Lepoglava is a town in Varaždin County , northern Croatia , It is located 32 km southwest of Varaždin , 7 km west of Ivanec , and 22 km northeast of Krapina .
63-502: (Redirected from Kaminetz ) Kamenica ( Cyrillic : Каменица, also spelled as Kamenitsa , from the word kamen 'stone' and the suffix -ica ) is a Slavic toponym that may refer to: Albania [ edit ] Kamenica Tumulus ( Tuma e Kamenicës ), a neolithic tumulus close to Kamenicë, Korçë Kamenicë, Korçë , a settlement in Korçë County Kamicë-Flakë ( Kamenicë ),
126-691: A more reliable income complement to its makers, the lace was sold at markets, exhibits - including the Zagreb Trade Fair -, and throughout Western Europe. Lepoglava lace won a gold medal at Paris' 1937 World Fair and a bronze one in 1939 in Berlin. In 2011, Lepoglava lace was declared the most beautiful lace at the International lace contest in Vologda , Russia, competing against 570 lace makers from 10 countries and 36 Russian areas. Since 1997, Lepoglava holds
189-788: A region in western Bulgaria Kamenitsa Basin [ bg ] , a basin in western Bulgaria Kamenica Church , a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in Donja Kamenica, Knjaževac Municipality Kasim Kamenica (born 1954), Bosnian Croatian handball coach and former handball player See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Kamenica Kamenice (disambiguation) Kamenitsa (disambiguation) Kamenitza Kamenitza (Geomorphology) are closed depressions that develop on rock surfaces in karst regions formed by dissolution weathering . Kamienica (disambiguation) Kamenicky (disambiguation) Kamenica Sasa (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
252-586: A river in western Serbia, tributary of West Morava River Kamenitsa (Vit) , a river in northern Bulgaria, tributary of the Vit Kamenitsa (Rilska River) , a river in western Bulgaria, tributary of Rilska River Kamenitsa Peak (Pirin) in the Pirin Mountains in western Bulgaria Kamenitsa Peak (Balkan Mountains) in the Balkan Mountains , Bulgaria Kamenitsa (region) [ bg ] ,
315-473: A series of postal stamps on lace has also been issued. Lepoglava lace is a bobbin lace made on a round hard pillow (‘ dedek ’), using a paired number of bobbins (‘ bateki ’) and very fine cotton or linen threads in white or beige across a pricking card. It displays stylized forms of flora, fauna, baroque, and geometric motifs. The space between the motifs can be filled with various types of nets: nets with loops, spider web, honeycombs with leaves, chessboard,
378-510: A settlement in the Qendër municipality, Malësi e Madhe District, Shkodër County, northern Albania Belarus [ edit ] Kamyenyets , a town in the Brest Region Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina [ edit ] Kamenica (Drvar) , a settlement near Drvar Kamenica (Ilijaš) , a settlement near Ilijaš Kamenica (Maglaj) ,
441-545: A settlement near Čelinac Kamenica (Višegrad) , a settlement near Višegrad Kamenica Donja [ sh ] , a settlement near Zvornik Kamenica Gornja [ sh ] , a settlement near Zvornik Bulgaria [ edit ] Kamenitsa, Blagoevgrad Province , a village in Strumyani Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province Kamenitsa, Sofia Province [ bg ] ,
504-625: A significant improvement on the Latin script previously used within Croatia. This Gazophylacium was printed posthumously in Zagreb in 1740. He also wrote the ‘ Boghomila ’, a collection of 113 verses – one verse for each year of saint Paul of Thebes' life; this was printed before the ‘ Gazophylacium ’. Lepoglava has a unique tradition of fine bobbin lace which was listed by Unesco as Intangible cultural heritage in 2009, along with Pag's needlepoint lace and
567-610: A village in Mirkovo Municipality , in Sofia Province Kamenitsa (neighbourhood) , a residential neighbourhood of Plovdiv the former village of Kamenitsa, today a part of Velingrad Croatia [ edit ] Kamenica, Varaždin County , a village near Lepoglava Kamenica, Zagreb County , a village near Preseka Kamenica, Koprivnica-Križevci County , a village near Sokolovac Kamenica Skradnička ,
630-476: A village in Zvečan Municipality North Macedonia [ edit ] Makedonska Kamenica , a town and municipality Serbia [ edit ] Kamenica (Aleksinac) , a village in the municipality of Aleksinac Kamenica (Bojnik) , a village in the municipality of Bojnik Kamenica (Dimitrovgrad) , a village in the municipality of Dimitrovgrad Kamenica (Gornji Milanovac) ,
693-741: A village in the Municipality of Metlika, southeastern Slovenia Kamenica, Sevnica , a village in the Municipality of Sevnica, central Slovenia Yeshivas (Jewish schools) [ edit ] Kaminetz Yeshiva , Orthodox Jewish Talmudic college in Belarus before World War II Yeshiva Toras Emes Kaminetz , Orthodox Jewish school (Pre-K through high school), in Brooklyn, NY Yeshivas Kaminetz (Jerusalem) , founded 1945 in Israel Other uses [ edit ] Kamenica (West Morava) [ sr ] ,
