trained according to their individual abilities, and employed in posts ranging from professional soldier to Grand Vizier . This practice continued for centuries, until the reign of Sultan Mehmed IV . Orhan invaded Byzantine territories in northwest Anatolia. First, in 1321, Orhan captured Mudanya ,

1456-555: The Ottoman sovereign was actively occupied in perfecting the civil and military institutions which his brother had introduced, in securing internal order, in founding and endowing mosques and schools, and in the construction of vast public edifices, many of which still stand. Orhan did not continue with any other conquests in Anatolia except taking over Ankara from the commercial-religious fraternity guild of Ahis. The general diffusion of Turkish populations over Anatolia, before Osman's time,

1512-495: The Venetian fleet under the command of Niccolo Pisani and the Genoese fleet under Paganino Doria led to defeat of Venetians and their Byzantine allies. Orhan opposed the Venetians, whose fleets and piratical raids were disrupting his seaward provinces, and who had met his diplomatic overtures with contempt. The Venetians were allies of John VI, so Orhan sent an auxiliary force across the straits to Galata, which there co-operated with

1568-456: The agreement, John V with a Byzantine naval fleet went to Phocaea, paid the ransom demanded of 100,000 hyperpyra , and brought Halil back to Ottoman territory. In 1357 Orhan's eldest and most experienced son and likely heir, Suleyman Pasha, died after injuries sustained from a fall from a horse near Bolayir on the coast of the sea of Marmara. The horse that Suleyman fell from was buried alongside him and their tombs can still be seen today. Orhan

1624-642: The brothers Abdullah, Bergren and Photo Sabah. The Anglican clergyman Robert Walsh , who had been the personal chaplain to the British ambassador Lord Strangford in Istanbul since 1820, compared the place to a large forest divided by wide roads on sloping ground. The scene he depicts was engraved by the English artist Thomas Allom . The excavation works in the tunnel for the Marmaray project caused little damage as by June 2007,

1680-565: The cemetery of Karacaahmet Sultan in 1698, is also "Usküdar Mekabir-i Muslimini". This cemetery, which was originally an empty, vast and clean ground, has always been a favorite place for the people of Istanbul for centuries and has served as a burial ground without interruption since its foundation. The famous English poet Lord Byron included Üsküdar and the Karacaahmet cemetery in the following lines: «O Scutari! Your white houses look at thousands of graves, and above these graves rises that evergreen tree, that tender and dark cypress, inscribed in

1736-535: The command of Nicomedia to his eldest son, Suleyman Pasha, who had directed the operations of the siege. In 1338, Orhan captured Scutari; most of northwest Anatolia was in Ottoman hands. The Byzantines still controlled the coastal strip from Şile on the Black Sea to Scutari and the city of Amastris (now Amasra ) in Paphlagonia, but these were so scattered and isolated as to be no threat to the Ottomans. In 1345, there

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1792-592: The early stages of his reign, Orhan focused his energies on conquering most of northwestern Anatolia . The majority of these areas were under Byzantine rule and he won his first battle at Pelekanon against the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos . Orhan also occupied the lands of the Karasids of Balıkesir and the Ahis of Ankara . A series of civil wars surrounding the ascension of

1848-619: The emerging empire. The latter refused on the grounds that their father had designated Orhan as sole successor, and that the empire should not be divided. He only accepted as his share the revenues of a single village near Bursa . According to some authorities, it was in Alaeddin's time, and by his advice, that the Ottomans ceased acting like vassals to the Seljuk ruler: they no longer stamped money with his image or used his name in public prayers. These changes are attributed by others to Osman himself, but

1904-462: The eruption of hostilities between John VI and his co-emperor and son-in-law John V Palaeologus. John V was dismissed from his imperial post and exiled to Tenedos ; Cantacuzene's son Matthew was crowned as the co-emperor. But very soon John V returned from exile with Venetian help and conducted a coup, taking over the government of Constantinople. Although the two men came to an agreement to share power, John VI resigned from his imperial post and became

1960-422: The foliage of eternal sorrow, like unrequited love». The cemetery has fascinated foreign travelers for centuries with its impressive view and architectural splendor, and many travelers have mentioned this cemetery in their memoirs. The French poet and writer Theophile Gautier , who was one of the first to describe the cemetery in his memoir, expressed his admiration, saying that Karacaahmet is the largest cemetery in

