Misplaced Pages

#938061

76-397: Kalliomäki is a Finnish surname . Notable people with the surname include: Antti Kalliomäki (born 1947), Finnish politician and former athlete Tapani Kalliomäki (born 1970), Finnish stage and film actor [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Kalliomäki . If an internal link intending to refer to

152-399: A hill farm , while large estates growing cash crops such as cotton or coffee may be called plantations. Many other terms are used to describe farms to denote their methods of production, as in collective , corporate , intensive , organic or vertical . Other farms may primarily exist for research or education, such as an ant farm , and since farming is synonymous with mass production,

228-455: A monoculture system or with a variety of cereal or arable crops, which may be separate from or combined with raising livestock. Specialist farms are often denoted as such, thus a dairy farm, fish farm, poultry farm or mink farm. Some farms may not use the word at all, hence vineyard (grapes), orchard (nuts and other fruit), market garden or "truck farm" (vegetables and flowers). Some farms may be denoted by their topographical location, such as

304-567: A child, Kusti as an adolescent, Kyösti or Köpi as an adult and Kustaa as an old man. In the early 19th century, almost all Finnish first names were taken from the official almanac , published by the Royal Academy of Turku , later by the University of Helsinki . The names were mostly names of the saints whose cults had been popular before the Reformation , but the almanac also incorporated

380-509: A deliberate archaism. Unlike in Swedish, Finnish patronymics were not transferred into hereditary family names. Thus, the Finnish situation differs considerably from, for instance, Sweden, which has hundreds of thousands of Johanssons and Anderssons. The Swedish patronymic-like surnames are treated like any other surnames. Real patronymics are handled like additional first names, i.e., one must still have

456-614: A double-barreled name (e.g., marriage of a Forsius to Harkimo giving Forsius-Harkimo ). Patronymics were used in official documents until the late 19th century. Finns did not address each other by patronymics in colloquial speech. The natural Finnish way of referring to someone's parentage is the genitive: Matin Olli ("Matthew's Olaf") instead of the solemn Olli Matinpoika ("Olaf Matthew's son"). When patronymics were no longer required in documents, they quickly fell out of use. They are still perfectly legal, but very rare, often representing

532-440: A geminate or longer sound (e.g., Marjaana has a stressed short [ɑ] followed by an unstressed long [ɑː] and then another unstressed short [ɑ] ). As per Finnish phonotactics , both Finnish first names and surnames usually end in vowels, and always in either a vowel or a coronal consonant . This occurs regardless of gender, and surnames are no longer marked by gender. Pronunciation of Swedish names

608-418: A greater share of total farming input expenditures towards the purchase of locally sourced input?(e.g. labour and organic fertilisers) and a local multiplier effect is expected to kick in. Overall, green farming practices tend to require more labour inputs than conventional farming (e.g. from comparable levels to as much as 30 per cent more) (FAO 2007 and European Commission 2010), creating jobs in rural areas and

684-449: A group of manors or simply to hold an individual manor by the feudal land tenure of "fee farm". The word is from the medieval Latin noun firma , also the source of the French word ferme , meaning a fixed agreement, contract, from the classical Latin adjective firmus meaning strong, stout, firm. As in the medieval age virtually all manors were engaged in the business of agriculture, which

760-512: A higher return on labour inputs." Where most of the income is from some other employment, and the farm is really an expanded residence, the term hobby farm is common. This will allow sufficient size for recreational use but be very unlikely to produce sufficient income to be self-sustaining. Hobby farms are commonly around 2 hectares (4.9 acres) but may be much larger depending upon land prices (which vary regionally). Often very small farms used for intensive primary production are referred to by

836-423: A hyphen. Between 1986 and 2018, a spouse could keep their surname, take their spouse's name as a shared surname, or take their spouse's surname as a shared surname but use it in combination with their own as a hyphenated double surname, while their spouse used their original surname. If they had a shared surname, their children got that name, otherwise the surname of either parent would be chosen. (From 1929 to 1985,

SECTION 10

#1733093122939

912-472: A key indicator of status and power, especially in Medieval European agrarian societies . The distribution of farm ownership has historically been closely linked to form of government. Medieval feudalism was essentially a system that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor and political power, while the early American democracy, in which land ownership was a prerequisite for voting rights,

