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99-410: Đorđe Petrović OSA OSV ( pronounced [dʑôːrdʑe pětrovitɕ] ; Serbian : Ђорђе Петровић ; 14 November [ O.S. 3 November] 1768 – 25 July [ O.S. 13 July] 1817), known by the sobriquet Karađorđe ( pronounced [kâradʑoːrdʑe] ; Serbian: Карађорђе , lit.   'Black George'), was a Serbian revolutionary leader who led

198-431: A sipahi ( Serbian : spahija ), an Ottoman cavalryman . Petrović himself spent his adolescence working as a shepherd. In 1785, he married Jelena Jovanović, daughter of Nikola Jovanović, Obor-knez of Jasenica , whose family hailed from the village of Masloševo . The couple had seven children, six of whom reached adulthood. Petrović worked for several landlords across Šumadija until 1787, when he and his family left

297-703: A hajduk and briefly fought the Ottomans as an outlaw. He and his family once again sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, this time finding sanctuary in the Krušedol Monastery , at the foot of Fruška Gora , where Petrović worked as a forester. In 1793, Hadji Mustafa Pasha was appointed governor of the Pashalik of Belgrade . He declared a general amnesty for former rebels and announced that Muslims would no longer serve as tax-collectors in areas where Christians formed

396-551: A Constantinople museum. It was stolen some years later and buried in Greece. Karađorđe's descendants adopted the surname Karađorđević in his honour. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. The feud came to an abrupt end in June 1903, when rebellious Royal Serbian Army officers killed

495-484: A Serbian national militia to help stop the incursion. Đorđe Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbian: Buljukbaša ), leading a company of 100 men. After the Serb militias joined the war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin , which was subsequently besieged. The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that Petrović had distinguished himself in

594-696: A ballad about him. Karađorđe is mentioned in Honoré de Balzac 's 1842 novel A Start in Life , as the grandfather of one of the book's main characters. The Montenegrin prince-bishop and poet Petar II Petrović-Njegoš dedicated his 1847 epic poem The Mountain Wreath to "the ashes of the Father of Serbia", a reference to Karađorđe. The surname Karamazov, used in the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov ,

693-605: A majority of the population. These changes were part of a plan devised by Sultan Selim aimed at improving relations with the Pashalik's Christian population. Sensing that it was safe, Petrović returned to Šumadija in 1794, together with his family. He settled in Topola , where he became a livestock merchant and traded with the Austrians. His business dealings led him to establish connections with many Habsburg Serbs. In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu ,

792-570: A massive explosion that killed him and everyone else in the vicinity. On the site of the battle, the Ottoman commander Hurshid Pasha built a stone tower with the skulls of Sinđelić and his fighters embedded in its walls as a warning to others who wished to rebel. The fall of Čegar allowed the Ottomans to establish a land corridor extending along the Morava River valley from Niš to the Danube. Their advance

891-723: A member of the Crown Council and Chancellor of the Orders and Herald of the House of Karađorđević; and Nikola Stanković, Chief of Staff of the Crown Prince. The Karađorđević family initially was a Serbian Royal House, then the Royal House of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and then the Royal House of Yugoslavia. When they last reigned they were called the Royal House of Yugoslavia. Crown Prince Alexander

990-473: A period of infighting between the Dahis that would last until 1802. By this time, four senior Dahi commanders emerged triumphant and agreed to share power within the Pashalik. The Serbs were stripped of the privileges that they had been granted under Mustafa Pasha. Dahi bands roamed the countryside, killing peasants, looting property and setting homes on fire. Thousands of villagers were displaced and forced to flee into

1089-403: A poor military decision in the vicinity of Ćuprija . In 1810, Dobrnjac mutinied against Karađorđe and nearly succeeded in dislodging him. He was joined in his revolt by Milenko Stojković. In June 1810, Russian troops entered Serbia for a second time, distributing weapons and supplies to Karađorđe and his followers. Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov took part in planning joint actions against both

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1188-613: A prison in Graz . The Ottomans demanded that Karađorđe and the other rebel leaders be extradited to face punishment. The Austrians refused and instead turned them over to the Russians. Karađorđe spent a year in Austrian custody before being allowed to go to Russia. Like many of the other rebel leaders, he settled in Bessarabia . He attempted to adjust to civilian life, commissioning a portrait of himself by

1287-451: A promise to Suleiman Pasha, the Governor of Belgrade, that he and his garrison would be granted safe passage if they vacated the city's besieged fortress. When Suleiman and his garrison emerged from the fortress, they were ambushed. Adult men were killed on the spot, women and girls were forcibly converted to Orthodox Christianity and made to marry their captors, and young children were placed in

1386-407: A rebellion against the Dahis and Karađorđe was elected without opposition to lead it. It is said that he twice refused to lead the uprising, arguing that his violent temper would make him unsuitable for the role. Karađorđe's initial refusal only reinforced the chieftains' convictions that he was the only suitable candidate, and eventually, he agreed to lead the rebels. This event marked the beginning of

