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43-822: The Kalmithaus , also called the Ludwigshafener Hut , near Maikammer in the Rhineland-Palatinate county of Südliche Weinstraße is a refuge hut in the Palatinate Forest run by the Ludwigshafen-Mannheim branch of the Palatinate Forest Club . It is located in the southern part of the Haardt mountains at the summit of its highest peak, the Kalmit ( 672.6 m above  sea level (NHN) ), and

86-753: A 100-gram (3.5 oz) amount, green kiwifruit provides 255 kilojoules (61 kilocalories) of food energy , is 83% water and 15% carbohydrates , with negligible protein and fat (table). It is particularly rich in vitamin C (103% DV) and vitamin K (34% DV), has a moderate content of vitamin E (10% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content. Gold kiwifruit has similar nutritional value to green kiwifruit, but contains higher vitamin C content (179% DV) and insignificant vitamin K content (table). Kiwifruit seed oil contains on average 62% alpha-linolenic acid , an omega-3 fatty acid . Kiwifruit pulp contains carotenoids , such as provitamin A beta-carotene , lutein and zeaxanthin . Allergy to kiwifruit

129-467: A few cultivars of A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit): 'Hayward', 'Blake' and 'Saanichton 12'. They have a fuzzy, dull brown skin and bright green flesh. The familiar cultivar 'Hayward' was developed by Hayward Wright in Avondale , New Zealand, around 1924. It was initially grown in domestic gardens, but commercial planting began in the 1940s. 'Hayward' is the most commonly available cultivar in stores. It

172-520: A few days to a week when stored at room temperature, but should not be kept in direct sunlight. Faster ripening occurs when placed in a paper bag with an apple, pear, or banana. Once a kiwifruit is ripe, however, it is preserved optimally when stored far from other fruits, as it is very sensitive to the ethylene gas they may emit, thereby tending to over-ripen even in the refrigerator. If stored appropriately, ripe kiwifruit normally keep for about one to two weeks. Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae (PSA)

215-568: A garnish. The whole fruit, including the skin, is suitable for human consumption; however, the skin of the fuzzy varieties is often discarded due to its texture. Sliced kiwifruit has long been used as a garnish atop whipped cream on pavlova , a meringue-based dessert. Traditionally in China, kiwifruit was not eaten for pleasure, but was given as medicine to children to help them grow and to women who have given birth to help them recover. Raw kiwifruit contains actinidain (also spelled actinidin ) which

258-517: A large sum of money from the War Damages Office, supplemented by donations, a brand new hut was opened in 1957. On 13 November 1981 the front part of the hut was completely destroyed by a gas explosion. After it was rebuilt the present Kalmithaus was inaugurated on 12 June 1983. The Kalmithaus can only be reached on the forest tracks of the Kalmit; although there is hiker's car park known as

301-443: A single type of flower in any foray and maybe only a few branches of a single plant. The pollen needed from a different plant (such as a male for a female kiwifruit) might never reach it were it not for the cross-pollination that principally occurs in the crowded colony; it is in the colonies that bees laden with different pollen literally cross paths. To deal with these pollination challenges, some producers blow collected pollen over

344-487: A thin, fuzzy, fibrous, tart but edible, light brown skin and light green or golden flesh with rows of tiny, black, edible seeds. The fruit has a soft texture with a sweet and unique flavour. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China . The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the Song dynasty . In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where

387-510: A thin, smooth green skin. They are primarily produced by three species: Actinidia arguta (hardy kiwi), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit) and A. polygama (silver vine). They are fast-growing, climbing vines, durable over their growing season . They are referred to as "kiwi berry, baby kiwi, dessert kiwi, grape kiwi, or cocktail kiwi". The cultivar 'Issai' is a hybrid of hardy kiwifruit and silver vine which can self-pollinate. Grown commercially because of its relatively large fruit, 'Issai'

430-531: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kiwifruit Kiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi outside Australia and New Zealand), or Chinese gooseberry , is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia . The most common cultivar group of kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward') is oval, about the size of a large hen's egg : 5–8 centimetres (2–3 inches) in length and 4.5–5.5 cm ( 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter. Kiwifruit has

473-439: Is a large, egg-shaped fruit with a sweet flavour. 'Saanichton 12', from British Columbia, is somewhat more rectangular than 'Hayward' and comparably sweet, but the inner core of the fruit can be tough. 'Blake' can self-pollinate, but it has a smaller, more oval fruit and the flavour is considered inferior. Kiwi berries are edible fruits the size of a large grape, similar to fuzzy kiwifruit in taste and internal appearance but with