988-525: A large farm becomes a station . A farm in Africa includes various structures. Depending on climate-related areas primarily farming is the raising and breeding of grazing livestock, such as cattle, sheep, ostriches, horses or goats. Predominantly domestic animals are raised for their meat, milk, skin, leather or fiber wool). You might even come across silk farms. Furthermore, there are plenty of hunting farms, guest farms and game farms . Arable] or irrigated land

1064-506: A number of names from the Old Testament and Swedish royalty, which were added to certain days during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the 19th century, the Finnish forms were gradually added to the Finnish almanac, while the Swedish and Latin forms were removed (the Swedish forms were retained in a separate Swedish almanac). At the same time, the vicars gradually started to use Finnish name forms in parish registers. This, in turn, cemented

1140-410: A reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such a claim. Surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. Thus, for example, the genitive of surname Mäki is Mäen , just like the regular word mäki ("hill") becomes mäen in the genitive. For given names, this is not always

1216-406: A shared surname, that will be the surname of their children, otherwise their children can get either parent's surname or a double surname combining those of their parents. Grandparents' names can be used, based on a family's foreign name tradition. When combining double surnames, only one part of each can be used; the double surname can consist of the two individual surnames as such, or combined with

1292-611: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalliomäki&oldid=1015158706 " Categories : Surnames Finnish-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Finnish name Finnish given names are often of Christian origin (e.g., Jukka from Greek Johannes ), but Finnish and Swedish origins are also common. In Finnish,

1368-518: A surname. An exception is made for the Icelandic citizens resident in Finland, who are allowed to follow the Icelandic name tradition. The native Finnish tradition of first names was lost during the early Christian period, and by the 16th century, only Christian first names were accepted. The popular names were usually the names of saints whose cult was widespread. This resulted in some differences between

1444-662: A system of subsidies and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60 per cent of the European Union's annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around 34 per cent. According to the World Bank , "most empirical evidence indicates that land productivity on large farms in Pakistan is lower than that of small farms, holding other factors constant." Small farmers have "higher net returns per hectare" than large farms, according to farm household income data. Nepal

1520-435: A wife had to take the husband's surname or a double name.) Regardless, siblings normally get the same surname. All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give

1596-413: Is a Swedish speaker. An effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. Missing an inherited surname, they invented theirs. Initially, these were in Swedish, and they were not very stable; people called them "superfluous names" ( liikanimi ), and a person could change one's surname several times during their career. Later, Finnish became

SECTION 20

#1733093122939

1672-461: Is a tall building where grains, such as wheat and oats are stored. Farmers also use small round metal buildings to store their grain. These buildings are called grain bins . Dairy farming is a class of agriculture, where female cattle , goats , or other mammals are raised for their milk , which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy for processing and eventual retail sale There are many breeds of cattle that can be milked some of

1748-602: Is an agricultural country and about 80% of the total population are engaged in farming. Rice is mainly produced in Nepal along with fruits like apples. Dairy farming and poultry farming are also growing in Nepal . Farming is a significant economic sector in Australia . A farm is an area of land used for primary production which will include buildings. According to the UN, "green agriculture directs

1824-510: Is fed directly to the cows, or stored as silage for use during the winter season. Additional dietary supplements are added to the feed to improve milk production. Poultry farms are devoted to raising chickens (egg layers or broilers ), turkeys , ducks , and other fowl , generally for meat or eggs . A pig farm is one that specializes in raising pigs for bacon, ham, and other pork products. They may be free range , intensive, or both. Farm control and ownership has traditionally been

1900-462: Is often used for raising crops such as feed grains and hay for animal feeding. On some farms (Astro Farm) star-gazing became very popular because of the excellent optical quality in the desert. The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) which investigates cosmic gamma rays is situated on Farm Göllschau in Namibia . Farm equipment has evolved over the centuries from simple hand tools such as

1976-411: Is one of the most important policies of the European Union and is helping in the change of farms from traditional family farms to larger production units. The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring a high quality of life for farmers, stabilizing markets, and ensuring reasonable prices for consumers. It was, until recently, operated by

