95-656: The Kakazai ( Pashto : کاکازي / ککےزي / ککازي , Urdu , Persian : کاکازَئی / کَکےزَئی / کَکازَئی ), also known as Loi , Loe , or Loye Mamund ( Pashto : لوی ماموند ; Urdu : لو ئے / لوئی مَاموند ), a division of the Mamund clan, are a Pashtun tribe part of the larger Tarkani ( ترکاڼي ) tribe who are primarily settled in Bajaur Agency , Pakistan, but originally hailed from the Laghman province of Afghanistan . However, it has grown and scattered around to such an extent that it
190-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian
285-678: A "Chhatri" to honour Rao Bal Kishan at Karnal which still can be found. [1] In the wake of the Persian invasion, Sialkot fell under the control of Pashtun powerful families from Multan and Afghanistan – the Kakayzais and Sherwanis . Sialkot was crept upon by Ranjit Deo of Jammu , who pledged nominal allegiance to the Mughal crown in Delhi. Ranjit Deo did not conquer Sialkot city from the Pashtun families which held
380-479: A "ribbon-like" pattern along the cities main arteries, and are almost entirely dedicated to export. The city's sporting good firms are not concentrated in any part of the city, but are instead spread throughout Sialkot. Despite the city's overall prosperity, the local government has failed to meet Sialkot's basic infrastructure needs. Sialkot is a religiously homogenous city with 96 percent of its population being Muslim and following Islam . The principal minority
475-413: A centre of learning. The Mughal emperor , Aurangzeb , appointed Rahmat Khan in charge of the city, who then built a mosque. Under Aurangzeb's reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of Islamic thought and scholarship, and attracted scholars because of the widespread availability of paper in the city. Sialkot city is also the birthplace of Allama Muhammad Iqbal ( Pakistan's National Poet ), who
570-535: A garrison. He also extensively repaired the Sialkot Fort around the time of his conquest of Punjab, and left the region in charge of Hussain Churmali while he returned to Ghazni . Sialkot was then quickly laid siege to by Khokhar tribesmen, and Khusrau Malik , the last Ghaznavid sultan, though he was defeated during Ghauri's return to Punjab in 1186. In the 1200s, Sialkot was the only area of western Punjab that
665-697: A hand-mill as being derived from the Ancient Greek word μηχανή ( mēkhanḗ , i.e. a device). Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from Persian and Hindi-Urdu , with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian, but sometimes directly. Modern speech borrows words from English, French , and German . However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto. Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings: naṛә́i jahān dunyā tod/táwda garm aṛtyā́ ḍarurah híla umid də...pə aṛá bāra bolә́la qasidah Sialkot Sialkot ( Punjabi , Urdu : سيالكوٹ )
760-520: A major centre for Buddhist thought. Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography, in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia ( Εύθυμέδεια ). Around 460 CE, the Alchon Huns invaded the region from Central Asia, forcing the ruling family of nearby Taxila to seek refuge in Sialkot. Sialkot itself was soon captured, and the city was made a significant centre of
855-645: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in
950-525: A series of Pashtun families many of whom were Kakazai but also Burki and Niazi Pashtuns . Many Kakazai, Burki and other notable Pashtun families had previously settled in Jalandhar and Gurdaspur districts of Pre-independent British India where they had set up colonies. A major Kakazai group from Gurdaspur , East Punjab , India settled in twelve villages, including Babal Chak, Faizullah Chak, Sut Kohiah (Satkoha), and Wazir Chak, near Dhariwal. At
1045-651: A small Pakistani city that has emerged as a "world-class manufacturing hub." The relatively small city exported approximately $ 2.5 billion worth of goods in 2017, or about 10% of Pakistan's total exports. The city has been labeled as the Football manufacturing capital of the World , as it produces over 70% of all footballs manufactured in the world. Sialkot is also home to the Sialkot International Airport ; Pakistan's first privately owned public airport. Along with
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#17328770355101140-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that
1235-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto