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516-427: Is commercially useful as a meat tenderizer and possibly as a digestive aid . Actinidain also makes raw kiwifruit unsuitable for use in desserts containing milk or any other dairy products because the enzyme digests milk proteins. This applies to gelatin -based desserts, due to the fact that the actinidain will dissolve the proteins in gelatin, causing the dessert to either liquefy or prevent it from solidifying. In

559-449: Is considered adequate. Some varieties can self pollinate, but even they produce a greater and more reliable yield when pollinated by male kiwifruit. Cross-species pollination is often (but not always) successful as long as bloom times are synchronised. In nature, the species are pollinated by birds and native bumblebees, which visit the flowers for pollen, not nectar. The female flowers produce fake anthers with what appears to be pollen on

602-401: Is less hardy than most hardy kiwifruit. Actinidia chinensis (yellow kiwi or golden kiwifruit) has a smooth, bronze skin, with a beak shape at the stem attachment. Flesh colour varies from bright green to a clear, intense yellow. This species is 'sweeter and more aromatic' in flavour compared to A. deliciosa . One of the most attractive varieties has a red 'iris' around the centre of

645-429: Is no guarantee that the fruit will have the same quality as the parent. Additionally, seedlings take seven years before they flower, so determining whether the kiwifruit is fruit bearing or a pollinator is time-consuming. Therefore, most kiwifruits, with the exception of rootstock and new cultivars , are propagated asexually . This is done by grafting the fruit producing plant onto rootstock grown from seedlings or, if

688-459: Is predominantly supported by the wine industry. The area is well known for the vineyards of Alsterweiler , Kappellenberg , Kirchenstück , Immengarten and Heiligenberg , which produce Müller-Thurgau and Riesling grapes. Wine has played a significant part in Maikammer's history, both economically and culturally. Maikammer is also host to numerous villas built by the original wine families of

731-564: Is thus the highest hut in the Palatinate Forest. From its terrace there is "a splendid view of the Upper Rhine Plain and German Wine Road as far as the foothills of the southern Odenwald and northern Black Forest . Immediately next to the hut is the observation tower on the Kalmit, which is out of bounds to the public, and houses a radio relay station, a weather station and a visibility survey station. A commemorative board below

774-794: The Haus an den Fichten , the Totenkopf Hut , the Klausental Hut and the Hohe Loog Haus. Maikammer Maikammer lies at elevations from 120 to 300 m at the foot of the Kalmit , the highest mountain in the Palatine Forest (673 m), in a landscape dominated by vineyards . Other high ground within the boundaries of the parish includes the north flank of the Schafkopf (617 m), the Rotsohlberg (607 m),

817-591: The Kalmit on the Kalmithöhenstraße (ca. 645 m) only about 250 metres northwest of the summit. One route to the top runs from Alsterweiler ( 211 m ; in the municipality of Maikammer) through the valley between the Wetterkreuzberg (400.7 m) and Breitenberg (545.2 m). Other routes include the one from Sankt Martin ( 235 m ) through the Altbach and Wolsel valley, from Maikammer through

860-635: The PSA bacterium. A new cultivar of golden kiwifruit, Gold3 , was found to be more disease-resistant and most growers have now changed to this cultivar. 'Gold3', marketed by Zespri as SunGold is not quite as sweet as 'Hort16A', and lacks its usually slightly pointed tip. Clones of the new variety SunGold have been used to develop orchards in China, resulting in partially successful legal efforts in China by Zespri to protect their intellectual property . In 2021, Zespri estimated that around 5,000 hectares of Sungold orchards were being cultivated in China, mainly in

903-510: The Sichuan province . Kiwifruit can be grown in most temperate climates with adequate summer heat. Where fuzzy kiwifruit ( A. deliciosa ) is not hardy, other species can be grown as substitutes. Often in commercial farming, different breeds are used for rootstock , fruit bearing plants and pollinators . Therefore, the seeds produced are crossbreeds of their parents. Even if the same breeds are used for pollinators and fruit bearing plants, there

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946-403: The 1960s. In New Zealand during the 1940s and 1950s, the fruit became an agricultural commodity through the development of commercially viable cultivars, agricultural practices, shipping, storage, and marketing. The genus Actinidia comprises around 60 species. Their fruits are quite variable, although most are easily recognised as kiwifruit because of their appearance and shape. The skin of