2052-572: Is significantly below the 2005 U.S. poverty level of $ 19,874 for a family of four. In 2007, corn acres are expected to increase by 15% because of the high demand for ethanol, both in and outside of the U.S. Producers are expecting to plant 90.5 million acres (366,000 km ) of corn, making it the largest corn crop since 1944. In the UK, farm as an agricultural unit, always denotes the area of pasture and other fields together with its farmhouse, farmyard and outbuildings. Large farms, or groups of farms under

2128-410: Is similar, but long vowels are not doubled and the stress may be on any syllable. Finland has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for Finnish speakers to have Swedish surnames or given names. Such names may be pronounced according to Finland–Swedish phonology or, depending on the person named, the person speaking and the language used, a Fennicized variant. When writing Finnish names without

2204-424: Is the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common ownership by a local group. Especially in societies without widespread industrialized farming, tenant farming and sharecropping are common; farmers either pay landowners for the right to use farmland or give up a portion of the crops. Agribusiness is the industry , enterprises , and the field of study of value chains in agriculture and in

2280-453: Is used. As in Swedish culture , politeness is often expressed by indirect address such that the use of names may even be deliberately avoided. However, formal Finnish features various titles, particularly honorifics such as vuorineuvos or ministeri . Farm A farm (also called an agricultural holding ) is an area of land that is devoted primarily to agricultural processes with

2356-586: The Finnish alphabet available (such as in e-mail addresses), the letters "ä" and "ö" are usually replaced with "a" and "o", respectively (e.g., Pääkkönen as Paakkonen ). This is not the same, but visually recognizable. Finland has three predominant surname traditions: the West Finnish , the East Finnish and that of the Swedish nobility , clergy , bourgeoisie and military . Until the early 20th century, Finland

Kalliomäki - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-577: The bio-economy , in which case it is also called bio-business or bio-enterprise. The primary goal of agribusiness is to maximize profit while satisfying the needs of consumers for products related to natural resources such as biotechnology , farms, food , forestry , fisheries , fuel , and fiber . Studies of business growth and performance in farming have found successful agricultural businesses are cost-efficient internally and operate in favorable economic, political, and physical-organic environments. They are able to expand and make profits, improve

2508-586: The geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,000 years ago. It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture. Farming spread from the Middle East to Europe and by 4,000 BC people that lived in the central part of Europe were using oxen to pull plows and wagons. Subsequent step-changes in human farming practices were provoked by the British Agricultural Revolution in

2584-612: The hoe , through ox- or horse-drawn equipment such as the plough and harrow , to the modern highly technical machinery such as the tractor , baler and combine harvester replacing what was a highly labour-intensive occupation before the Industrial Revolution . Today much of the farm equipment used on both small and large farms is automated (e.g. using satellite guided farming). As new types of high-tech farm equipment have become inaccessible to farmers that historically fixed their own equipment, Wired magazine reports there

2660-532: The "farmstead". Enterprises where livestock are raised on rangeland are called ranches . Where livestock are raised in confinement on feed produced elsewhere, the term feedlot is usually used. In the US, in 1910 there were 6,406,000 farms and 10,174,000 family workers; In 2000 there were only 2,172,000 farms and 2,062,300 family workers. The share of U.S. farms operated by women has risen steadily over recent decades, from 5 percent in 1978 to 14 percent by 2007. In

2736-561: The 18th century, and the Green Revolution of the second half of the 20th century. Farming originated independently in different parts of the world, as hunter gatherer societies transitioned to food production rather than food capture. It may have started about 12,000 years ago with the domestication of livestock in the Fertile Crescent in western Asia, soon to be followed by the cultivation of crops. Modern units tend to specialize in

2812-469: The 19th century. The Act on Forenames and Surnames ( Finnish : Etu- ja sukunimilaki ; Swedish : Lag om för- och efternamn ) of 2017, in force since 1 January 2019, requires that all Finnish citizens and residents have at least one and at the most four given names. Persons who do not have a given name are obligated to adopt one when they are entered into the Finnish national population database. Parents of new-born children must name their child and inform

2888-494: The Finnish name forms that were used. Names with originally Finnish etymologies were revived in the 19th century. In the absence of reliable information about ancient names, parents chose names of mythical characters from folklore ( Aino , Tapio ), and many new names were created from Finnish words ( Seppo "smith" or "skilled person", Ritva "birch twig"). Some clergymen initially refused to christen babies with such "pagan" names. The first given name of Finnish origin, Aino ,