1330-516: Is Christians who make up 3.77 percent of the population. Sialkot is a wealthy city relative to the rest of Pakistan, with a GDP (nominal) of $ 13 Billions and a per capita income in 2021 estimated at $ 18500. The city was considered to be one of British India 's most industrialised cities, though its economy would later be largely decimated by violence and capital flight following the Partition . The city's economy rebounded, and Sialkot now forms part of
1425-556: Is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan . It is the capital of the Sialkot District and the 12th most populous city in Pakistan . The boundaries of Sialkot are joined by Jammu in the north east, the districts of Narowal in the southeast, Gujranwala in the southwest and Gujrat in the northwest. Sialkot continued to be a major political center until it was eclipsed by Lahore around
1520-560: Is a well-applied child labour ban, the Atlanta Agreement , in the industry since a 1997 outcry, and the local industry now funds the Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labour to regulate factories. Sialkot is also the world's largest centre of surgical instrument manufacturing. Sialkot was first noted to be a centre of metalwork in the 1890s, and the city's association with surgical instruments came from
1615-621: Is also known in Pakistani society as Hakim ul-Ummat ( lit. ' The Wise Man of the Ummah ' ) and as Mufakkir-e-Pakistan ( lit. ' The Thinker of Pakistan ' ). The anniversary of his birth ( Yom-e Weladat-e Muḥammad Iqbal ), 9 November, is observed as a public holiday in Pakistan . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir ,
1710-515: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of
1805-483: Is considered to be one of the leading Islamic thought leaders and Islamic revivalists of the 20th century, and is also widely regarded as having animated the pulse for the Pakistan Movement In August 1947 , nine years after Iqbal's death, the partition of India gave way to the establishment of Pakistan , a newly independent Islamic state in which Iqbal was honoured as the national poet . He
1900-553: Is hoisted in these cities as a symbol of recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of the dwellers of these cities. The armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the Battle of Chawinda were the most intense since the Second World War . The city is now one of Pakistan's most important industrial centers. The city has been noted for its entrepreneurial spirit and productive business climate which have made Sialkot an example of
1995-477: Is made up of a few hundred small and medium size enterprises, supported by thousands of subcontractors, suppliers, and those providing other ancillary services. The bulk of exports are destined for the United States and European Union . Sialkot first became a centre for sporting goods manufacturing during the colonial era. Enterprises were initially inaugurated for the recreation of British troops stationed along
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#17328770355102090-443: Is recognized as tribe of its own. The name "Kakazai" means "descendants/offspring/children of Kaka (کاکا / ککا)" (in Pashto , Kaka literally means Uncle and used to address an elderly person as well as Paternal Uncle whereas Kakae = a contemporary but obsolete Afghan name for a male. Zai ( Pashto : زي , Persian : زَئی ) = children of , a root also used in other Pashtun tribes such as Yousafzai ). Given that Mamund ,
2185-493: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in
2280-577: Is still very true in large areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan 's Pashtun belt, the land is often quite barren and hostile only capable of hosting a limited population. Once the population or a tribe's numbers exceeded a certain threshold, they would often travel East to more settled areas ( Sindh , Punjab , Kashmir etc.) or would be pushed out by other tribes in the search of productive agricultural land. The area of Sialkot principally, as well as Faisalabad , Wazirabad and parts of Lahore, had much productive agricultural lands and were ruled by
2375-504: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged
2470-430: The 2014 FIFA World Cup , 2018 FIFA World Cup and 2022 FIFA World Cup were made by Forward Sports , a Sialkot-based company. Sialkot's business community has joined with the local government to maintain the city's infrastructure, as the local government has limited capacity to fund such maintenance. The business community was instrumental in the establishment of Sialkot's Dry Port in 1985, and further helped re-pave
2565-575: The Akbar era, Sialkot's pargana territory was placed in the jagir custodianship of Raja Man Singh , who would repair the city's fort, and sought to increase its population and develop its economy. In 1580 Yousuf Shah Chak of Kashmir sought refuge in the city during his exile from the Valley of Kashmir. Paper-makers from Kashmir migrated to the city during the Akbar period, and Sialkot later became renowned as
2660-624: The Ghaznavid Empire in the early 11th century, the capital of the Hindu Shahi empire was shifted from Lahore to Sialkot. Ghaznavid expansion in northern Punjab encouraged local Khokhar tribes to stop paying tribute to the Rajas of Jammu. Sialkot became a part of the medieval Sultanate of Delhi after Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. Ghauri was unable to conquer the larger city of Lahore , but deemed Sialkot important enough to warrant
2755-476: The Hindu and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Sialkot. The city had suffered significant losses as a result of communal rioting that erupted because of Partition. 80% of Sialkot's industry had been destroyed or abandoned, and the working capital fell by an estimated 90%. The city was further stressed by the arrival of 200,000 migrants, mostly from Jammu , who had arrived in
2850-860: The Mahabharata for the "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there. The city was said to have been located in the Sakaladvipa region between the Chenab and Ravi rivers, now known as the Rechna Doab . The Anabasis of Alexander , written by the Roman-Greek historian Arrian , recorded that Alexander the Great captured ancient Sialkot , recorded as Sagala, from the Cathaeans, who had entrenched themselves there. The city had been home to 80,000 residents on
2945-582: The North West Frontier . Nearby timber reserves served to initially allure the industry to Sialkot. The city's Muslim craftsmen generally manufactured the goods, while Sikh and Hindu merchants of the Sindhi Bania , Arora , and Punjabi Khatri castes acted like middle men to bring goods to market. Sialkot now produces a wide array of sporting goods, including footballs and hockey sticks, cricket gear, gloves that are used in international games comprising
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3040-611: The Pakistan Movement . While Muslim refugees had poured into the city escaping riots elsewhere, Sialkot's Hindu and Sikh communities began fleeing in the opposite direction towards India. They initially congregated in fields outside the city, where some of Sialkot's Muslims would bid farewell to departing friends. Hindu and Sikh refugees were unable to exit Pakistan towards Jammu on account of conflict in Kashmir, and were instead required to transit via Lahore. After independence in 1947
3135-460: The Shah Jahan period, the city was placed under the rule of Ali Mardan Khan . The last Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb , appointed Ganga Dhar as faujdar of the city until 1654. Rahmat Khan was then placed in charge of the city, and would build a mosque in the city. Under Aurangzeb's reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of Islamic thought and scholarship, and attracted scholars because of
3230-581: The United Arab Emirates . Sialkot is the world's largest producer of hand-sewn footballs , with local factories manufacturing 40–60 million footballs a year, amounting to roughly 60% of world production. Since the 2014 FIFA World Cup , footballs for the official matches are being made by Forward Sports , a company based in Sialkot. Clustering of sports goods industrial units has allowed for firms in Sialkot to become highly specialised, and to benefit from joint action and external economies. There
3325-746: The independence in August 1947, having been initially told they (being Muslim) would be in Pakistan , they were caught up in the ensuing violence and the survivors displaced when their area became part of India . Today, the majority of the Kakazai reside in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, they reside in Marawara District , and the Barkanai and Shortan areas of Kunar as well as some areas of Laghman . In Pakistan, they reside in all provinces, particularly in
