60-733: The Kakamatua Inlet is an inlet of the Manukau Harbour of the Auckland Region of New Zealand 's North Island . The Kakamatua Inlet is bordered between Huia to the west and the Karangahape Peninsula and settlement of Cornwallis to the east. It is the point where the Kakamatua Stream reaches the Manukau Harbour. The creek is in the traditional rohe of the iwi Te Kawerau ā Maki and other Tāmaki Māori . The location
120-426: A D-rating overall, based on water quality, contaminants and sediment, and ecology. Careful and integrated management of land-based activities, such as development through good land-use practices, and commitment to a programme of integrated management is required to reverse this situation and secure a healthy, productive and sustainable resource for everybody now and for future generations. In response to concern about
180-429: A bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, and, with only one short wharf, the facilities at Onehunga are tiny compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on
240-409: A centre for the flax trade in the 1870s. Between 1870 and 1900, Waiuku, Karaka and the Āwhitu Peninsula became major centres for the kauri gum industry. Waiuku developed as a town when refrigeration made dairy farming financially viable in the late 19th century. Dairy pastures were developed to the south at Otaua and Aka Aka in the late 1880s. Development of the area was slow, in part due to
300-463: A few years after. Within a few years, the railway was no longer financially viable, as local residents preferred to use roads. Passenger rail services to Waiuku were replaced by buses in 1948, and goods trains cease using the Waiuku branch line in 1967. A spur to the steel mill (detailed below) was opened in 1968, saving the line from being closed entirely. In 1939, Ngāti Te Ata land southwest of Waiuku
360-833: A part of the Franklin County in 1914, and within a few months the Waiuku Town District was established on 29 July 1914, as an entity within the county. In 1939, the Waiuku Town Board offices were constructed on Queen Street opposite the Kentish Hotel, which were in use by 1940. By 1955, Waiuku had grown enough to become a borough, independent from the Franklin County. The Waiuku Borough had two majors during its existence: R. S. Whiteside who served from 1955 to 1971, and S. K. Lawrence, who served from 1971 to 1989. In 1989,
420-652: A population of 9,168 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 846 people (10.2%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 1,710 people (22.9%) since the 2006 census . There were 3,261 households, comprising 4,557 males and 4,611 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female, with 1,974 people (21.5%) aged under 15 years, 1,647 (18.0%) aged 15 to 29, 4,080 (44.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,467 (16.0%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 83.0% European/ Pākehā , 19.9% Māori , 4.5% Pacific peoples , 6.4% Asian , and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
480-463: A roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour, being silted up with almost 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself. Because of the large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads , tidal flow is rapid and
540-410: Is New Zealand's longest continuously licensed hotel. It was built by one of the first European settlers in Waiuku, Edward Constable, as an inn in 1851. His presence can still be felt in the name of the pub (he was from Kent), and the street behind it - Constable Road. The Kentish, with its ornate verandahs, provides a historical centre point to the town and the nearby Tamakae Reserve. At the entrance to
600-464: Is a corruption of mānuka , being a descriptive name for the number of mānuka shrubs growing around the harbour, while another asserts that Manukau is the name of a chief who died in the waters of the harbour. Another traditional name for the harbour is Nga-tai-o-Rakataura, referring to Rakatāura / Hape , the tohunga of the Tainui . During the early colonial era of Auckland, an attempt was made to rename
660-641: Is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus , and opens out into the Tasman Sea . The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burnett Head" / "Ohaka Head") located at the southern end of the Waitākere Ranges and South Head at the end of the Āwhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of the Waikato River . The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into
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#1733086128381720-454: The Glenbrook steel mill opened in neighbouring Glenbrook , becoming a major employer in Waiuku. The name Waiuku is a Māori name meaning "Waters of Uku"; uku being a type of clay used as a soap. The name recalls the story of a Ngāti Kahukōkā woman of high rank who was choosing between two suitors, Tamakau and Tamakae. Tamakae, having been working in the kūmara gardens, was taken to
780-626: The Last Glacial Maximum . There are various traditions associated with the naming of the harbour. A Tainui tradition involves the crew of the Tainui . As they crossed Te Tō Waka (the portage at Ōtāhuhu between the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River ), the crew believed they heard voices of people on the other side. When they reached the harbour, they found that this was only birds ("Manu kau"). Another Tainui tradition involves Hoturoa ,