2964-554: The United States, there are over three million migrant and seasonal farmworkers; 72% are foreign-born, 78% are male, they have an average age of 36 and average education of 8 years. Farmworkers make an average hourly rate of $ 9–10 per hour, compared to an average of over $ 18 per hour for nonfarm labor. Their average family income is under $ 20,000 and 23% live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level. One-half of all farmworker families earn less than $ 10,000 per year, which

3040-580: The Western and Eastern Finnish first names, as the names in Eastern Finland might have had forms derived from Russian or Church Slavonic , instead of Swedish and Latin. For example, there are two Finnish cognates of George, Yrjö < Swedish Örjan and Jyri < Russian Юрий ( Yuri ). The most important source for researching the name forms actually used by the Finns themselves in the 15th to 18th centuries are

3116-519: The almanac of the University of Helsinki and given a " name day " ( Finnish : nimipäivä ). In 2010, 792 of the 35,000 first names used in Finland were listed in the Finnish almanac. The name day calendar follows the Medieval Catholic saints' calendar when applicable. First names are subject to changing fashions, while second or third given names are more traditional and typically trisyllabic. In

Kalliomäki - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-667: The best producing ones include Holstein , Norwegian Red , Kostroma , Brown Swiss , and more. In most Western countries, a centralized dairy facility processes milk and dairy products, such as cream , butter , and cheese . In the United States, these dairies are usually local companies, while in the southern hemisphere facilities may be run by very large nationwide or trans-national corporations (such as Fonterra ). Dairy farms generally sell male calves for veal meat, as dairy breeds are not normally satisfactory for commercial beef production. Many dairy farms also grow their own feed, typically including maize, alfalfa , and hay. This

3268-558: The case even if the name were a common word; for example, Suvi ("summer") becomes Suvin in the genitive, not Suven . In 1985, 38% of Finns had a -nen name, 8.9% -la , 7.4% with some other derivative suffix (e.g., -io/-iö , as in Meriö , or -sto/-stö , as in Niinistö ), 17.5% were other Finnish-language names, 14.8% non-Finnish (chiefly Swedish), 13.1% were compound names (e.g., Kivimäki "stone hill", Rautakoski "iron rapids"). Only 0.3% had

3344-563: The character Juhani was officially summoned as Juhani Juhanin-poika Jukola, Toukolan kylästä , in English 'Juhani, son of Juhani, from Jukola farm, Toukola village'. On the other hand, the East Finnish surname tradition dates back to the 13th century. There, the Savonians pursued slash-and-burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person's lifetime. This in turn required

3420-457: The crops or livestock best suited to the region, with their finished products being sold for the retail market or for further processing, with farm products being traded around the world. A farm may be owned and operated by a single individual, family, community, corporation or a company, may produce one or many types of produce, and can be a holding of any size from a fraction of a hectare to several thousand hectares. A farm may operate under

3496-417: The families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Typically, the oldest East Finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families (e.g. Ikävalko , Termonen , Pentikäinen ). In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding

3572-401: The farmhouse and agricultural buildings as well as the land. In modern times, the term has been extended so as to include such industrial operations as wind farms and fish farms , both of which can operate on land or at sea. There are about 570 million farms in the world, most of which are small and family-operated. Small farms with a land area of fewer than 2 hectares operate on about 12% of

3648-432: The land is unable to support a high stocking density of livestock because of climatic conditions. In less developed countries, small farms are the norm, and the majority of rural residents are subsistence farmers , feeding their families and selling any surplus products in the local market. The word in the sense of an agricultural land-holding derives from the verb "to farm" a revenue source, whether taxes, customs, rents of

3724-465: The letter "j" denotes the approximant [j] , as in English you . For example, the two different names Maria and Marja are pronounced nearly identically. The letter "y" denotes the vowel [y] , not found in English, but similar to German "ü" and French "u". "R" is rolled. The stress is always on the first syllable in Finnish. For example, Yrjö Kääriäinen is pronounced [ˈyrjø ˈkæːriæi̯nen] . Double letters always stand for

3800-432: The main holding (e.g. Yli-Ojanperä , Ala-Verronen ). In Pohjanmaa , there are similar prefixes Rinta- and Latva- ('downstream' and 'upstream' respectively). Common suffixes are -nen (in oblique form -se- ; e.g., Miettinen : Miettisen "Miettinen's"). Initially it was a diminutive suffix usually meaning "small", "junior", and -la / -lä , a locative suffix usually meaning "(place) of". The -nen suffix