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#1732909433856756-775: A village in the Sabinov district in the Prešov Region Kamenica nad Cirochou , a village in the Humenné district in the Prešov Region Kamenica nad Hronom , a municipality and village in the Nitra Region Nižná Kamenica , a village and municipality in the Kosice Region Vyšná Kamenica , a village and municipality in the Kosice Region Slovenia [ edit ] Kamenica, Metlika ,
819-473: A village in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac Kamenica (Koceljeva) , a village in the municipality of Koceljeva Kamenica (Kragujevac) , a village in the municipality of Kragujevac Kamenica (Kraljevo) , a village in Kraljevo municipality Kamenica (Loznica) , a village in the municipality of Loznica Kamenica (Niš) , a village in the city municipality of Pantelej, city of Niš Kamenica (Užice) ,
882-399: A village in the municipality of Maglaj Kamenica (Vogošća) , a settlement near Vogošća Kamenica (Zavidovići) [ fr ] , a village near Zavidovići Kamenica, Konjic , village near Glavatičevo Republika Srpska [ edit ] Kamenica (Pale) , a settlement near Pale Kamenica (Teslić) [ fr ] , a village near Teslić Kamenica (Čelinac) ,
945-503: A village in the municipality of Užice Kamenica (Valjevo) , a village in the municipality of Valjevo Sremska Kamenica , a suburb of Novi Sad Mala Kamenica , a village in the municipality of Negotin Velika Kamenica , a village in the municipality of Kladovo Donja Kamenica , a village in the municipality of Knjaževac Gornja Kamenica , a village in the municipality of Knjaževac Slovakia [ edit ] Kamenica ,
1008-571: A village near Tounj Križ Kamenica [ hr ] , a village near Brinje Germany [ edit ] Kamenz , a Lusatian town in eastern Saxony Chemnitz (from Sorbian : Kamjenica ), the third-largest city in Saxony Kosovo [ edit ] Kamenica, Kosovo ( Kamenicë ), a town and municipality Kamenica, Leposavić , a village in Leposavić Municipality Kamenica, Zvečan [ sr ] ,
1071-727: A yearly International Lace Festival, which received from the European Festivals Association (EFA) the title of Remarkable Festival in 2017 - celebrating the 80th anniversary of the opening of the Banate lace-making school in Lepoglava. The scale of the International Lace Festival has gradually expanded following the 2009 Unesco listing of Lepoglava Lace as a World Intangible Cultural Heritage along with Pag lace and Hvar lace. More than 16 countries participated at
1134-596: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cyrillic script Co-official script in: The Cyrillic script ( / s ɪ ˈ r ɪ l ɪ k / sih- RIL -ik ), Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia . It is the designated national script in various Slavic , Turkic , Mongolic , Uralic , Caucasian and Iranic -speaking countries in Southeastern Europe , Eastern Europe ,
1197-649: Is named in honor of Saint Cyril . Since the script was conceived and popularised by the followers of Cyril and Methodius in Bulgaria, rather than by Cyril and Methodius themselves, its name denotes homage rather than authorship. The Cyrillic script was created during the First Bulgarian Empire . Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School ,
1260-564: Is the standard script for writing the following languages: Slavic languages : Non-Slavic languages of Russia : Non-Slavic languages in other countries : The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska, Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic ), the Caucasus , the languages of Idel-Ural , Siberia , and the Russian Far East . The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic
1323-522: Is typically based on ⟨p⟩ from Latin typefaces, lowercase ⟨б⟩ , ⟨ђ⟩ and ⟨ћ⟩ are traditional handwritten forms), although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs. Cyrillic typefaces, as well as Latin ones, have roman and italic forms (practically all popular modern computer fonts include parallel sets of Latin and Cyrillic letters, where many glyphs, uppercase as well as lowercase, are shared by both). However,
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#17329094338561386-581: The faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems; in some cases, such as ж with k -like ascender, no such approximation exists. Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. Depending on the choices made by the (computer) font designer, they may either be automatically activated by
1449-506: The Caucasus , Central Asia , North Asia , and East Asia , and used by many other minority languages. As of 2019 , around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrillic as the official script for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of
1512-515: The Cyrillic alphabet that originated in medieval period . Paleographers consider the earliest features of script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period. Was weak used continuously until the 18th century, with sporadic usage even taking place in the 20th century. With