1485-666: A struggle against the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising . He held the title of Grand Vožd of Serbia from 14 February 1804 to 3 October 1813. Born into an impoverished family in the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia , Karađorđe distinguished himself during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 as a member of the Serbian Free Corps , a militia of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs , armed and trained by

1584-426: A tent in the forest, Vulićević informed Obrenović of Karađorđe's whereabouts through a courier. Shortly thereafter, he received a letter from Obrenović telling him that Karađorde was to be killed. Vulićević enlisted one of his close confidantes, Nikola Novaković, to take Karađorđe's life. The following morning, just before sunrise, Novaković snuck into Karađorđe's tent and axed him to death while he slept. He then went to

1683-556: Is Master of the imperial Order of Saint Anna. At first, the Order had but one class and was named the "Order of Anna". The statutes of the Order promulgated in 1735 established as the principal insignia a red- enameled gold cross, with an image of Saint Anne imposed upon the centre of the cross; the reverse bore the initials "A.I.P.F." (for "Anna Imperatoris Petri Filia": "Anna, Emperor Peter's daughter" in Latin). The same letters also abbreviate

1782-640: Is a view that constitutional parliamentary monarchy would be the ultimate solution for stability, unity, and continuity in Serbia. In addition, the family supports Serbia as a democratic country with a future in the European Union . The last crown prince of Yugoslavia, Alexander , has lived in Belgrade at the Dedinje Royal Palace since 2001. As the only son of the last king, Peter II, who never abdicated, and

1881-525: Is as a patronym of the sobriquet Karađorđe , bestowed upon the family's founder, Đorđe Petrović , at the end of the 18th century. In 1796, Osman Pazvantoğlu , the renegade governor of the Ottoman Sanjak of Vidin , who had rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte , launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade , governed by Hadji Mustafa Pasha since 1793. Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed

1980-678: Is believed to have partially been inspired by Karađorđe, whose exploits popularized the use of the prefix "kara" to mean "black" within Russia. Karađorđe's likeness was featured on the obverse of five-million dinar banknotes issued by the National Bank of Yugoslavia in 1993 and 1994. The anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising's commencement, 15 February, is celebrated annually in Serbia as Statehood Day . A monument to Karađorđe stands in front of Belgrade's Church of Saint Sava , within

2079-531: Is considered the founder of the house of Karađorđević , which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenović , with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. Đorđe Petrović was born into an impoverished family in the village of Viševac , in the Šumadija region of Ottoman Serbia , on 14 November [ O.S. 3 November] 1768. He

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2178-467: Is no certain historical information on Karađorđe's ancestors or where they came from, folklore being the only real source. Most likely, Karađorđe's ancestors hailed from Vasojevići . Grigorije Božović (1880–1945) claimed that the family were Srbljaci (natives) in Vasojevići territory. Contributing to Srbljak theory is the fact that the family celebrated St Clement as their Slava until 1890, while

2277-575: Is the name of the former ruling Serbian and deposed Yugoslav royal family . The family was founded by Karađorđe Petrović (1768–1817), the Veliki Vožd ( Serbian Cyrillic : Велики Вожд , lit.   'Grand Leader') of Serbia during the First Serbian uprising of 1804–1813. In the course of the 19th century the relatively short-lived dynasty was supported by the Russian Empire and

2376-584: The Austrians . Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and his family fled to the Austrian Empire , where they lived until 1794, when a general amnesty was declared. Karađorđe subsequently returned to Šumadija and became a livestock merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin , Osman Pazvantoğlu , invaded the Pashalik of Belgrade , and Karađorđe fought alongside

2475-485: The First Serbian Uprising , the opening phase of what would come to be known as the Serbian Revolution . By the start of the revolt, the Pashalik of Belgrade had a population of about 400,000, 10 percent of which was Muslim. Its Serb population was roughly 250,000. At first, the rebels numbered around 30,000 men. In this initial stage, they were joined by a significant amount of the Pashalik's Muslim population, whom

2574-641: The Imperial Russian system of honours and divided it into three classes, renaming it the "Order of Saint Anna". Emperor Alexander I added a fourth class in 1815. The title of Chekhov 's well-known story Anna on the Neck refers both to the Order and to the heroine. In Chapter IV of Crime and Punishment , Raskolnikov guesses that Luzhin must have, "...the Anna in his buttonhole and that he puts it on when he goes to dine with contractors or merchants." The medal ribbon

2673-467: The feast day of Saint Clement . They are said to have been descended from the Vasojevići tribe of Montenegro's Lim River valley. His ancestors are thought to have migrated from Montenegro to Šumadija in the late 1730s or early 1740s. Petrović's childhood was strenuous and difficult. His parents were forced to move around often in search of a livelihood. His father worked as a day labourer and servant for