3876-428: The names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names ( Helleranta < Hällstrand ). Fennicizing one's name also concealed non-Finnish origin. For example, Martti Ahtisaari 's grandfather was Adolfsen from Norway . Nevertheless, Fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely Finnish-speaking families with Swedish surnames; having a Swedish name does not imply one

SECTION 50

#1733093122939

3952-407: The overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of Fennicization brought forth a movement towards the adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many people with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings -o/ö , -nen ( Meriö < meri "sea", Nieminen < niemi "peninsula") are typical of

4028-557: The person moved to a different farm. Multiple names could be recorded in documents, such that for example Pentti Jussila l. Penttilä would be a person named Pentti who had moved from Jussila farm to Penttilä farm. Also, even if one had a surname, one would still be better known by the farm name. Farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. For example, in Aleksis Kivi 's novel Seven Brothers (1870)

4104-513: The place name of the former or current place of residence (e.g., Puumalainen < "of Puumala "). In the East Finnish tradition, women carried the family name of their fathers in feminine form indicated by the -tar suffix (e.g. Puumalatar < Puumalainen ). By the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of Western European surname tradition. Also, women did not change their surnames with marriage. In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, if there

4180-497: The population registry within three months of the child's birth. The name may be chosen freely, but it must Exceptions may be made if five or more people of the same gender in the population register already have the name, on grounds of a connection to a foreign state in which the name conforms to the established practice of that state, religious custom, or another specific reason is deemed to apply. As in general in European culture ,

4256-469: The preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. Some of the most common examples of this type are Laine "wave", Vainio "cultivated field", Nurmi "grassland", and Salo "grove". When applicable, -nen or -la / -lä could be suffixed, such as in Koskinen "rapids + nen". Sharing a surname does not imply that the two people are related. Regulation of surnames to prevent two families from sharing

4332-427: The primary objective of producing food and other crops; it is the basic facility in food production. The name is used for specialized units such as arable farms , vegetable farms, fruit farms, dairy, pig and poultry farms, and land used for the production of natural fiber , biofuel , and other commodities . It includes ranches, feedlots , orchards, plantations and estates, smallholdings, and hobby farms, and includes

4408-402: The productivity of land , labor , and capital , and keep their costs down to ensure market price competitiveness. Agribusiness is not limited to farming. It encompasses a broader spectrum through the agribusiness system which includes input supplies, value-addition , marketing , entrepreneurship , microfinancing , and agricultural extension . The land and buildings of a farm are called

4484-611: The same farm contributed to the number of these shared names. In 21st century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model . Every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. A maximum of four first names are allowed (three prior to January 1, 2019). When marrying, a Finnish couple may adopt a shared surname, either one partner's surname or a combination of their surnames. They may also retain their surnames, either can take one of their spouse's surnames and either can combine their surname with that of their spouse. If they take

4560-405: The same name only began with the 1921 act. Before this, multiple families could have had Fennicized or otherwise changed their surnames to the same name. For example, the Finnish name Rautavaara was adopted by persons with the former Swedish names Sirius , Rosenqvist , Backman , Järnberg , Granlund and Mattson . Similarly, the adoption of farm names as surnames by unrelated persons living on

4636-411: The same ownership, may be called an estate. Conversely, a small farm surrounding the owner's dwelling is called a smallholding and is generally focused on self-sufficiency with only the surplus being sold. In Europe, traditional family farms are giving way to larger production units where industrial agriculture and mechanization brings large crop yields. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

SECTION 60

#1733093122939

4712-473: The specialization they are being used for, such as a dairy rather than a dairy farm, a piggery, a market garden, etc. This also applies to feedlots, which are specifically developed to a single purpose and are often not able to be used for more general purpose (mixed) farming practices. In remote areas farms can become quite large. As with estates in England, there is no defined size or method of operation at which

4788-418: The surname is seen as more formal and the first names as less formal. Strangers are expected to refer to each other by their surnames and using grammar in formal plural . The use of first names indicates familiarity, and children often refer to each other only by first names. However, many workplaces have familiarity between individuals who work on the same site being assumed. In contrast to European tradition,