3420-406: The 13th century, Imam Ali-ul-Haq , Sialkot's most revered Sufi warrior-saint, arrived from Arabia , and began his missionary work in the region that successfully converted large numbers of Hindus to Islam, thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city. The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a martyr. Sialkot became capital of Punjabi warlord and ruler Jasrat 's kingdom in
3515-593: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to
3610-755: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as
3705-599: The Alchon Huns around 515, during the reign of Toramana . During the reign of his son, Mihirakula , the empire reached its zenith. The Alchon Huns were defeated in 528 by a coalition of princes led by Prince Yashodharman The city was visited by the Chinese traveller Xuanzang in 633, who recorded the city's name the She-kie-lo. Xuanzang reported that the city had been rebuilt approximately 15 li , or 2.5 miles, away from
3800-750: The British following their victory over the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849. During the British era, an official is known as The Resident who would, in theory, advise the Maharaja of Kashmir would reside in Sialkot during the wintertime. During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the two Bengal regiments based in Sialkot rebelled against the East India Company , while their native servants also took up arms against
3895-445: The British. In 1877, the Sialkot poet Allama Iqbal , who is credited for inspiring the Pakistan Movement , was born into a Kashmiri family that had converted to Islam from Hinduism in the early 1400s. British India's first bagpipe works opened in Sialkot, and today there are 20 pipe bands in the city. Sialkot's modern prosperity began during the colonial era. The city had been known for its paper making and ironworks prior to
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3990-645: The Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops. In 1966, Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag of Hilal-e-Istaqlal to Sialkot, along with Lahore and Sargodha in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 for showing severe resistance in front of the enemy as these cities were target of enemy's advances. Every year on Defence Day , this flag
4085-591: The Kakazai Pashtuns not residing in Pashto -speaking areas, despite practicing Pashtunwali and maintaining dress, cuisine and martial legacy as per their Pashtun traditions, do not exclusively speak Pashto but may speak other languages indigenous to Pakistan such as Urdu , Punjabi , Siraiki , Hindko and Balochi . Pashto language Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )
4180-662: The Khokhars. Sialkot was sacked by Malik Tazi Bhat of Kashmir, who attacked Sialkot after the governor of Punjab, Tatar Khan, had left the city undefended during one of his military campaigns. Sialkot was captured by armies of the Babur in 1520, when the Mughal commander Usman Ghani Raza advanced towards Delhi during the initial conquest of Babur . Babur recorded a battle with Gujjar raiders, who had attacked Sialkot, and allegedly mistreated its inhabitants. In 1525–1526, Alam Khan, uncle of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi , invaded from Afghanistan, and
4275-577: The Olympics and World Cups. Sialkot is also noted for its leather goods. Leather for footballs is sourced from nearby farms, while Sialkot's leather workers craft some of Germany's most prized leather lederhosen trousers. Sialkot also has a large share in the agricultural sector. It predominantly produces Basmati rice varieties, wheat and sugarcane . Its area is 3,015 km (1,164 sq mi), at least 642,624 acres (260,061 ha) are under cultivation. Potato and sunflower were evident among
4370-517: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in
4465-600: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,
4560-653: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are
4655-664: The areas of Dara Kakazai (Valley of Watelai, also known as Mamund Valley), Bajaur Agency ( Lagharai , Kalozai , Kaga , Mukha , Maina and Ghakhi areas of Mamund Tehsil ), Peshawar , Lahore , Abbottabad , Sialkot (The Kakazai are still among the dominant tribes in Sialkot despite city's cosmopolitan flavor, and are still the original owners of vast swathes of prime land in this district.), Dera Ghazi Khan , Quetta , Karachi , Kashmir , Jehlum , Bhalwal , Sargodha , Chakwal , Gujrat, Chak Karal , Isa Khel , Musa Khel , and Killi Kakazai ( Pishin , Baluchistan ). Consequently,
