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72-501: Kalyan Airstrip was located at Nevali village, 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Kalyan railway station and 55 km (34 mi) north of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport . It was the primary landing ground for the nearby city of Bombay (now Mumbai ) as early as 1920, much before the airfields of Juhu and RAF Santacruz were established. [2] As a Royal Air Force station during World War II in British India ,

144-473: A 3-20 MeV, 12 m long, drift-tube linac (DTL) and a beam dump. Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) is an Imaging Atmospheric Cerenkov telescope (IACT) located near Hanle , Ladakh , India. It is the highest (in altitude) and second largest Cerenkov telescope in the world. It was built by Electronics Corporation of India , Hyderabad, for the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and

216-891: A 80MW land based prototype of INS Arihant 's nuclear power unit, as well as the Arihant's main propulsion reactor. Three other submarine vessels of the class( Arihant class ) including the upcoming INS arighat , S4 and S4* will also get the same class of reactors as there primary propulsion. BARC also developed stabilization systems for Seekers, Antenna Units for India's multirole fighter HAL Tejas and contributed to Chandrayaan-I and Mangalyaan missions. BARC has contributed for collaboration with various mega science projects of National and International repute viz. CERN ( LHC ), India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO), ITER , Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator ( LEHIPA ), Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE), etc. In 2012 it

288-590: A R&D laboratory of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) was being constructed in the adjacent area. The proposal was also opposed by farmers in the Kalyan-Ambarnath belt who contended that the project would require more land than what was available with AAI, thus affecting around 22,000 farmers from 18 villages in the vicinity of the site. The state government dropped the idea of examining alternative sites in February 2014 as it had secured all necessary approvals for

360-474: A broad spectrum covering condensed matter physics , nuclear physics, astrophysical sciences and atomic and molecular spectroscopy . Important research areas include advanced magnetism , soft and nano structured materials, energy materials, thin film and multi-layers, accelerator/reactor based fusion-fission studies, nuclear-astrophysics, nuclear data management, reactor based neutrino physics, very high-energy astrophysics and astro-particle physics. Some of

432-693: A candidate for a second airport for the Mumbai Metropolitan Region . However, the Ministry of Civil Aviation was not very keen on the idea and wanted to focus on the second airport in Navi Mumbai. The Kalyan site was proposed because, compared to the Panvel site, the total area of the Nevali Airbase was over 1,800 acres (7.3 km) relatively free of any natural obstacles and, unlike the Panvel site, there

504-577: A flow sheet for reprocessing of spent thoria rods was developed and demonstrated at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF), Trombay. After gaining successful experience at UTSF, Power Reactor Thoria Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF) has been set up employing advanced laser based technology for dismantling of thoria bundle and single pin mechanical chopper for cutting of fuel pins. Thoria irradiated fuel bundles from PHWR were reprocessed using TBP as extractant to recover 233U. High Level Liquid Waste (HLLW) generated during reprocessing of spent fuel contains most of

576-451: A fort wall, the construction of which began during Shah Jahan 's reign and was completed during Aurangzeb 's reign in 1694 A.D. This city wall, which ran 2123 yards and was guarded by 4 gates and 11 towers. The fort wall enclosed an area of 70 acres and on a high mound near the Kalyan creek, where the current Ganesh ghat stands, was a fort as early as 1570. The wall of the fort along the top of

648-779: A number of research reactors across the country. Its primary facilities are located in Trombay , with new facilities also located in Challakere in Chitradurga district of Karnataka . A new Special Mineral Enrichment Facility which focuses on enrichment of uranium fuel is under construction in Atchutapuram near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , for supporting India's nuclear submarine program and produce high specific activity radioisotopes for extensive research. When Homi Jehangir Bhabha

720-548: A series of supercomputers for their internal usage. They were mainly used for molecular dynamical simulations, reactor physics , theoretical physics , computational chemistry , computational fluid dynamics , and finite element analysis . The latest in the series is Anupam-Aganya. BARC has started development of supercomputers under the ANUPAM project in 1991 and till date, has developed more than 20 different computer systems. All ANUPAM systems have employed parallel processing as

792-409: A time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at Dhruva, the beam-lines at INDUS (Small-and wide angle X-ray Scattering (SWAXS), protein crystallography , Infrared spectroscopy , Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES/ PEEM), Energy and angle-dispersive XRD, and imaging), commissioning of beam-lines and associated detector facilities at BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility,