2772-895: The patron saint of Vasojevići, i.e. Vaso's descendants, is Archangel Michael . King Peter I was allowed to change his Slava to St Andrew the First-called by Belgrade Metropolitan Mihailo in 1890, following the death of his wife, Princess Zorka , thus honoring the date on the Julian calendar when Serbian rebels liberated Belgrade during the First Serbian Uprising. Furthermore, King Peter chose Voivode of Vasojevići Miljan Vukov Vešović to be his bridesman during his wedding to princess Zorka in 1883. Upon being asked by his future father-in-law prince Nicholas why he chose Miljan amongst various Voivodes of Montenegro, he replied that he chose him because of heroism and relation describing him as Vojvode of my own blood and kin . His son, Alexander , who

2871-505: The sobriquet "Black George" (Serbian: Karađorđe ; Turkish : Kara Yorgi ), partly because of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation. Karađorđe's service in the Serbian militia resulted in him becoming well acquainted with Ottoman military doctrine. In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt , forcing the Porte to redeploy thousands of regulars from the Balkans in order to resist

2970-728: The Austrian Empire. He was joined by around 100,000 other Serbs fleeing the Ottoman advance, including 50,000 from Belgrade and its environs alone. Belgrade fell later that month. The city's fall marked the end of the First Serbian Uprising. The Ottomans singled out men and boys over the age of 15 for execution, and sold women and children into slavery. Torture was used extensively and executions were particularly brutal. "Men were roasted alive, hanged by their feet over smoking straw until they asphyxiated, castrated, crushed with stones, and bastinadoed ," one eyewitness wrote. "Their women and children were raped and sometimes taken by force to harems . Outside Stambul Gate in Belgrade, there were always on view

3069-567: The Balkans to take part in the Second Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe objected and traveled to Saint Petersburg to plead his case, but was arrested and detained. Upon his release, he joined the Filiki Eteria , a Greek nationalist secret society that intended to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. The Filiki Eteria promised Karađorđe a position of military leadership in the planned uprising and offered to smuggle him into

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3168-506: The Balkans, whose plot revolves around Karađorđe and his actions before, during and after the First Serbian Uprising, was released in 1911. Work soon began on the construction of the Church of Saint George , a Karađorđević dynasty mausoleum at Oplenac, near Topola. In 1913, a monument to Karađorđe was unveiled at Kalemegdan Park . During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia , the monument

3267-590: The First Serbian Uprising. Karađorđe is referenced in a number of works of 19th-century fiction. While he was still alive, the Hungarian dramatist István Balog  [ hu ] wrote a stage play about him, titled Black George , which premiered in August 1812. Several years later, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin penned a ballad about Karađorđe titled The Song of George the Black . The Irish poet George Croly also wrote

3366-754: The Foundation for Culture and Education, whose activities include student scholarships, and summer camps for children. On 27 April 2022, Prince Peter Karageorgevitch renounced his title of Hereditary prince – for himself and his descendants – and his younger brother Prince Philip became their father's heir apparent. The ceremony took place at Casa de Pilatos in Seville , Spain. Present were Peter's and Philip's mother Princess Maria Da Gloria of Orléans-Braganza, Duchess of Segorbe and their stepfather Ignacio, 19th Duke of Segorbe ; Philip's wife Princess Danica ; their half-sister Sol, Countess of Ampurias ; Ljubodrag Grujić,

3465-511: The French. The janissaries in the Pashalik of Belgrade, known as Dahis (Serbian: Dahije ), who had been expelled from the region on Selim's orders nearly a decade earlier, were pardoned and allowed to return to Belgrade on the condition that they obey Mustafa Pasha. The détente between the aging governor and the Dahis did not last long. In 1801, Mustafa Pasha was killed by a Dahi assassin. The power vacuum caused by Mustafa Pasha's murder resulted in

3564-605: The Greek secret society known as Filiki Eteria , which planned to launch a pan- Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. Karađorđe returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter by agents of Miloš Obrenović , a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that Karađorđe's reappearance would cause the Ottomans to renege on the concessions they had agreed to following the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. Karađorđe

3663-946: The Gurešići from Podgorica in Montenegro. Folklorist Dragutin Vuković believed that Tripko Knežević–Guriš was Karađorđe's great-grandfather; Vukićević, writing in 1907, said that in the surroundings of Podgorica, there is a local claim that Karađorđe's ancestors initially came from Vranj. The family claimed descent from the Vasojevići tribe (in Montenegro) and had emigrated in the late 1730s or early 1740s. The family lived in Mačitevo (in Suva Reka ), from where grandfather Jovan moved to Viševac, while Jovan's brother Radak moved to Mramorac . The Karađorđevići are active in Serbian society in various ways. There

3762-522: The Imperial blood, who received it at their majority) simultaneously received the first class of the Order of Saint Anna. The Emperor himself was the hereditary grand master of the Order. The motto of the Order is "Amantibus Justitiam, Pietatem, Fidem" ("To those who love justice, piety, and fidelity"). Its festival day is 3 February (New Style, 16 February). The Head of the Imperial House of Russia always