1575-761: The European Union , following the Latin and Greek alphabets. The Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I the Great , probably by the disciples of the two Byzantine brothers Cyril and Methodius , who had previously created the Glagolitic script . Among them were Clement of Ohrid , Naum of Preslav , Constantine of Preslav , Joan Ekzarh , Chernorizets Hrabar , Angelar , Sava and other scholars. The script
1638-558: The Lepoglava concentration camp was built by the Ustashe ; around 2,000 prisoners were murdered there. Archaeological remains found in Kamenica (6 km north of Lepoglava ) show that this place was occupied in prehistorical times. A fortified residence was built there, atop a steep hill, during the second half of the 13th century. Višnjica (about 12 km north of Lepoglava ) was also occupied during
1701-408: The local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code , or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. These solutions only enjoy partial support and may render with default glyphs in certain software configurations, and the reader may not see the same result as the author intended. Among others, Cyrillic
1764-456: The medieval stage to the late Baroque , without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe . Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters. Peter the Great , Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms ( ru ) in
1827-677: The 19th century). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, some of the former republics officially shifted from Cyrillic to Latin. The transition is complete in most of Moldova (except the breakaway region of Transnistria , where Moldovan Cyrillic is official), Turkmenistan , and Azerbaijan . Uzbekistan still uses both systems, and Kazakhstan has officially begun a transition from Cyrillic to Latin (scheduled to be complete by 2025). The Russian government has mandated that Cyrillic must be used for all public communications in all federal subjects of Russia , to promote closer ties across
1890-530: The 890s as a more suitable script for church books. Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Romanians . The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav , in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery , both in present-day Shumen Province , as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery . The new script became
1953-589: The Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their Bulgarian disciples, such as Saints Naum , Clement , Angelar , and Sava . They spread and taught Christianity in the whole of Bulgaria. Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in
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2016-622: The Paleolithic Stone Age, and the earliest known written mention is from 1244. The first mention of Lepoglava dates back to 1399. Hermann II, Count of Celje , founded the monastery of Saint Paul the Hermit in 1400. Pauline monks from Hungary soon arrived. Although it was not the first Pauline monastery in Croatia, it was destined to become the most important one. In 1503 it opened the first gymnasium in Continental Croatia, with
2079-588: The September 2019 International Lace Festival. The 25th festival in 2023 focused on a retrospective of what has been in show in the past 25 festivals. Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, France, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary planned to participate; it was held in the Pauline monastery. The Croatian Mint has issued a series of gold collector coins “Lace-making in Croatia”, and
2142-568: The Serbian constitution; however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity. The Zhuang alphabet , used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from
2205-625: The Unicode definition of a character: this aspect is the responsibility of the typeface designer. The Unicode 5.1 standard, released on 4 April 2008, greatly improved computer support for the early Cyrillic and the modern Church Slavonic language. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8. Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters: The development of Cyrillic letter forms passed directly from
2268-509: The alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced. There are various systems for romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation . Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include: See also Romanization of Belarusian , Bulgarian , Kyrgyz , Russian , Macedonian and Ukrainian . Lepoglava A total of 8,283 residents in
2331-612: The basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church -dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian , until the 1860s). For centuries, Cyrillic was also used by Catholic and Muslim Slavs. Cyrillic and Glagolitic were used for the Church Slavonic language , especially the Old Church Slavonic variant. Hence expressions such as "И is the tenth Cyrillic letter" typically refer to