4864-435: The surnames preserved in written sources, as these were often formed on the basis of a first name. The first names themselves are usually given in Swedish or Latin forms, as these are the languages used in the records. The name actually used was a Fennicized form of the name, which might have changed as the person became older. For example, a person given the Swedish name Gustaf in the parish register might be called Kustu as

4940-490: The table below, both first and given names are counted. Since the digitalization of the Finnish national population database in the 1970s, the most popular names in Finland (of all Finnish residents or citizens who have lived after that point) have been listed by Of the names listed, Annikki and Marjatta are etymologically related to Anna and Maria , but they are characters in the Kalevala , not used as given names before

5016-477: The use of titles such as tohtori ("Doctor") with surnames is not very common and is found only in highly formal contexts or is considered old-fashioned. The titles equivalent to Mr., Mrs. and Miss are herra , rouva and neiti , respectively. Thus, for example, in formal contexts, Matti Johannes Virtanen may be referred to as herra Virtanen or herra Matti Virtanen if several Virtanens are present. In most other contexts, simply one name, surname or first name,

5092-410: The wishes of the individual. The oldest noble surnames of Swedish origin were not original, but were derived from the charges in the coat of arms , sigil and flag of the family, for example with Svärd (Swedish: "sword"), Kurki/Kurck (Finnish: "crane") and Kirves (Finnish: "axe"). Families of German origin would use the von suffix (e.g., von Wright ). In the late 19th and early 20th century,

5168-449: The word "farm" may be used to describe wind power generation or puppy farm . Farms have special buildings. Some buildings, such as barns , may hold animals. There may be separate buildings for chickens and pigs. On dairy farms, a milking parlor is an important building. It is where dairy cows are milked. The milk is kept in a milking parlor until a milk tanker comes to get it. There are also special buildings for keeping grain . A silo

5244-502: The world's agricultural land, and family farms comprise about 75% of the world's agricultural land. Modern farms in developed countries are highly mechanized. In the United States, livestock may be raised on rangeland and finished in feedlots , and the mechanization of crop production has brought about a great decrease in the number of agricultural workers needed. In Europe, traditional family farms are giving way to larger production units. In Australia, some farms are very large because

5320-415: Was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of West Finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm , or homestead (e.g. Jaakko Jussila 'Jaakko from the place of Jussi'). Farm names typically had the suffix -la , -lä , i.e. "(place) of", and could refer to the husband (like Jussila ) or describe the location (e.g. Isoaho 'large clearing'). This name could change every time

5396-444: Was accepted in the almanac in 1890, followed by numerous others in 1908. About 30% of Finns born in 1910–1939 received a name with Finnish etymology. By the 1930s, the use of Finnish names and name variants was stabilized, and most of the popular names were noted in the almanac. Since then, the almanac has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. At present, all names which have at least 1,000 bearers are incorporated into

5472-422: Was built on relatively easy paths to individual farm ownership. However, the gradual modernization and mechanization of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements of farming, has led to increasingly large farms. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political power from farm ownership. In some societies (especially socialist and communist ), collective farming

5548-522: Was freely interchanged with -son or -poika as late as the 16th century, but its meaning was ambiguous as it could refer not only to a "son", but any member of a patriarch's family, a farm or even a place. For example, the surname Tuomonen could mean "Son of Tuomo" or "Farm of Tuomo" or something else belonging to Tuomo. Over time the suffix '-nen' lost his original meaning and became a generic surname-deriving suffix for surnames of so-called Virtanen type , see examples below. A third tradition of surnames

5624-414: Was introduced into Finland by the Swedish -speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking people who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) a Latin surname. In the case of enlisted soldiers , the new name was given regardless of

5700-402: Was no surname, the homestead names were usually adopted as surnames. Because the inhabitants often included farmhands and other non-family member, holders of the same surname are not necessarily genetically related. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes Ala- or Ali- ('Lower') and Ylä- or Yli- ('Upper'), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation to

5776-463: Was their principal revenue source, so to hold a manor by the tenure of "fee farm" became synonymous with the practice of agriculture itself. Farming has been innovated at multiple different points and places in human history. The transition from hunter-gatherer to settled, agricultural societies is called the Neolithic Revolution and first began around 12,000 years ago, near the beginning of

#938061