3861-448: The Latin motto (as the letter "J" did not exist in Latin, "Iustitiam" was the original spelling of the word now rendered "Justitiam"). In 1742, Karl Peter Ulrich , Duke Karl Friedrich's son, was declared the Russian heir apparent . After arriving in Russia, he presented the Order to several courtiers. On 15 April 1797, his own son, Emperor Paul I of Russia , established the Order as part of

3960-830: The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Nenadović as the Minister of the Interior, and Dobrnjac as the Minister of Justice. Also inducted into Karađorđe's cabinet were Mladen Milovanović, as the Minister of War; Dositej Obradović , as the Minister of Education; and Sima Marković , as the Minister of Finance. Dobrnjac and Stojković refused to accept the posts that were offered to them, fearing that their acceptance would legitimize Karađorđe and undermine their own position. Karađorđe accused them of insubordination and exiled them to Wallachia , replacing them with loyalists. The Governing Council soon recognized Karađorđe as Serbia's hereditary leader and pledged allegiance to his "lawful heirs". In mid-1812, Russia and

4059-569: The Obrenović king, Alexander , and his wife, Queen Draga , thereby rendering the Obrenović line extinct. Karađorđe's grandson, Peter Karađorđević , then ascended the throne. In order to tie himself to his grandfather's legacy, Peter commissioned a bronze crown cast from a piece of Karađorđe's first cannon. In addition, the Order of Karađorđe's Star was introduced as Serbia's highest state decoration. The first feature-length film to emerge from Serbia and

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4158-656: The Ottoman Empire signed the Treaty of Bucharest , bringing the Russo-Ottoman War to a close. For his efforts, Karađorđe received the Order of Saint Anna from the Russians. The Governing Council scrambled to take an oath of loyalty to Russia in the hope that this would garner them further protection, to no avail. The Russian Emperor , Alexander , was aware of Napoleon's plans to invade Russia and desperately sought to return as many Russian soldiers as possible in order to repel

4257-559: The Ottomans agreed to grant the rebels extensive autonomy. Due to the Balkans' poor communications and transport infrastructure, it took several months for news of the Porte's offer to reach the rebels. In August 1806, the rebels defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Mišar . Later that month, they scored another victory at the Battle of Deligrad . Smederevo was captured in November and made the capital of Karađorđe's revolutionary state. Belgrade, with

4356-728: The Ottomans also had an important influence on the Bosnian Muslim revolutionary Husein Gradaščević , who instigated the Great Bosnian Uprising . Karađorđe is viewed in a negative light by some modern Bosniaks. In 2011, the chief Mufti of the Islamic Community of Serbia, Muamer Zukorlić , filed a petition to rename a street in Sjenica named after Karađorđe. Zukorlić alleged that Karađorđe and his followers had indiscriminately targeted

4455-508: The Ottomans and the mutineers. By the following year, Dobrnjac and Stojković were defeated. Karađorđe attempted to placate the mutineers. In January 1811, he established the People's Governing Council (Serbian: Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet ), a cabinet consisting of members who supported Karađorđe as well as those who opposed him. It consisted of twelve members, one for each of the nahije (districts) of rebel Serbia. Karađorđe appointed Stojković as

4554-405: The Ottomans for the purpose of inflicting suffering on the city's inhabitants. In one instance, several dozen Serb refugees seeking shelter in a mosque were burned alive inside. In late October 1813, Hurshid Pasha declared a general amnesty for the rebels that had survived, though Karađorđe and some senior Orthodox clerics were specifically exempted. Many rebel leaders agreed to lay down their arms,

4653-420: The Ottomans to quash the incursion. In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known as Dahis , the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. Karađorđe was unanimously elected to lead the uprising against the Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by Karađorđe's forces, and by 1805,

4752-424: The Pashalik of Belgrade. Karađorđe secretly entered the Pashalik on 24 July [ O.S. 12 July] 1817, crossing the Danube together with his servant, Naum Krnar . He then contacted his kum , Vujica Vulićević , who offered him an abode in the oak forest of Radovanje Grove , near Velika Plana . Unbeknownst to Karađorđe, Vulićević was on Obrenović's payroll. After escorting Karađorđe and his servant to

4851-418: The Pashalik were granted a number of privileges. They were allowed to bear arms and raise autonomous military units. After the Serb militias joined the war on Mustafa Pasha's side, Pazvantoğlu suffered a string of defeats. He retreated to Vidin , which was subsequently besieged. The war against Pazvantoğlu marked the first time that Petrović distinguished himself in the eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed him with