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864-531: A unique position in the world, in terms of availability of nuclear fuel resource. It has a limited resource of uranium but a large resource of thorium . The beach sands of Kerala and Orissa have rich reserves of monazite , which contains about 8–10% thorium. Studies have been carried out on all aspects of thorium fuel cycle - mining and extraction , fuel fabrication, utilisation in different reactor systems, evaluation of its various properties and irradiation behaviour, reprocessing and recycling . Some of

936-755: Is a complex process and poses challenges in view of high temperature operations in presence of high amount of radioactivity . As a result, very few countries in world could master the technology of vitrification of HLLW and India is among them. Three melter technologies, Induction Heated Metallic Melter (IHMM), Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) and Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM), have been indigenously developed for vitrification of HLLW. HLLW vitrification plants, based on IHMM or JHCM technologies, have been constructed and successfully operated at Trombay , Tarapur and Kalpakkam sites of India. Vitrification Cell (IHMM), WIP, Trombay Joule Heated Ceramic Melter, Tarapur Inside view of Cold Crucible Induction Melter R&D in

1008-567: Is a founding city of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region . Kalyan is the 7th biggest city in Maharashtra and 29th in India. Kalyan also serves as a major railway station for the trains bound to Mumbai and is a large junction separating two routes, one going Karjat and other Kasara. In Colonial India, the British Raj called the city Kallian , Cullian , or Calliannee . The city of Kalyan was surrounded by

1080-620: Is a premier nuclear and multi-disciplinary research organisation though founded primarily to serve India's nuclear program and its peaceful applications of nuclear energy does an extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering , Radiology and their application to health, food, medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and Laser Technology, electronics, High Performance Computing , instrumentation and reactor control, Materials Science and radiation monitoring, high-energy physics and plasma physics among others. BARC

1152-399: Is also directed towards management of Hulls, contaminated left over pieces of zirconium clad tube after dissolution of fuel, and Geological Disposal Facility for safe disposal of vitrified HLLW and long lived waste with objective to long term isolation of radionuclide from the human environment . The Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility (AFFF), a MOX fuel fabrication facility, is part of

1224-412: Is also lower than Mumbai during winter season and pre summer (March-April) Though it has seen high dew points, particularly in the month of May with near to 30°C dew points. Kalyan receives heavy rainfall during June-September. Trains, buses and auto-rickshaws are the important modes of transport in and around Kalyan. 200,000 Kalyan citizens travel daily by local trains. Kalyan Junction railway station

1296-676: Is an agency of the Department of Atomic Energy. It is divided into a number of Groups, each under a director, and many more Divisions. BARC's Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) was formed in 2009. It is located in three cities – Mumbai, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam . BARC conducts extensive and advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronics instrumentation, biology and medicine, advance computing, high-energy plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear program and related areas. The few are: India has

1368-647: Is being used for carrying out experiments with thoria based fuels. Thoria based fuel irradiations have been carried out in our research and power reactors. Thoria fuel rods in the reflector region of research reactor CIRUS. Thoria fuel assemblies as reactivity load in research reactor Dhruva. Thoria fuel bundles for flux flattening in the Initial Core of PHWRs. Thoria blanket assemblies in FBTR. (Th-Pu)MOX fuel pins of BWR, PHWR and AHWR design in research reactors CIRUS and Dhruva. Post-irradiation examinations have been carried out on

1440-552: Is governed by Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act 1949. The following authorities are given charge to implement the provisions of the act: Both the cities are divided into 122 wards. Municipal Corporation consists of Councillors elected directly at Ward Elections. The number and boundaries of the Wards into which the city is divided is specified by the State Election Commissioner. There are five Councillors nominated by

1512-630: Is on the railway line between Mumbai and Karjat / Kasara . Kalyan has access to four railway stations on the Central line - Thakurli Station, Vitthalwadi , Shahad Station and Kalyan Junction. Kalyan Junction serves as an important railway station for the people in and around Mumbai . With a population of more than 700,000, Kalyan is a part of the Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation established in 1983, with municipalities of Kalyan, Dombivli, Ambernath and 81 other villages. It

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1584-701: Is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy . It manages all facets of nuclear power generation , from the theoretical design of reactors to, computer modeling and simulation, risk analysis , development and testing of new reactor fuel, materials, etc. It also researches spent fuel processing and safe disposal of nuclear waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, radiation technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and laser technology, electronics , instrumentation and reactor control and material science , environment and radiation monitoring etc. BARC operates