989-711: The Kalmithaus refers to a refuge hut built in 1882 by the Palatinate Conservation Club. The first hut managed by the Ludwigshafen branch of the Palatinate Forest Club was inaugurated in 1908. After the Second World War the Kalmit and its refuge hut were occupied by French troops. After lengthy negotiations the hut was handed back on 11 October 1953 and opened again in 1955. Following the receipt of

1032-887: The Klausental and from Neustadt an der Weinstraße ( 130 m ) through the Kaltenbrunnen valley. Other walks run from Hüttenhohl (476.9 m) on the Totenkopfstraße via the Hüttenberg (620.1 m) and the Felsenmeer Hüttenberg or from Hambach Castle (379.2 m) via the Sommerberg (501.9 m), the Hohe Loog Plateau ( 582.5 m ) and the Zwergberg (589.3 m). The neighbouring Palatinate Forest Club huts are

1075-446: The area, which now help to attract tourists to the area. During the 1850s, Anton Ullrich and his brother Franz Ullrich established an enameling factory in Maikammer producing enameled kitchenware. This factory was a major source of employment for the people of Maikammer, employing around 1,000 people at its peak. The products made in Maikammer were sold throughout Europe , distribution extended as far east as Russia . The factory

1118-457: The female flowers. Most common, though, is saturation pollination , in which the honey bee populations are made so large (by placing hives in the orchards at a concentration of about 8 hives per hectare) that bees are forced to use this flower because of intense competition for all flowers within flight distance. Kiwifruit is picked by hand and commercially grown on sturdy support structures, as it can produce several tonnes per hectare, more than

1161-469: The first commercial plantings occurred. The fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II , and later became commonly exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in the 1960s. Early varieties were discovered and cultivated in China. They were described in a 1904 nursery catalogue as having "...edible fruits the size of walnuts , and

1204-450: The flavour of ripe gooseberries "; this lead to the name Chinese gooseberry . In the late 1950s, a major New Zealand exporter began calling it "kiwifruit" ( Māori : huakiwi ) after being advised by a United States client that border officials might associate gooseberries with the risk of anthrax. The name was first registered by Turners & Growers on 15 June 1959 and commercially adopted in 1974. In New Zealand and Australia,

1247-505: The fruit and yellow flesh outside. The yellow fruit obtains a higher market price and, being less hairy than the fuzzy kiwifruit, tastes better without peeling. A commercially viable variety of this red-ringed kiwifruit, patented as EnzaRed, is a cultivar of the Chinese hong yang variety. 'Hort16A' is a golden kiwifruit cultivar marketed worldwide as Zespri Gold . This cultivar suffered significant losses in New Zealand in 2010–2013 due to

1290-686: The fruit varies in size, hairiness and colour. The flesh varies in colour, juiciness, texture and taste. Some fruits are unpalatable, while others taste considerably better than the majority of commercial cultivars. The most commonly sold kiwifruit is derived from A. deliciosa (fuzzy kiwifruit). Other species that are commonly eaten include A. chinensis (golden kiwifruit), A. coriacea (Chinese egg gooseberry), A. arguta (hardy kiwifruit), A. kolomikta (Arctic kiwifruit), A. melanandra (purple kiwifruit), A. polygama (silver vine) and A. purpurea (hearty red kiwifruit). Most kiwifruit sold belongs to

1333-577: The government and fruit growers so that the industry could continue. Scientists reported they had worked out the strain of PSA affecting kiwifruit from New Zealand, Italy and Chile originated in China. In 2022, world production of kiwifruit was 4.5 million tonnes , led by China with 52% of the total. In China, kiwifruit is grown mainly in the mountainous area upstream of the Yangtze River , as well as Sichuan . Other major producers were New Zealand and Italy . Kiwifruit exports rapidly increased from

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1376-508: The infrastructure and techniques required to support grape production were adapted to the kiwifruit. This, coupled with being close to the European kiwifruit market, led to Italians becoming the leading producer of kiwifruit in 1989. The growing season of Italian kiwifruit does not overlap much with the New Zealand or the Chilean growing seasons, therefore direct competition between New Zealand or Chile

1419-608: The kiwifruit dates to 12th century China during the Song dynasty . As it was usually collected from the wild and consumed for medicinal purposes, the plant was rarely cultivated or bred . Cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China in the early 20th century to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred. After the Hayward variety was developed, the fruit became popular with British and American servicemen stationed in New Zealand during World War II. Kiwifruit were later exported, first to Great Britain and then to California in