4950-403: The Pashalik's Romani (Gypsy) residents, the majority of whom were Muslim, also fought on the rebel side. Some Albanians also pledged allegiance to Karađorđe and fought on his behalf. In 1806, the rebels twice dispatched the diplomat Petar Ičko to Constantinople to negotiate with the Porte. The two parties eventually reached an understanding, which came to be known as Ičko's Peace , in which

5049-468: The Russian Imperial Order of St. Anna, awarded by Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is recognized as an order of chivalry by the privately operated ICOC as a continuation of the pre-Revolutionary order, and has been approved for wear with military uniform by the Russian Federation, but not by some members of the Romanov Family Association. Membership of the Order was awarded for a distinguished career in civil service or for valour and distinguished service in

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5148-481: The Russians for not intervening earlier on the rebels' behalf. He subsequently wrote Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to France. Nothing came of these requests, as the French did not believe that the rebels had the military capacity to dislodge the Ottomans from the Balkans. As his battlefield setbacks mounted, Karađorđe's behaviour became more volatile. In late 1809, he shot and wounded one of his commanders, Petar Jokić , for making

5247-426: The Serbs of the Pashalik of Belgrade some degree of autonomy. As part of the agreement, the Russians agreed to withdraw their forces from Serbia, as well as from Wallachia and Moldavia. The Russians encouraged Karađorđe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte regarding the minutiae of the handover of cities and fortifications to the Ottomans. Trepidation filled the rebel camp once it became clear that there

5346-411: The agreement reached by the Porte and Obrenović's followers in November 1815. By extension, Karađorđe's murder precluded the Serbs of the Pashalik from taking part in the Balkan-wide rebellion that the Filiki Eteria had been planning. In Constantinople, Karađorđe's head was impaled on a stake and left on public display for a week. His body was buried on Serbian soil, but his skull ended up in the hands of

5445-401: The attack. As part of the Treaty of Bucharest, the Russians and Ottomans agreed that Serbian fortifications built after 1804 were to be destroyed, while cities and forts from which the Ottomans had been expelled over the course of the uprising were to be reoccupied and garrisoned by Ottoman troops. In exchange, the Ottomans agreed to declare a general amnesty for former rebels, as well as to grant

5544-402: The camp at Ub, I saw that many of our soldiers had blood-stained swords ... and their gun-butts also were smashed and broken; they were laden with every sort of spoil. Serbs who neglected to join the uprising were brutalized in equal measure. Males who could not produce an adequate excuse for why they were not fighting were killed and their houses torched. While most of the rebels were Serbs,

5643-440: The care of Orthodox Christian families. One contemporary account suggests that as many as 3,000 non-Christians – mostly Muslims, but also Jews – were forced to convert to Orthodox Christianity. Jews that resisted conversion were either killed or expelled. Belgrade's mosques were either destroyed or turned into churches. As the revolution progressed, rebel strength peaked at around 50,000 fighters. Despite their initial successes,

5742-665: The command of Bekir Pasha , the governor of Bosnia , to march into the Pashalik. The Serbs welcomed Bekir Pasha and his men as liberators, and the Dahis were soon defeated through the joint efforts of Bekir Pasha's army and the rebels. By late August, the most prominent Dahi leaders had been captured by Karađorđe's men, beheaded, and their severed heads sent to the Sultan as trophies. The Dahis resisted for another year before they were completely defeated. Karađorđe and his followers then demanded that Serbia be granted autonomous status similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring Wallachia . Selim suspected that Karađorđe's demands for autonomy were but

5841-415: The corpses of impaled Serbs being gnawed by packs of dogs." Another account relays how infants and toddlers were boiled alive. In one day alone, 1,800 women and children were sold into slavery at a Belgrade market. Churches across the city were destroyed and mosques that had been converted into churches following the city's capture in 1806 were returned to their original use. Others were deliberately torched by

5940-453: The country. The monarchy was abolished by Josip Broz Tito 's communist government in 1945. Misha Glenny , a journalist specializing in the Balkans, believes that the First Serbian Uprising "marked the beginning of modern history on the Balkan peninsula." The uprising kindled the flame of ethno-religious nationalism among the Christians of Southeastern Europe and inspired the subsequent Greek War of Independence . Karađorđe's struggle against

6039-586: The end of World War I in 1918, representatives of the three peoples proclaimed a Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with Peter I as sovereign. In 1929, the kingdom was renamed Yugoslavia , under Alexander I , the son of Peter I. In November 1945 the family lost their throne when the League of Communists of Yugoslavia seized power during the reign of Peter II . In English, the family name can be anglicized as Karageorgevitch (e.g., as with Prince Bojidar Karageorgevitch and Prince Philip Karageorgevitch ) or romanised as Karadjordjevic . Its origin

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6138-405: The eponymous Karađorđe's Park . Order of St. Anna Originally, the Order of Saint Anna was a dynastic order of knighthood ; but between 1797 and 1917 it had dual status as a dynastic order and as a state order. The Order of St. Anna continued to be awarded after the revolution by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, and Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna. Today,