840-455: The Manukau Harbour , and lies on the isthmus of the Āwhitu Peninsula , which extends to the northeast. It is 40 kilometres southwest of Auckland city centre, and 12 kilometres north of the mouth of the Waikato River . Settled in the 13th or 14th centuries, the Waiuku area was an important transportation hub, as the Te Pai o Kaiwaka portage was the preferred route for people travelling between
900-534: The Pacific Plate and Australian Plate uplifted the Waitākere Ranges and subsided the Manukau Harbour. It began as an open bay, eventually forming as a sheltered harbour as elongated sand dune barriers formed at the harbour's mouth. Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour, depending on changes in the global sea level . The present harbour formed approximately 8,000 years ago, after
960-470: The Waikato River and Manukau Harbour . The area became a centre for Ngāti Kahukōkā, a Waiohua hapū , by the 15th century. Ngāti Te Ata developed as a union between Waiohua and Waikato Tainui peoples, around the 17th century at Waiuku. Waiuku became a trading port in 1851, facilitating trade between the Waikato River and the port of Onehunga , and Purapura, a Ngāti Te Ata village was established at
1020-604: The Waitematā Harbour along the northeast of the isthmus. The harbour has three main arms. The Māngere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Auckland's central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Ōtāhuhu and Māngere urban areas lie south of this arm, which is crossed by the Māngere Bridge . In the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into
1080-465: The Waiuku River . The portage was the preferred route, due to the unpredictable seas of the west coast. The existence of the portage meant that the Waiuku area has historically been difficult to settle during times of war. The Waiohua hapū Ngāti Kahukōkā began occupying the southern Manukau Harbour and Waikato River mouth around the 15th century. Ngāti Kahukōkā's main centres were Puketapu on
1140-426: The taniwha Paikea guards the Manukau Harbour and Waitākere Ranges coastline. Cornwallis , on the Karangahape Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However, because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was mostly abandoned in the 1840s. The surrounding bush clad hills had vast amounts of kauri removed for milling and shipped from a wharf on Paratutai to either
1200-468: The taniwha guardian of the Manukau Harbour, Kaiwhare, who looked over the tribe.Then took name from Te Ata I Rehia. Continuing to face invasions from neighbouring tribes, Te Ata-i-Rehia married the Ngāti Mahuta chief Tapaue. A new tribal identity grew from the union between Waiohua and Waikato Tainui . Upon her death, the iwi took the name Ngāti Te Ata , making Te Ata-i-Rehia the eponymous ancestor of
1260-527: The Āwhitu Peninsula , Tītī, near modern-day Mauku . In the 17th century, Ngāti Kahukōkā were led by Te Ata-i-Rehia, granddaughter of Huakaiwaka , the eponymous ancestor of the Waiohua , a major confederation of iwi of the Tāmaki isthmus and South Auckland areas. Te Ata-i-Rehia was gifted land after Ngāti Kahukōkā were helped in conflicts by Waiohua. The iwi were also known by the name Te Ruakaiwhare, referencing
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#17330861283811320-452: The 18th century. By the early 19th century, the southwestern Manukau Harbour and Waikato River mouth was a densely settled area, where interrelated hapū, Ngāti Te Ata, Ngāti Tamaoho , Ngāti Tiipa and Ngāti Pou, had established kāinga . In March 1822, a Ngāpuhi taua (war party) led by Hongi Hika attacked the Āwhitu Peninsula settlements. While Ngāti Te Ata successfully repelled the attackers at Waiuku, most members of Ngāti Te Ata fled
1380-598: The 1920s, 96 Ngāti Te Ata families were evicted from Moeatoa Marae. The land had gone into public administration after the death of the titled landholder of the marae land (the Māori Land Court having individuated Ngāti Te Ata land titles in the late 19th century). On 5 January 1922, the Waiuku branch railway line was opened between Paerata and Waiuku. This led to the port of Waiuku no longer being used; with passenger services to Onehunga ceasing in 1925, and shipping ceasing
1440-705: The Borough of Waiuku was merged with the newly formed Franklin District . In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council . Waiuku is a part of the Franklin local board area. The residents of Waiuku elect a local board, and one councillor from the Franklin ward to sit on the Auckland Council . The local pub, called The Kentish Hotel ,
1500-560: The Manukau Harbour and the Waikato River. Ngāti Te Ata used the Waiuku portage to transport goods to the Manukau Harbour, until the Government funded the construction of a bullock track between the Waiuku and Awaroa rivers in the late 1840s. The New Zealand Government sold Waiuku allotments to settlers in 1851. This included early settler Edward Constable, who established the Kentish Hotel in 1851 or early 1852. The hotel quickly became
1560-509: The Māori village of Purapura was established to the south of Waiuku, at the northernmost point on the Awaroa Creek navigable by waka. In 1856, five European families settled to the east at Mauku , and a church called St. Bride's was established for the village. Mauku was the first European settlement visited by the first Māori King , Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , after his coronation in 1858. One of
1620-741: The Reserve stands a statue of Tamakae carved from swamp kauri logs. The logs were found during some excavation work at New Zealand Steel and gifted to the local iwi (tribe), Ngati Te Ata. The Reserve also has a small historic "village" with several restored buildings including Hartmann House, dating back to 1886, now operating as a local craft studio, Pollock Cottage (1890), Waiuku Jail (1865) and The Creamery (1890s). The nearby Waiuku Museum has colonial era memorabilia, Māori artifacts, old sailing boats and historic photographs. A heritage trail around town points out further sites of historic interest in Waiuku including Wesley Methodist Church (1883), from where visitors to