1656-596: The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER), and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly, layout, detonation and data collection. On 3 June 1998 BARC was hacked by hacktivist group milw0rm , consisting of hackers from the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand. They downloaded classified information, defaced

1728-553: The Mumbai suburban railway network . The site can also be accessed from State Highway 2 (Kalyan- Murbad - Ahmednagar highway) and the NH 160 ( Nashik - Thane national highway) which was earlier numbered NH 3 before renumbering of all national highways by National Highway Authority of India in 2010 year. The two abandoned runways have been encroached upon by local population and now host dirt roads serving nearby villages. The southern end of

1800-438: The nuclear submarine program. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, chemical engineering, material sciences and metallurgy, electronic instrumentation, biology and medicine, supercomputing, high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC

1872-421: The radioactivity generated in entire nuclear fuel cycle . The HLLW is immobilised into an inert Sodium Boro- Silicate glass matrix through a process, called vitrification . The vitrified waste is stored for an interim period in an air cooled vault to facilitate the dissipation of heat generated during radioactive decay . Prior to its eventual disposal in geological disposal facility . Vitrification of HLLW

1944-529: The Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of reactor designing and development, instrumentation , metallurgy , and material science , etc., were transferred with their respective programs from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for fundamental research in the sciences. After Bhabha's death in 1966,

2016-596: The BARC Training School to cater to the manpower needs of the expanding atomic energy research and development program. Bhabha emphasized self-reliance in all fields of nuclear science and engineering. The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) with Bhabha as the founding director on 3 January 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activities for nuclear reactors and technology under

2088-499: The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. It is a Generation II reactor developed from earlier CANDU based RAPS-1 and RAPS-2 reactors built at Rawatbhata, Rajasthan. Currently there are 14 units operational at various locations in India. Upon completion of the design of IPHWR-220, a larger 540 MWe design was started around 1984 under the aegis of BARC in partnership with NPCIL. Two reactors of this design were built in Tarapur, Maharashtra starting in

2160-526: The Indian Atomic Energy Commission described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be "equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear weapon states over decades". Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test. The scientists and engineers of the BARC,

2232-545: The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) at BARC, the Digital holographic microscopy for biological cell imaging at Vizag. The Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) project is under installation at common facility building in BARC premises. The 20 MeV, 30 mA, CW proton linac will consist of a 50 keV ion source, a 3 MeV, 4 m long, radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and

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2304-645: The National Centre for Compositional Characterization of Materials (NCCCM) at Hyderabad, the 10 MeV electron accelerator at the Electron Beam Centre at Navi Mumbai. BARC also has sustained programs of indigenous development of detectors , sensors , mass spectrometer , imaging technique and multilayer-mirrors. Recent achievements include: commissioning of the Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope (MACE) at Ladakh,

2376-671: The Nevali air base was over 1,800 acres (7.3 km). Post-Independence, ownership of the land was transferred to the Ministry of Defence. In June 2017, the Navy began constructing a boundary wall to protect the remaining land from further encroachment, since around 400 acres of the land was encroached upon over the years. In October 2006 the Government of Maharashtra first proposed the Kalyan-Nevali site as

2448-583: The Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB), and located at the Tarapur, Maharashtra . Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility has fabricated MOX fuels on experimental basis for BWR, PHWR, FBTR and research reactors. It makes plutonium-based MOX fuel for the stage 2 of Indian Nuclear Program. The unit has successfully fabricated more than 1 lakh PFBR fuel elements for the Kalpakam based Bhavini's PFBR. AFFF is presently engaged in

2520-640: The Panvel site. The site is located on Haji Malang Road at Nevali village, 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Kalyan railway station and 55 km (34 mi) away from the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport at Sahar in Mumbai . It lies close to urban areas of the Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation . The nearest railway station is Kalyan railway station on the Central Railway of

2592-686: The Pelletron-Superconducting linear accelerator at TIFR, the National Facility for Neutron Beam Research (NFNBR) at Dhruva, a number of state-of-the-art beam lines at INDUS synchrotron , RRCAT -Indore, the TeV Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope with Imaging Camera (TACTIC) at Mt. Abu, the Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) and PURNIMA fast neutron facilities at BARC, the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator at

2664-519: The State Government proposed several alternate sites, one of which centred on a 1,800 acres (7.3 km) piece of land owned by the Airports Authority of India near Kalyan In August 2007, the national security advisor (NSA) had communicated to the state chief minister that the airport could not be developed on the 1,800 acres of defence ministry land due to safety and security reasons because