6237-432: The exception of its imposing fortress , fell in early December . The outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War that month, compounded by Russia's avowal to provide extensive materiel and financial support to the rebels should they continue fighting, convinced Karađorđe not to accept anything short of complete independence. He promptly refused to accept the terms of the agreement negotiated by Ičko. In March 1807, Karađorđe issued

6336-418: The eyes of the Ottomans, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet "Black George" (Serbian: Karađorđe ; Turkish : Kara Yorgi ), partly because of his dark hair and partly because of his sinister reputation. According to some researchers, Karađorđe's paternal ancestors most likely migrated from the Highlands (in what is today Montenegro) to Šumadija during the Second Great Serb Migration in 1737–39 under

6435-423: The final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. Karađorđe and his followers demanded far-reaching autonomy, which Sultan Selim III interpreted as but the first step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihad against the rebels and ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the hands of Karađorđe's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all

6534-454: The first step towards complete independence. He responded by declaring a jihad against the rebels. Hafiz Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Niš , was then ordered to march into Šumadija and destroy Karađorđe's army. The rebels first clashed with Ottoman regulars at the Battle of Ivankovac in August 1805, scoring a decisive victory . Belgrade was soon besieged by about 16,000 rebel fighters. The rebel leaders used anti-Muslim rhetoric to mobilize

6633-694: The front gate—a warning to others to refrain from the behaviour in which Marinko had been engaging. Muslims, combatants and non-combatants alike, were killed unremittingly, as illustrated in this contemporary account describing the capture of the village of Čučuge , near Ub , in April 1806: In their flight the Turks threw away their arms and clothing in order to run the better, but to no purpose. The Serbs caught up with them and killed them, some with swords, some with knives and some with daggers, while others had their brains beaten out with cudgels and staves. They say that over 2,800 Turks perished and only those got away who had good horses. When our army mustered again at

6732-465: The guerrillas in the countryside, made the Dahi leadership increasingly uneasy. In January and February 1804, the Dahis launched a pre-emptive assault against the Pashalik's Serbian chieftains (known as knezovi , or "princes"), killing between 70 and 150 of them. The killings outraged the Serbian rayah , the Pashalik's tax-paying lower class. By this time, Karađorđe was a well known and well respected figure in Šumadija. He narrowly escaped being killed in

6831-448: The last official heir of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia he claims to be the rightful heir to the Serbian throne in the event of restoration. At the palace, Alexander regularly receives religious leaders and strives, as opportunity permits, to demonstrate his commitment to human rights and to democracy. The family are also much engaged in humanitarian work. Crown Princess Katherine has a humanitarian foundation while Crown Prince Alexander heads

6930-402: The leadership of Patriarch Šakabenta , as a result of the Austro-Turkish War (in which Serbs took part). Serbian historiography accepted the theory that Karađorđe's ancestors came from Vasojevići . Some conjecture has arisen about where the family ended up after arriving in Šumadija. According to Radoš Ljušić, Karađorđe's ancestors most likely hailed from Vasojevići, but he has said there

7029-413: The major towns in the Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo , and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened by the demands of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive autonomy. However, Karađorđe refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid the rebels should they continue fighting. Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon 's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened

7128-413: The military. The Order of Saint Anna entitled recipients of the first class to hereditary nobility, and recipients of lower classes to personal nobility. For military recipients, it was awarded with swords. It is now usually awarded for meritorious service to the Imperial House of Russia. Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew (K.A.) (including grand dukes, who received the order at baptism, and princes of

7227-628: The most notable of these being Miloš Obrenović , the rebel commander in Užice . A large number of Serb refugees subsequently returned to their homes, as did many of the Muslims that had been displaced in the fighting. Upon crossing the Danube, Karađorđe and his followers were arrested by the Austrian authorities. They were initially detained at the Petrovaradin Fortress in Novi Sad and later transferred to

7326-496: The mountains, where over the next several years, the able-bodied men formed ad hoc guerrilla bands. In mid-July 1803, Karađorđe obtained arms and munitions from Habsburg Serb merchants in Zemun . Later that month, he dispatched couriers through Šumadija calling for a meeting of Serbian notables to devise a strategy for resisting the Dahis. The flow of arms from the Austrian Empire into the Pashalik, combined with their inability to crush

7425-509: The only way in which military infractions could be rectified, and according to the military historian Brendon A. Rehm, personally killed 125 people. In 1806, he ordered that his brother Marinko be hanged. According to one account, Marinko had been accused of raping a peasant girl. Another suggests that he had been attempting to seduce young women whose husbands were away at the front. Whatever the case, Karađorđe entertained senior rebel leaders in his home while his brother's lifeless body dangled from

7524-414: The outbreak of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 , Petrović joined the Serbian Free Corps ( German : Serbische Freikorps ), and took part in fighting the Ottomans in western Serbia. The Free Corps was a volunteer militia made up of both Ottoman and Habsburg Serbs that was armed and trained by the Austrians. It was led by a Habsburg Serb officer, Major Mihailo Mihaljević . Petrović's participation in