1462-420: The late 1960s to early 1970s in New Zealand. By 1976, exports exceeded the amount consumed domestically. Outside of Australasia , New Zealand kiwifruit are marketed under the brand-name label Zespri . The general name, "Zespri", has been used for marketing of all cultivars of kiwifruit from New Zealand since 2012. In the 1980s, many countries outside New Zealand began to grow and export kiwifruit. In Italy,

1505-670: The north flank of the Stotz (603 m), the northeast flank of the Breitenberg (545 m), the Flachkopf (498 m) and the Wetterkreuzberg (401 m). Neighbouring municipalities are (clockwise): Neustadt an der Weinstraße , Kirrweiler (Pfalz) , Edenkoben , Sankt Martin (Pfalz) , Edenkoben (exclave), Gommersheim (exclave) and Kirrweiler (exclave). Due to its mild climate, not only do grapes grow here but also exotic fruit such as kiwis , lemons , almonds and sweet chestnuts . Maikammer's local economy

1548-453: The plant is desired to be a true cultivar, rootstock grown from cuttings of a mature plant. Kiwifruit plants generally are dioecious , meaning a plant is either male or female. The male plants have flowers that produce pollen, the females receive the pollen to fertilise their ovules and grow fruit; most kiwifruit requires a male plant to pollinate the female plant. For a good yield of fruit, one male vine for every three to eight female vines

1591-486: The rather weak vines can support. These are generally equipped with a watering system for irrigation and frost protection in the spring. Kiwifruit vines require vigorous pruning, similar to that of grapevines. Fruit is borne on 'one-year-old and older' canes, but production declines as each cane ages. Canes should be pruned off and replaced after their third year. In the northern hemisphere the fruit ripens in November, while in

1634-586: The southern it ripens in May. Four year-old plants can produce 15 tonnes of fruit per hectare (14,000 lb per acre) while eight year-old plants can produce 20 tonnes (18,000 lb per acre). The plants produce their maximum at eight to ten years old. The seasonal yields are variable; a heavy crop on a vine one season generally comes with a light crop the following season. Fruit harvested when firm will ripen when stored properly for long periods. This allows fruit to be stored up to 8 weeks after harvest. Firm kiwifruit ripen after

1677-604: The tips in order to attract the pollinators, although these fake anthers lack the DNA and food value of the male anthers. Kiwifruit growers rely on honey bees , the principal ‘for-hire’ pollinator, but commercially grown kiwifruit is notoriously difficult to pollinate. The flowers are not very attractive to honey bees, in part because the flowers do not produce nectar and bees quickly learn to prefer flowers with nectar. Honey bees are inefficient cross-pollinators for kiwifruit because they practice “floral fidelity”. Each honey bee visits only

1720-506: The word kiwi alone either refers to the bird or is used as a nickname for New Zealanders ; it is almost never used to refer to the fruit. Kiwifruit has since become a common name for all commercially grown green kiwifruit from the genus Actinidia . In the United States and Canada, the shortened name kiwi is commonly used when referring to the fruit. Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China. The first recorded description of

1763-523: Was closed in 1928 as a result of Germany's hyperinflation . The town of Maikammer has also been spelled in the following ways: Meinkeimere (1315), Meinkemer (1329), Menkemer (1335), Menkemere (1345), Meinkemeren (1346), Meinkemer (1348), Meinkeymer (1350, 1366), Meinkeimer (1370), Meinkemer (1391, 1419), Meynkeimere (1437), Meynkamere (1464), Meinkheimer (1468), Meyekeymere (1500), Mainkeimer (1542), Meynkammer (1560), Maycammer (1650), and since 1800 Maikammer. This Südliche Weinstraße location article

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1806-649: Was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V). In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty Region kiwifruit orchards in the North Island. The yellow-fleshed cultivars were particularly susceptible. New, resistant varieties were selected in research funded by

1849-586: Was not a significant factor. Much of the breeding to refine the green kiwifruit was undertaken by the Plant & Food Research Institute (formerly HortResearch) during the decades of '1970–1999'. In 1990, the New Zealand Kiwifruit Marketing Board opened an office for Europe in Antwerp , Belgium . Kiwifruit may be eaten raw, made into juices, used in baked goods, prepared with meat or used as

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