2736-517: The airfield served as RAF Kalyan from 1942 to 1947 and was abandoned after the war. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence but has been encroached upon. Several Fighter Squadrons and support units were stationed at Kalyan from 1942 to 1947. The field was abandoned after the war. The airfield at Nevali was used by the RAF pilots during World War II to give operational cover to the Bombay region. The total area of

2808-440: The areas of system integration , system engineering , system software development, application software development, fine tuning of the system and support to a diverse set of users. The series started with a small four-processor system in 1991 with a sustained performance of 34 MFlops. Keeping in mind the ever increasing demands from the users, new systems have been built regularly with increasing computational power. The latest in

2880-666: The atomic energy programme could no longer be carried out within TIFR he proposed to the government to build a new laboratory entirely devoted to this purpose. For this purpose, 1200 acres of land was acquired at Trombay from the Bombay Government . Thus the Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) started functioning in 1954. The same year the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was also established. Bhabha established

2952-613: The capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in the development of nuclear weapons. BARC was also involved in the Pokhran-II series of five nuclear test conducted at Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted after Smiling Buddha by India. The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons ( Hydrogen bomb /fusion bomb) with yields up to 200 Kilotons. The then Chairman of

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3024-534: The centre was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on 22 January 1967. The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station were from the United States. The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government has consistently maintained that

3096-813: The corporation. As per the provisions of the Act, the total number of Councillors is 121. The Corporation elects one of its members as the Mayor and another to be the Deputy Mayor. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science , chemical engineering , material sciences and metallurgy , electronic instrumentation , biology and medicine, supercomputing , high-energy physics and plasma physics and associated research for Indian nuclear programme and related areas. BARC's core mandate

3168-427: The development of various indigenous technologies. In the fields of nuclear energy, many Control and Instrumentation systems including In Service Inspection Systems were designed, developed and deployed for Nuclear Reactors ranging from PHWR , AHWR , LWR , PFBR , to new generation Research Reactors and C&I for reprocessing facilities. Development of simulators for Nuclear Power Plant are immense as they provide

3240-603: The fabrication of PFBR fuel elements for reloads of PFBR. AFFF also is involved in AHWR(Thorium MOX Fuel) MOX fuel fabrication for the third stage of Indian nuclear program and is experimenting with different fabrication techniques. | MOX fuel fabrication at AFFF follows Powder Oxide Pelletisation (POP) Method. Major operations are mixing and milling, pre-compaction, granulation, Final compaction, Sintering, centreless grinding, degassing, endplug welding, decontamination of fuel elements and wire wrapping. AFFF also does

3312-494: The field of partitioning of Minor Actinides from HLLW are also aimed to separate out the long-lived radioactive waste constituents prior to immobilizing then in glass matrice. The long lived radio-contaminants is planned to be burnt in Fast reactor or Accelerator Driven Sub Critical systems to get converted into short- lived species. This will reduce the need of long term isolation of radionuclide from environment by multifold. R&D

3384-533: The fort Durgadi Killain after the Hindu goddess Durga. The fort measures 220 feet (67 m) in length and somewhat less in breadth. Under the English rule, the fort wall was dismantled and stones carried away to build the Kalyan and Thane piers and a dwelling for the customs inspector in the west of the Kalyan fort. The gate to the north-west is almost the only trace of the fort wall, which is of rough stone masonry. During 1876

3456-544: The head of this entire nuclear bomb project was the director of the BARC, Raja Ramanna . The neutron initiator was of the polonium–beryllium type and code-named Flower was developed by BARC. The entire nuclear bomb was engineered and finally assembled by Indian engineers at Trombay before transportation to the test site. The 1974 test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation and research but also

3528-629: The important milestones achieved / technological progress made in these are as follows: The process of producing thoria from monazite is well established. IREL has produced several tonnes of nuclear grade thoria powder The fabrication of thoria based fuel by powder-pellet method is well established. Few tonnes of thoria fuel have been fabricated at BARC and NFC for various irradiations in research and power reactors. Studies have been carried out regarding use of thorium in different types of reactors with respect to fuel management, reactor control and fuel utilisation. A Critical Facility has been constructed and