7623-513: The painter Vladimir Borovikovsky . In April 1815, Obrenović orchestrated another anti-Ottoman rebellion in Serbia, which came to be known as the Second Serbian Uprising . Unlike Karađorđe's revolt, the Second Serbian Uprising ended relatively quickly and resulted in a rebel victory. In November 1815, the Ottomans accepted Obrenović's demands for wide-ranging autonomy. The terms that they agreed to were identical to those rejected by Karađorđe in 1807. The Russians prohibited Karađorđe from returning to

7722-466: The peasantry, calling upon them to rise up and drive the Ottomans "across the blue sea". In order to further galvanize the population, Karađorđe appealed to memories of the Battle of Kosovo of June 1389, which paved the way for the Ottoman conquest of Serbia and the rest of the western Balkans, declaring that Serbia's defeat in the battle needed to be avenged. He sought to further cement his authority by harkening back to symbols of Medieval Serbia , such as

7821-429: The rebel leaders were seldom on good terms, and constant infighting plagued their camp. In the western part of the country, Jakov Nenadović was the principal figure. In the east, Milenko Stojković and Petar Dobrnjac held sway. The latter two opposed Karađorđe's attempts to create a centralized state, fearing that this would result in their own power being diminished. Others, such as Nenadović, complained that Karađorđe

7920-850: The rebels captured Sjenica . They repulsed an Ottoman attack on the village of Suvodol in early June, and seized Novi Pazar later that month, but failed to take its fortress. Minor clashes also took place in the north of Kosovo. Lacking numbers and adequate military training, the rebels failed to establish a corridor to Montenegro and gain access to the Adriatic Sea , which Karađorđe had described as one of his key aims. The rebels experienced further setbacks in Niš, where 3,000 were surrounded at Čegar Hill in May–June 1809. Knowing that he and his men would be impaled if captured, rebel commander Stevan Sinđelić fired at his entrenchment's gun powder magazine, setting off

8019-399: The rebels dubbed the "Good Turks". Karađorđe and his followers appealed to Sultan Selim for assistance against the Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Austria sent weapons and supplies to the rebels, while Russia lobbied on their behalf, encouraging the Porte to grant the Serbs further autonomy following the Dahis' removal. In May, Selim ordered a 7,000-strong army under of

8118-551: The rebels, and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. Karađorđe was forced to flee Serbia in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close. He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained. Despite Ottoman requests for extradition, the Austrians handed Karađorđe over to the Russians , who offered him refuge in Bessarabia . There, he joined

8217-538: The region and settled in the Austrian Empire , fearing persecution at the hands of the Ottoman janissaries . It is said that as they were preparing to cross the Danube into Austria, Petrović's father began to have second thoughts about leaving Šumadija. Knowing that the entire family would be put in jeopardy if his father stayed behind, Petrović either took his father's life or arranged for someone to kill him instead. Following

8316-627: The relics of Stefan the First-Crowned , and placing old heraldic symbols on flags and seals to establish continuity between the Serbian Empire and himself. Portraits of Dušan the Mighty , the founder of the Serbian Empire, are said to have hung from the walls of the rebels' headquarters. Karađorđe was feared by enemies and allies alike because of his volatile temper. He considered executions to be

8415-401: The renegade governor of the Sanjak of Vidin , who had rejected the authority of the Sublime Porte , launched an invasion of the Pashalik of Belgrade. Overwhelmed, Mustafa Pasha formed a Serbian national militia to help stop the incursion. Petrović joined the militia and became a boluk-bashi (Serbian: Buljukbaša ), leading a company of 100 men. In return for their service, the Serbs of

8514-458: The riverside and shot Krnar with a rifle as he was gathering water. Karađorđe's lifeless body was beheaded. His severed head was taken to Belgrade and presented to Marashli Ali Pasha , who had been appointed the governor of the Pashalik two years prior. Ali Pasha had the head flayed, stuffed and sent to the Sultan himself. Obrenović feared that Karađorđe's return would prompt the Ottomans to renege on

8613-479: The senior rebel leaders, Koča Anđelković . In 1791, the Austrians and Ottomans signed the Treaty of Sistova . The Austrians agreed to return all the territory that they and the Serbs had captured south of the Danube in exchange for minor territorial concessions in northern Bosnia, effectively abandoning the Serbs and leaving them to resist the Ottomans on their own. The rebels were crushed by 1792 and most of their leaders executed. Unwilling to surrender, Petrović became

8712-485: The town's residents in 1809, a notion disputed by Serbian historians. The historian Ivo Banac surmises that "there would be no Bosnian Muslims today" had Karađorđe extended his uprising west of the Drina. Karađorđe's exploits were popularized across Europe by the linguist and folklorist Vuk Karadžić , who recorded and published the ballads of the blind gusle player and epic poet Filip Višnjić , many of which pertained to