2394-724: The correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic types: for example, italic Cyrillic ⟨ т ⟩ is the lowercase counterpart of ⟨ Т ⟩ not of ⟨ М ⟩ . Note: in some typefaces or styles, ⟨ д ⟩ , i.e. the lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨д⟩ , may look like Latin ⟨ g ⟩ , and ⟨ т ⟩ , i.e. lowercase italic Cyrillic ⟨т⟩ , may look like small-capital italic ⟨T⟩ . In Standard Serbian, as well as in Macedonian, some italic and cursive letters are allowed to be different, to more closely resemble
2457-514: The creation of a seminary for Pauline novices and the lay-youth; but this ceased to operate after the Battle of Mohács in 1526. In 1582 it founded the first public grammar school of Croatia. Higher education started in 1656 with the creation of courses in philosophy and theology, and the establishment gained the status of university in 1674 - the first one in Croatia. Some 75 doctorate dissertations were obtained there. The associated library grew to become
2520-418: The early 18th century. Over time, these were largely adopted in the other languages that use the script. Thus, unlike the majority of modern Greek typefaces that retained their own set of design principles for lower-case letters (such as the placement of serifs , the shapes of stroke ends, and stroke-thickness rules, although Greek capital letters do use Latin design principles), modern Cyrillic types are much
2583-547: The features of national languages, and was subjected to academic reform and political decrees. A notable example of such linguistic reform can be attributed to Vuk Stefanović Karadžić , who updated the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by removing certain graphemes no longer represented in the vernacular and introducing graphemes specific to Serbian (i.e. Љ Њ Ђ Ћ Џ Ј), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to
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2646-479: The federation. This act was controversial for speakers of many Slavic languages; for others, such as Chechen and Ingush speakers, the law had political ramifications. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens. Standard Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts . Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to
2709-516: The handwritten letters. The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized in small caps form. Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems. In the Bulgarian alphabet , many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on
2772-540: The largest and richest library in Croatia. The monks left in 1768 and the Pauline order was abolished in 1786 by King Joseph II . In 1854 the monastery became a prison. It was returned to the diocese of Varaždin in 2001. Four priors of the Lepoglava monastery became bishops of Zagreb : Vuk Gyula (1548-1550), Šimun Bratulić (1603-1611), Martin Borković (1668–1687) and Mirko (Emerik) Esterhazy (1709-1727). The famous painter Ivan Krstitelj Ranger (1700-1753) joined
2835-408: The letters' Greek ancestors . Computer fonts for early Cyrillic alphabets are not routinely provided. Many of the letterforms differ from those of modern Cyrillic, varied a great deal between manuscripts , and changed over time. In accordance with Unicode policy, the standard does not include letterform variations or ligatures found in manuscript sources unless they can be shown to conform to
2898-541: The local traditional clothes and folk decoration refinements. It then became part of the ethnographic heritage. At the turn of the 20th century, the Honorable Zlata Šufflay first organized the production of lace. After the First World War, her work was most successfully pursued by Danica Brossler, who used official institutions to encourage manufacturing and started lace-making lessons, workshops and schools. Bringing
2961-585: The monastery as a layman in 1734. He painted Lepoglava's church and monastery as well as a number of churches and chapels near Lepoglava and elsewhere, with most of his work dedicated to the Virgin Mary. He died in 1753 in Lepoglava and is buried in the church there. Linguist Ivan Belostenec (1593-1675) completed his initial studies at the Pauline school of Lepoglava, then studied philosophy in Vienna and theology in Rome. He
3024-523: The most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs : Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet. A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at
3087-624: The municipality (2011 census) live in the following settlements: Lepoglava is probably best known for hosting the main Croatian prison, the Lepoglava prison . In 1854, a monastery of the Pauline Fathers was transformed by the authorities into a prison. In the twentieth century, the prison was used to intern political prisoners by the authorities of Kingdom of Yugoslavia , the Independent State of Croatia , and SFR Yugoslavia . During WWII,
3150-473: The native typeface terminology in most Slavic languages (for example, in Russian) does not use the words "roman" and "italic" in this sense. Instead, the nomenclature follows German naming patterns: Similarly to Latin typefaces, italic and cursive forms of many Cyrillic letters (typically lowercase; uppercase only for handwritten or stylish types) are very different from their upright roman types. In certain cases,