4750-501: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If
4845-693: The city being small and funded by family savings. Sialkot's Chamber of Commerce had over 6,500 members in 2010, with most active in the leather, sporting goods, and surgical instruments industry. The Sialkot Dry Port offers local producers quick access to Pakistani Customs, as well as to logistics and transportation. Despite being cut off from its historic economic heartland in Kashmir , Sialkot has managed to position itself into one of Pakistan's most prosperous cities, exporting up to 10% of all Pakistani exports. Its sporting goods firms have been particularly successful, and have produced items for global brands such as Nike , Adidas , Reebok , and Puma . Balls for
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#17328770355104940-509: The city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena , as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha . the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces. Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as
5035-525: The city promised to pay tribute to the Persian crown . After that Nader Shah went to India where in Karnal , Rao Bal Kishan fought against him with their 5000 soldiers who hails from Ahirwal on 24, Feb 1739 . Seen this Nader Shah shocked but impressed by Rao Bal Kishan fighting skills. Lastly when Nadirshah reached Delhi he told Muhammad Shah about Rao Bal Kishan Bravery, on which Muhammad Shah ordered to make
5130-404: The city ruined by Alexander the Great. During this time, Sialkot served as the political nucleus of the North Punjab region. The city was then invaded in 643 by princes from Jammu , who held the city until the Muslim invasions during the medieval era. Around the year 1000, Sialkot began to decline in importance as the nearby city of Lahore rose to prominence. Following to fall of Lahore to
5225-413: The city's dispersed residents back to the city. The Bhangi rulers engaged in feuds with the neighbouring Sukerchakia Misl state by 1791, and would eventually lose control of the city. The Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh captured Sialkot from Sardar Jiwan Singh in 1808. Sikh forces then occupied Sialkot until the arrival of the British in 1849. Sialkot, along with Punjab as a whole, was captured by
5320-475: The city's roads. Sialkot's business community also largely funded the Sialkot International Airport —opened in 2011 as Pakistan's first privately owned public airport. Sialkot is also the only city in Pakistan to have its very own commercial airline, Airsial . This airline is managed by the business community of Sialkot based at the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industries and offers direct flights from Sialkot to Bahrain , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and
5415-482: The city, but switched allegiance to the Pashtun ruler Ahmed Shah Durrani in 1748, effectively ending Mughal influence in Sialkot. The city and three nearby districts were amalgamated into the Durrani Empire . Sikh chieftains of the Bhangi Misl state encroached upon Sialkot, and had gained full control of the Sialkot region by 1786, Sialkot was portioned into 4 quarters, under the control of Sardar Jiwan Singh, Natha Singh, Sahib Singh, and Mohar Singh, who invited
5510-402: The city. Following the demise of industry in the city, the government of West Pakistan prioritised the re-establishment of Punjab's decimated industrial base. The province lead infrastructure projects in the area, and allotted abandoned properties to newly arrived refugees. Local entrepreneurs also rose to fill the vacuum created by the departure of Hindu and Sikh businessmen. By the 1960s,
5605-437: The colonial era, and became a centre of metalwork in the 1890s. Surgical instruments were being manufactured in Sialkot for use throughout British India by the 1920s. The city also became a centre for sports goods manufacturing for British troops stationed along with the North West Frontier due to the availability of nearby timber reserves. The British-Raj fought in The Second Boer War . A concentration camp in Sialkot held
5700-539: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936