3600-639: The important ongoing developmental activities are: Indian Scintillat or Matrix for Reactor Anti-Neutrinos (ISMRAN), neutron guides, polarizers and Neutron supermirror , Nb-based superconducting RF cavities, high purity Germanium detector , 2-D neutron detectors, cryogen-free superconducting magnets , electromagnetic separator for radio-isotopes, nuclear batteries and radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) power source and liquid Hydrogen cold neutron source. Other activities include research and developmental towards India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) and quantum computing . BARC designed and developed

3672-595: The inner bank of the ditch, and, near the north end, had a gateway known as the Delhi or Killyacha Darwaja. Under the Marathas (1760–72), a new gate about 150 feet (46 m) to the south of the Ganesh gate was opened near the mansion of Ramji Mahadeo Biwalkar, the Peshwa's Governor. In the citadel of the fort Marathas built a small wooden temple of Durgadevi behind the mosque, and called

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3744-1112: The irradiated PHWR thoria fuel bundles and (Th-Pu) MOX fuel pins. Thermo-physical and thermodynamic properties have been evaluated for the thoria based fuels. Thoria fuel rods irradiated in CIRUS have been reprocessed at Uranium Thorium Separation Facility (UTSF) BARC. The recovered 233U has been fabricated as fuel for KAMINI reactor. Thoria blanket assemblies irradiated in FBTR have been reprocessed at IGCAR . The recovered 233U has been used for experimental irradiation of PFBR type fuel assembly in FBTR. Thoria fuel bundles irradiated in PHWRs will be reprocessed in Power Reactor Thorium Reprocessing Facility (PRTRF). The recovered 233U will be used for reactor physics experiments in AHWR-Critical Facility. Advanced reactors AHWR and AHWR300-LEU have been designed at BARC to provide impetus to

3816-434: The large-scale utilisation of thorium. After certain energy utilization, known as burn-up (a legacy of thermal power) is reached, nuclear fuel in a reactor is replaced by fresh fuel so that fission chain reactions can sustain and desired power output can be maintained. The spent fuel discharged from the reactor is known as spent nuclear fuel (SNF). BARC has come a long way since it first began reprocessing of spent fuel in

3888-466: The original idol of Durga was stolen. The majority of Kalyan citizens are Hindus and Muslim . Kalyan is characterized by koppen classification Aw (tropical monsoon) with high rainfall during monsoon season and dry season year around. Because of Kalyan's proximity to the sea, it experiences greater diurnal temperature variations especially during winter when on some days the average high would reach 34°C with average lows near 14-15°C. Kalyan's humidity

3960-428: The reactor's critical role: "Purnima was a novel device, built with about 20 kg of plutonium, a variable geometry of reflectors, and a unique control system. This gave considerable experience and helped to benchmark calculations regarding the behaviour of a chain-reacting system made out of plutonium . The kinetic behaviour of the system just above critical could be well studied. Very clever physicists could then calculate

4032-560: The reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras ), CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India Reactor" with assistance from the US), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II (1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990), and KAMINI . Apsara

4104-642: The recycling of the rejects based on either thermal pulverisation or microwave based oxidation and reduction. AFFF uses Laser welding for encapsulation of fuel elements along with GTAW. The interdisciplinary research includes investigation of matter under different physicochemical environments, including temperature, magnetic field and pressure. Reactors, ion and electron accelerators and lasers are being employed as tools to investigate crucial phenomena in materials over wide length and time scales. Major facilities, operated by BARC for research in Physical sciences, include

4176-411: The series of supercomputers is Anupam-Aganya with processing power of 270 TFLOPS and PARALLEL PROCESSING SUPERCOMPUTER ANUPAM-ATULYA:Provides sustained LINPACK performance of 1.35 PetaFlops for solving complex scientific problems. BARC's research and development programing electrical, electronics, instrumentation and computers is in the fields of Nuclear Science and Technology, and this has resulted in

4248-675: The site now hosts a research and development laboratory of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Kalyan Kalyan (Pronunciation: [kəljaːɳ] ) is a city on the banks of Ulhas River in Thane district of Maharashtra state in Konkan division . It is governed by Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation . Kalyan is a subdivision ( Taluka ) of Thane district . Kalyan and its neighbouring township of Dombivli jointly form Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation , abbreviated as KDMC. It

4320-504: The time behaviour of the core of a bomb on isotropic compression. What the critical parameters would be, how to achieve optimum explosive power, and its dependence on the first self sustaining neutron trigger, were all investigated". It was decommissioned in 1973. Along with DRDO and other agencies and laboratories BARC also played an essential and important role in nuclear weapons technology and research. The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. In 1974