2016-459: The head of the armed vassals and volunteers. This army rode on horseback to their prince's banner when summoned for each expedition, and were disbanded as soon as the campaign was over. Alaeddin determined to ensure any future success by forming a corps of paid infantry, which was to be kept in constant readiness for service. These troops were called Yaya , or piyade. They were divided into tens, hundreds, and thousands with their commanders. Their pay

2072-406: The mother of Murad III and Selim II 's wife, Nurbanu Sultan , who donated 124 hectares of land from her own property for a city cemetery and ordered the cypress trees to be planted there. In addition, she appointed 13 guards for the preservation of these cypress trees and 24 people as gravediggers for the burial of dead. The name of the cemetery, which was first mentioned in official sources as

2128-423: The nine-year-old Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos greatly benefited Orhan. In the Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 , the regent John VI Kantakouzenos married his daughter Theodora to Orhan and employed Ottoman warriors against the rival forces of the empress dowager , allowing them to loot Thrace . In the Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 , Kantakouzenos used Ottoman forces against John V , granting them

2184-412: The owner, master and crew would then be liable to severe punishment as pirates. In this way, he hoped, the trade would no longer be permitted, and "the whole of this ransacked and harassed coast will then be protected and every slaver on any part of it will be seized and tried as a pirate." As it transpired, the foreign slave trade was not abolished until 1850, and it took another thirty years to emancipate

2240-518: The popular Ireland Sixty Years Ago , which contained much information procured from his father, from a series of articles written by Robert for the Dublin University Magazine . Robert Walsh's brother, Edward was also a writer who had a brilliant career as an army surgeon all over the world, before settling in Dublin. His grandson Rev. Robert Walsh MA, Rector of Malahide and Portmarnock was

2296-491: The port linking the city of Bursa to the Sea of Marmara coast. He then sent a column under Konur Alp towards the west Black Sea coast; another column under Akça Koca to capture Kocaeli , and finally a column under Abdurrahman Ghazi to capture the southeast coast of the Sea of Marmara. Then, he captured Bursa by persuading its Byzantine commander to defect. As Evrenos Bey , he became

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2352-484: The scourge of the Balkans and Central Europe for a long time, until it was abolished by Sultan Mahmud II in 1826. Çandarlı proposed to Orhan to create the Janissary corps, an army entirely composed of the children of conquered places. Çandarlı argued that: The conquered are the responsibility of the conqueror, who is the lawful ruler of them, of their lands, of their goods, of their wives, and of their children. We have

2408-479: The slaves. Walsh left Brazil on 4 May 1829. After two weeks on the sea, the captain of his ship spotted a slave ship which he chased for thirty hours, firing shots across its bow which forced it to heave to. After boarding the ship Walsh saw first-hand the terrible conditions in which the slaves were transported. His ship arrived in Portsmouth on 30 June. Walsh acquired a medical degree and practised for some time as

2464-657: The use of a European fortress at Çimpe around 1352. A major earthquake devastated Gallipoli (modern Gelibolu ) two years later, after which Orhan's son, Süleyman Pasha , occupied the town , giving the Ottomans a strong bridgehead into mainland Europe. According to Muslim scholar Ibn Battuta , Orhan was "the greatest of the Turcoman kings and the richest in wealth, lands, and military forces". Osman Gazi died in either 1323 or 1324, and Orhan succeeded him. According to Ottoman tradition, when Orhan succeeded his father, he proposed to his brother, Alaeddin , that they should share

2520-409: The vast majority of the oriental writers concur in attributing to Alaeddin the introduction of laws respecting the costume of the various subjects of the empire, and the creation and funding of a standing army of regular troops. It was by his advice and that of a contemporary Turkish statesman that the celebrated corps of Janissaries was formed, an institution which European writers erroneously fix at

2576-404: Was a change of strategy. Instead of aiming to gain land from non-Muslims, Orhan took over a Turkish principality, Karesi (present Balıkesir and surroundings). According to Islamic philosophy of war, the areas under Islamic rule were to be abodes of peace and the other areas abodes of war . Conducting a war in abodes of war was considered a good deed. Karesi principality was a state governed by