5795-402: The detained Boer Prisoners-of-War . As a result of the city's prosperity, large numbers of migrants from Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir came to the city in search of employment. At the end of World War II , the city was considered the second most industrialised in British Punjab , after Amritsar. Much of the city's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes, and the city was one of
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#17328770355105890-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with
5985-410: The dwellers of these cities. The armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the Battle of Chawinda were the most intense since the Second World War . Sialkot features a humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ) under the Köppen climate classification , with four seasons. The post-monsoon season from mid-September to mid-November remains hot during the daytime, but nights are cooler with low humidity. In
6080-408: The early 15th century. Jasrat conquered most of Punjab from the Delhi sultanate in a series of campaigns between 1421 and 1442. He also conquered Jammu after defeating its ruler Bhim Dev in 1423. This was the golden period of Sialkot. Later, Sultan Bahlul Lodi captured the city after Jasrat's death and granted custodianship of the city to Jammu's Raja Biram Dev, after he helped Bahlol in defeating
6175-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as
6270-419: The eve of Alexander's invasion, but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion. The ancient city was rebuilt, and made capital by the Indo-Greek king Menander I of the Euthydemid dynasty , in the 2nd century BCE. The rebuilt city was shifted slightly from the older city, as rebuilding on exactly the same spot was considered inauspicious. Under Menander's rule,
6365-911: The father of Kakazai, had two sons: Kakazai and Wur or Wara ( Pashto : ووړ ), meaning small, little or minor, also known as Wur Mamund or Wara Mamund ( Pashto : واړه / وړہ مَاموند ), meaning small, little or minor Mamund or descendants/offspring/children of small, little, minor Mamund , thus, in this particular case Kakazai means descendants/offspring/children of the elder person/brother hence also known as Loi Mamund ( Pashto : لوی ماموند ; Urdu : لوئی / لوئے مَاموند ), meaning great, large, huge, big Mamund or descendants/offspring/children of great, large, huge, big Mamund . Spelling variants include: Kakizi, Kakaezai, Kakezai, Kakaizai, Kakay Zai, Kakayzai, Kakeyzai, Kaka Zai and Kakkayzai. The Kakazai, along with other Pashtun tribes, came to South Asia during invasions such as those of Mahmud of Ghazni and Bahlul Lodi , settling in various regions. Noting
6460-446: The few in British India to have its own electric utility company. The first communal riots between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims took place on 24 June 1946, a day after the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state. Sialkot remained peaceful for several months while communal riots had erupted in Lahore , Amritsar , Ludhiana , and Rawalpindi . The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and
6555-400: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still
6650-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or
6745-426: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In
6840-603: The martial legacy of the Kakazai Pashtuns , Pir Moazzam Shah in his book ‘Tawareekh-e-Hafiz Rahmat Khani’ (Page 89-91, originally published in 1624 AD) and Olaf Caroe in his book ‘The Pathans 550 BC-AD 1957’ (Page 184-185, first published in 1958), wrote about a battle between the Yousafzais and the Dilazaks in which Malik Haibu ( Dilazak ) was given the first sword blow by Payenda Kakazai Tarklanri but eventually got beheaded by Burhan Kakazai Tarklanri sword blow while fighting on
6935-580: The most influential Islamic scholar in the Mughal imperial court, and taught in the imperial madrassa . Sialkoti was the one who gave the title of Mujadid-e-Alf-e-Sani (Islamic Reviver of the second millennium) to his fellow Islamic scholar Ahmad Sirhindi . In return, Ahmad Sirhindi bestowed upon him the title of Aftāb-i-Panjāb (Sun among the Islamic scholars of Punjab). After Abdul Hakim Sialkoti's death in 1656, his son Maulvī Abdullah (d. 1094 AH/1682) became chief scholar of Sialkot, and his madrassa became
7030-405: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن [mečә́n] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) i.e.