3213-454: The one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. by having an ascender or descender or by using rounded arcs instead of sharp corners. Sometimes, uppercase letters may have a different shape as well, e.g. more triangular, Д and Л, like Greek delta Δ and lambda Λ. Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Unicode approximations are used in
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#17329094338563276-519: The order of the Church Slavonic alphabet; not every Cyrillic alphabet uses every letter available in the script. The Cyrillic script came to dominate Glagolitic in the 12th century. The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Cyrillic in modern-day Bosnia, is an extinct and disputed variant of
3339-409: The orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets , the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. This is known in Russia as the second South-Slavic influence. In 1708–10, the Cyrillic script used in Russia
3402-466: The reform. Today, many languages in the Balkans , Eastern Europe, and northern Eurasia are written in Cyrillic alphabets. Cyrillic script spread throughout the East Slavic and some South Slavic territories, being adopted for writing local languages, such as Old East Slavic . Its adaptation to local languages produced a number of Cyrillic alphabets, discussed below. Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts. Yeri ( Ы )
3465-576: The same as modern Latin types of the same typeface family. The development of some Cyrillic computer fonts from Latin ones has also contributed to a visual Latinization of Cyrillic type. Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic ⟨а⟩ , ⟨е⟩ , ⟨і⟩ , ⟨ј⟩ , ⟨р⟩ , and ⟨у⟩ adopted Latin lowercase shapes, lowercase ⟨ф⟩
3528-473: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamenica&oldid=1252294564 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Interlanguage link template existing link Short description
3591-460: The school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav ; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. John the Exarch); and Chernorizets Hrabar , among others. The school was also a center of translation, mostly of Byzantine authors. The Cyrillic script is derived from the Greek uncial script letters, augmented by ligatures and consonants from the older Glagolitic alphabet for sounds not found in Greek. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by
3654-425: The unique aloe fiber lace from Hvar . Lepoglava's tradition of lace-making started around 1400 with the arrival of Hungarian Pauline monks, who taught their weaving and lace-making craft to the local population. Initially applied to productions for the clergy and the nobility, it then spread to the general population, the decorated white linen clothing and turbans thus making for distinctive characteristics in
3717-414: Was Abur , used for the Komi language . Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages . A number of languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet have also been written in a Latin alphabet , such as Azerbaijani , Uzbek , Serbian , and Romanian (in the Moldavian SSR until 1989 and in the Danubian Principalities throughout
3780-503: Was also adopted. The pre-reform letterforms, called 'Полуустав', were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel. The alphabet used for the modern Church Slavonic language in Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic rites still resembles early Cyrillic. However, over the course of the following millennium, Cyrillic adapted to changes in spoken language, developed regional variations to suit
3843-406: Was among the first Paulines who studied at Jesuit schools to train as professors for Pauline schools. Having subsequently held several positions of authority in the order, he retired to Lepoglava monastery in 1663 and worked there on his most important work: the ‘ Gazophylacium ’, a two-volume Latin-Croatian dictionary that also includes three Croatian dialects and a proposition for a new script making
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#17329094338563906-406: Was heavily reformed by Peter the Great , who had recently returned from his Grand Embassy in Western Europe . The new letterforms, called the Civil script , became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. West European typography culture
3969-562: Was originally a ligature of Yer and I ( Ъ + І = Ы ). Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter І: Ꙗ (not an ancestor of modern Ya, Я, which is derived from Ѧ ), Ѥ , Ю (ligature of І and ОУ ), Ѩ , Ѭ . Sometimes different letters were used interchangeably, for example И = І = Ї , as were typographical variants like О = Ѻ . There were also commonly used ligatures like ѠТ = Ѿ . The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from
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