2632-573: Was a tradition in the village that it had been buried in a certain place, still known to an old man who had heard it from his father. It had been interred to protect it from the fanatical zeal of Cromwell's soldiers. Robert Walsh had an excavation made at the spot indicated, and the cross was disinterred and set up in Finglas churchyard. Robert Walsh's son, John Edward , became Attorney-General for Ireland and MP for Dublin University . He published in 1847

2688-507: Was abducted somewhere on the Bay of Izmit. A Genoese commercial boat captain, which was conducting acts of piracy alongside commercial activity, was able to capture the young prince and take him over to Phocaea on the Aegean Sea, which was under Genoese rule. Orhan was very much upset by this kidnapping and conducted talks with his brother-in-law and now sole Byzantine Emperor John V Palaeologos. As to

2744-507: Was an Irish clergyman, historian, writer and physician. Walsh was born in 1772 in Waterford , Ireland , where many of his ancestors had been chief magistrates. He entered Trinity College Dublin on 2 November 1789, where he was a friend of Robert Emmet and Thomas Moore . He was elected a Scholar in 1794, and graduated B.A. in 1796. He was ordained a clergyman of the Church of Ireland and

2800-590: Was appointed chaplain to the British Embassy in Rio de Janeiro in 1828. He spent 200 days in Brazil , travelling through the country to investigate the conditions of the slaves, and wrote Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829 , as part of an effort to abolish the slave trade . He urged the setting up of courts wherever there was a British consul, with the right to arrest and try slavers, even if they were not transporting slaves -

2856-769: Was curate of St. Canice's Church , Finglas , in County Dublin, from 1806 to 1820. Here he married Anne, daughter of John Bayly, of Tolka , and here his son John Edward was born. Robert Walsh published in 1815, in conjunction with John Warburton and the Rev. James Whitelaw (both deceased by then), a History of the City of Dublin in two volumes. He became chaplain to the British Embassy in St. Petersburg and then in Constantinople in 1820. He

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2912-566: Was declared a natural protected area and national historical landmark site in 1991, in accordance with the decision of the Istanbul Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Board. According to this decision, the cemetery area can only be used for burial of the dead, the cemetery cannot be removed or used as a park area in any way. Karacaahmet Cemetery comprises 12 parcels, each dedicated to different religious groups. Many historical headstones can still be seen with inscriptions written in

2968-405: Was high, and their pride soon caused their sovereign some anxiety. Orhan wished to provide a check to them, and he took counsel for this purpose with his brother Alaeddin and Kara Khalil Çandarlı (of House of Candar), who was connected with the royal house by marriage. Çandarlı laid before his master and the vizier a project. Out of this arose the renowned corps of Janissaries, which was considered

3024-750: Was in main part a push from the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, Iran and then East Anatolia. Turkish peoples had founded a number of principalities after the demise of the Anatolian Sultanate of Rum , after its defeat by the Ilkhanate Mongols. Although they were all of Turkish stock, they were all rivals for dominant status in Anatolia. After the Byzantine defeat of the Battle of Pelekanon , Orhan developed friendly relations with Andronicus III Palaeologus , and maintained them with some of his successors. Therefore,

3080-655: Was said to have been greatly affected by the death of his son. Orhan died soon after, likely from natural causes. It seems rather likely that the death of his son was taxing on his health, however. Orhan died in 1362, in Bursa , at the age of eighty, after a reign of thirty-six years. He is buried in the türbe (tomb) with his wife and children, called Gümüşlü Kumbet in Bursa. Orhan had at least seven consorts: Orhan had at least six sons: Orhan had at least four daughters: Robert Walsh (Irish writer) The Rev. Robert Walsh , M.D., LL.D, (1772 – 30 June 1852)

3136-417: Was that he was acting as a bringer of peace. In the end of the invasion by Ottoman troops the two brothers were pushed to the castle of their capital city of Pergamum (now Bergama ). One was killed and the other was captured. The territories around Pergamum and Palaeocastro ( Balıkesir ) were annexed to Orhan's domains. This conquest was particularly important since it brought Orhan's territories to Çanakkale ,

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