4392-487: The underlying philosophy and MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) as the core architecture . BARC, being a multidisciplinary research organization, has a large pool of scientists and engineers, working in various aspects of nuclear science and technology and thus are involved in doing diverse nature of computation. To keep the gestation period short, the parallel computers were built with commercially available off-the-shelf components, with BARC's major contribution being in

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4464-504: The website and deleted data from servers. BARC also designed a class of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor IPHWR (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor), the baseline 220 MWe design was developed from the Canadian CANDU reactor . The design was later expanded into 540 MW and 700 MW designs. The IPHWR-220 (Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-220) was the first in class series of Indian pressurized heavy-water reactor designed by

4536-440: The year 1964 at Trombay. India has more than five decades of experience for reprocessing of spent fuel of Uranium based first stage reactor resulting in development of well matured and highly evolved PUREX based reprocessing flow sheet involving recovery of SNM. Implementation of thorium fuel cycle requires extraction of 233U from irradiated thorium fuel and its re-insertion into the fuel cycle. Based on indigenous efforts,

4608-533: The year 2000 and the first was commissioned on 12 September 2005. The IPHWR-540 design was later upgraded to a 700 MWe with the main objective to improve fuel efficiency and develop a standardized design to be installed at many locations across India as a fleet-mode effort. The design was also upgraded to incorporate Generation III+ features. Almost 100% of the parts of these indigenously designed reactors are manufactured by Indian industry. BARC designed and built India's first pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam ,

4680-399: Was India's first nuclear reactor built at BARC in 1956 to conduct basic research in nuclear physics. It is 1 MWTh light water cooled and moderated swimming pool type thermal reactor that went critical on August 4, 1956, and is suitable for production of isotopes , basic nuclear research, shielding experiments, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography and testing of neutron detectors. It

4752-546: Was assembled at the campus of Indian Astronomical Observatory at Hanle. The telescope is the second-largest gamma ray telescope in the world and will help the scientific community enhance its understanding in the fields of astrophysics , fundamental physics , and particle acceleration mechanisms. The largest telescope of the same class is the 28-metre-diameter High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) telescope being operated in Namibia. Ongoing basic and applied research encompasses

4824-445: Was formed in 1983 to administer the twin townships of Kalyan and Dombivli. The municipal corporation has a population 15,18,762 citizens as per the 2011 census. Due to its highly educated population it is often called the second cultural capital of Maharashtra after Pune. Kalyan was once famous as a port in ancient times. Records of its existence as a premier port in the region have been found in ancient Greek manuscripts. The corporation

4896-546: Was no possibility of CRZ (Coastal Regulatory Zone) violations, flattening of mountains or diversion of any rivers. The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests had raised environmental objections on the proposed location of the Navi Mumbai International Airport near Kopra Panvel area, because the construction of the airport would involve reclamation of low-lying areas in an ecologically fragile zone as well as destruction of several hectares of mangroves. Hence

4968-549: Was reported that new facilities and campuses of BARC were planned in Atchutapuram , near Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh , and in Challakere in Chitradurga district in Karnataka. BARC would be setting 30 MW special research reactor using an enriched uranium fuel at Visakhapatnam to meet the demand for high specific activity radio isotopes and carry out extensive research and development in nuclear sector. The site would also support

5040-428: Was shut down permanently in 2010 and replaced with Apsara-U. Purnima-I is a plutonium oxide fuelled 1 MWTh pulsed-fast reactor that was built starting in 1970 and went critical on 18 May 1972 to primarily support the validation of design parameters for development of plutonium-239 powered nuclear weapons . On the twentieth anniversary of the 1974 Pokhran nuclear test, Purnima's designer, P. K. Iyengar , reflected on

5112-539: Was then one of the largest urban local bodies in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) and in the state, with an area around 209 km (81 sq mi). The government of Maharashtra has decided to delete major area of the corporation limits on different occasions. Presently the total area of the corporation has remained, and measures about 67 km (26 sq mi). KDMC is a municipal corporation in Thane district of Maharashtra State, India. The municipal corporation

5184-622: Was working at the Indian Institute of Science , there was no institute in India which had the necessary facilities for original work in nuclear physics , cosmic rays , high energy physics , and other frontiers of knowledge in physics. This prompted him to send a proposal in March 1944 to the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for establishing "a vigorous school of research in fundamental physics". When Bhabha realised that technology development for

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