7125-410: The nearby cities of Gujranwala and Gujrat , Sialkot forms part of the so-called "Golden Triangle" of industrial cities with export-oriented economies. Through exports, Sialkot-based industries are obtaining foreign exchange worth more than $ 2.5 billion annually to strengthen the national exchequer. Sialkot has a GDP(nominal) of $ 13 Billions, which makes it the 4th largest in Pakistan. Sialkot
7220-494: The need to repair, and subsequently manufacture, surgical instruments for the nearby Mission hospital. By the 1920s, surgical instruments were being manufactured for use throughout British India , with demand boosted by further by World War II . The city's surgical instrument manufacturing industry benefits from a clustering effect, in which larger manufacturers remain in close contact with smaller and specialised industries that can efficiently perform contracted work. The industry
7315-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of
7410-449: The provincial government laid extensive new roadways in the district, and connected it to trunk roads to link the region to the seaport in Karachi . During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 , when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support
7505-553: The region that successfully converted large numbers of the native population to Islam , thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city. The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a martyr. Sialkot was the capital of the Punjabi Muslim ruler Jasrat who reigned over most of Punjab and Jammu in the early 15th century. Abdul Hakim Sialkoti was a 16th-17th century Mughal-era Islamic scholar , Islamic theologian and Islamic philosopher from Sialkot. He became
7600-523: The relatively industriazised region of northern Punjab that is sometimes referred to as the Golden Triangle. Sialkot has been noted by Britain's The Economist magazine as a "world-class manufacturing hub" with strong export industries. As of 2017, Sialkot exported US$ 2.5 billion worth of goods which is equal to 10% of Pakistan's total exports (US$ 25 billion). 250,000 residents are employed in Sialkot's industries, with most enterprises in
7695-442: The side of the Yousafzais in order to aid them to conquer Bajour from the Dilazaks . For the invading armies, much of Punjab and other areas became a repository with rest houses, cantonments and border posts established to keep an eye on things in the region as well as to keep abreast of any new information (such as the possible weakening of another empire etc.), and many officers along with their families would settle there. As
7790-478: The source of the prized Mughal Hariri paper – known for its brilliant whiteness and strength. The city's metalworkers also provided the Mughal crown with much of its weaponry. During the reign of Jahangir , the post was given to Safdar Khan, who rebuilt the city's fort, and oversaw a further increase in Sialkot's prosperity. Numerous fine houses and gardens were built in the city during the Jehangir period. During
7885-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes
7980-534: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in
8075-400: The troops. In 1966, Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag of Hilal-e-Istaqlal to Sialkot, along with Lahore and Sargodha in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]for showing severe resistance in front of enemy as these cities were target of enemy's advances. Every year on Defence Day , this flag is hoisted in these cities as a symbol of recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of
8170-473: The turn of the first millennium CE. Sialkot became a part of the medieval Sultanate of Delhi after Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. In the 1200s, Sialkot was the only area of western Punjab that was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate in Delhi. During the 13th century, Imam Ali-ul-Haq , Sialkot's most revered Muslim Sufi warrior-saint, arrived from Arabia , and began his missionary work in
8265-527: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto
8360-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto
8455-552: The widespread availability of paper in the city. Following the decline of the Mughal empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Sialkot and its outlying districts were left undefended and forced to defend itself. In 1739, the city was captured by Nader Shah of Persia during his invasion of the Mughal Empire . The city was placed under the governorship of Zakariya Khan , the Mughal Viceroy of Lahore, who in return for
8550-452: The winter from mid-November to March, days are mild to warm, with occasionally heavy rainfalls occurring. Temperatures in winter may drop to 0 °C or 32 °F, but maxima are very rarely less than 15 °C or 59 °F. Sialkot's core is composed of the densely populated old city, while north of the city lies the vast colonial era Sialkot Cantonment – characterised by wide streets and large lawns. The city's industries have evolved in
8645-682: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and
8740-430: Was able to capture Sialkot with the aid of Mongol forces. During the early Mughal era, Sialkot was made part of the subah, or "province", of Lahore. According to Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak , the founder of Sikhism , visited the city, sometime in the early 16th century. He is said to have met Hamza Ghaus, a prominent Sufi mystic based in Sialkot, at a site now commemorated by the city's Gurdwara Beri Sahib . During
8835-565: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended
8930-570: Was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate in Delhi. The area had been captured by the Ghauri prince Yildiz , but was recaptured by Sultan Iltutmish in 1217. Around 1223, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu , the last king of the Khwarazmian dynasty of Central Asia that had fled invasion of Genghis Khan there, briefly captured Sialkot and Lahore, before being driven out by Iltutmish's forces towards Uch Sharif . During
9025-623: Was the likely capital of the Madra Kingdom Sagala , Sakala ( Sanskrit : साकला ), or Sangala ( Ancient Greek : Σάγγαλα ) mentioned in the Mahabharata , a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala. The city may have been inhabited by the Saka , or Scythians , from Central Asia who had migrated into the Subcontinent. The region was noted in
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