8811-538: The two-month massacre, which came to be known as the Slaughter of the Knezes (Serbian: Seča knezova ). Upon killing the chieftains, the Dahis impaled their severed heads on wooden stakes and put them on public display. On Candlemas , 14 February [ O.S. 2 February] 1804, the surviving chieftains assembled in the village of Orašac , near Aranđelovac , to decide on a course of action. They agreed to launch

8910-526: The war brought him invaluable military experience, as well as insight into the Austrians' military techniques. He distinguished himself in combat and was decorated for bravery, reaching the rank of sergeant (German: Wachtmeister ). In this capacity, he was given command over a squad of 25 men. The Austrians and Serb rebels briefly succeeded in liberating a strip of land east and south of Belgrade , which in Serbian historiography came to be known as Koča's Frontier (Serbian: Kočina Krajina ), after one of

9009-514: Was becoming too authoritarian . Nenadović suggested that the rebels establish a central council to rein in Karađorđe's power and write a constitution based on the rule of law. Karađorđe balked at the possibility. "It's easy for this sovereign law of yours to rule in a warm room, behind this table", he responded, "but let us see tomorrow, when the Turks strike, who will meet them and beat them." In May 1809,

9108-617: Was born in Cetinje was nicknamed Montenegrin . The Vasojevići tribe claim descent from Stefan Konstantin of the Nemanjić dynasty . The Vasojevići were proud of Karađorđe, and saw him as their kinsman. Montenegrin politician and Vasojević Gavro Vuković , supported this theory. Accordingly, Alexander Karađorđević (1806–1885) was given the title "Voivode of Vasojevići" by Petar II in 1840. Other theories include: Montenegrin historian Miomir Dašić claimed that Karađorđe's family originated from

9207-650: Was born in London but on property temporarily recognized by the United Kingdom's government as subject to the sovereignty of the Yugoslav crown, on which occasion it was publicly declared that the Crown Prince had been born on the native soil of the land he was expected to eventually rule. The list below includes male members of the Karađorđević dynasty. Bold denotes the current head of the House. Number in parentheses indicates

9306-468: Was brought to a halt after the Russians crossed the Danube in September 1809 and attacked the Ottomans in northern Bulgaria, offering the rebels temporary respite. The rebels soon recaptured all the land they had lost but were exhausted by the fighting. Henceforth, they were continuously on the defensive. The rebel leaders quarrelled amongst themselves, blaming each other for the recent defeats. Karađorđe blamed

9405-458: Was nothing to prevent the Ottomans from exacting reprisals against the Pashalik's Serb population after the Russians withdrew. Karađorđe thus refused to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest and fighting continued. Deprived of foreign assistance, the rebels were quickly routed by the Ottomans, whose units were manned primarily by Albanians and Bosnian Muslims. In early October, Karađorđe fled to

9504-652: Was opposed to the Austrian -supported House of Obrenović . The two houses subsequently vied for the throne for several generations. Following the assassination of the Obrenović King Alexander I of Serbia in 1903, the Serbian Parliament chose Karađorđe's grandson, Peter I Karađorđević , then living in exile, to occupy the throne of the Kingdom of Serbia . He was duly crowned as King Peter I, and shortly before

9603-883: Was red with narrow yellow edging. A recipient of higher classes of the Order would not wear the insignia of lower classes, unless he had also been awarded the fourth class (the insignia of which was borne on the hilt of a sword or other edged weapon). Alan W. Hazelton, The Russian Imperial Orders ; New York: The American Numismatic Society, 1932 (Numismatic Notes and Monograms, No. 51). Guy Stair Sainty (Ed.) “World Orders of Knighthood and Merit” London: Burke's Peerage, 2006. House of Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87 The Crown Prince The Crown Princess Princess Linda Princess Barbara Princess Elizabeth The House of Karađorđević or Karađorđević dynasty ( Serbian : Династија Карађорђевић , romanized :  Dinastija Karađorđević , pronounced [karadʑǒːrdʑevitɕ] ; pl. Карађорђевићи , Karađorđevići )

9702-417: Was the oldest of his parents' five children. His father, Petar Jovanović, was a highwayman (or hajduk ) in his youth, but had since become a peasant farmer. His mother, Marica ( née Živković), was a homemaker. Petrović's surname was derived from his father's given name , in line with contemporary Serbian naming conventions . Like most of his contemporaries, Petrović was illiterate. His family celebrated

9801-584: Was torn down by the Austro-Hungarian Army and destroyed. In November 1918, Peter ascended the throne of the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was later renamed Yugoslavia . Karađorđe's head was repatriated from Greece in 1923 and reunited with the rest of his body. His remains were buried in a white marble sarcophagus within the church in 1930. The Karađorđević dynasty ruled Yugoslavia until 1941, when its members were forced into exile by Germany 's invasion and occupation of

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