1680-604: The South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato . Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā. Most Māori who lived south of Auckland felt they had no choice due to their strong ties to Tainui and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , and were forced to flee to
1740-465: The Waikato River. Over time, Waiuku has developed into a service centre for the surrounding rural area, and residence for many New Zealand Steel employees. Waiuku covers 7.87 km (3.04 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 9,930 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1,262 people per km . Before the 2023 census, the town had a smaller boundary, covering 7.71 km (2.98 sq mi). Using that boundary, Waiuku had
1800-536: The area arrived in September 1836, when Robert Maunsell chose Moeatoa as the location of the first Manukau Harbour Christian Missionary Society station. The Maunsells moved to Port Waikato in the following year, where they established the Te Kohanga Mission. By the late 1830s, Ngāti Tamaoho chief Ēpiha Pūtini began envisioning the Waiuku area as a planned European settlement, which would facilitate trade between
1860-509: The area for safety, with only a small number remaining for ahi kā (visible occupation land rights). In 1823 during the war, Hongi Hika hauled his waka over the portage at Waiuku, to reach the Waikato River. The area remained depopulated until the mid-1830s. As a result of the Musket Wars, the Waiohua and Waikato hapū of the southern Manukau developed closer ties. The first Europeans to live in
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1920-399: The captain of the Tainui waka. This tradition involves the naming of the Manukau Heads opening and sandbars, which is known as Te Manuka-o-Hotunui or Te Manukanuka-o-Hotunui, describing the anxiety Hoturoa felt when attempting to navigate this passage. The name, originally used for just the mouth of the harbour, became used for the entire harbour over time. Other traditions hold that it
1980-516: The deteriorating state of the Manukau Harbour and the urgent need for a collaborative response to improve its condition, the Manukau Harbour Forum was created in November 2010 to advocate for the restoration of Manukau Harbour. Waiuku Waiuku is a rural town in the Auckland Region of New Zealand. It is located at the southern end of the Waiuku River , which is an estuarial arm of
2040-513: The few separate earlier European settlements was Onehunga, from where some raiding of enemy settlements occurred during the New Zealand wars , and which later became a landing point for kauri and other products landed by ship and canoe from the south, the shipping route being shorter than the one along the east coast to the Waitematā Harbour. However, the combination of the difficult entry into
2100-404: The focal point for the new settlement of Waiuku, which flourished as a trading port by the mid-1850s. Ngāti Te Ata and European settlers mingled together in the settlement, and Ahipene Kaihau, rangatira of Ngāti Te Ata, was a close confidant of Governor George Grey , who regularly invited to stay at Waiuku. Grey commissioned a ship to service the route between Onehunga and Waiuku. By 1856,
2160-503: The food resources of the harbour, collecting shellfish such as cockles, sea urchins and kōura , and fished species including snapper , kahawai and parore . The Waiuku area was an important due to Te Pai o Kaiwaka , a portage which was the main route for transport between the Waikato River and the Manukau Harbour . The route followed the Awaroa Stream to the northernmost navigable point, after which waka were hauled overland to
2220-514: The founders of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church in Waiuku in the 19th century was Captain Sir John Makgill. Makgill arrived with his family in Waiuku in 1882 and established a farm called 'Brackmont' at Taurangaruru. He eventually increased his holdings there to about 2500 acres, and also bought land at Orua Bay. Sir John Makgill died at Brackmont on 14 November 1906. His wife was Margaret Isabella Haldane, sister of Lord Haldane, and their eldest son
2280-510: The harbour Symonds Harbour, after the late William Cornwallis Symonds , who died in 1841, battling a storm in the harbour. The harbour was an important historical waterway for Māori . It had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, and various villages and pā (hill forts) clustered around it. Snapper, flounder, mullet, scallops, cockles and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts. In Te Kawerau ā Maki tradition,
2340-649: The harbour, which limited ships to about 1,000 tons maximum, and the extension of the railway to Onehunga in 1873 made naval traffic on the harbour less important again, though the Port of Onehunga can trace its origins to this time. Construction of a canal between the Manukau and the Waitemata was considered in the early 1900s, and the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908 was passed to allow authorities to take privately owned land for this purpose. However, no serious work (or land take)
2400-403: The iwi. After the death of Tapaue, the couples' son Pāpaka secured Waiuku for Ngāti Te Ata. By 1700, Te Awaroa / Te Pae o Kaiwaka Pā had been established as a defensive fortification on the eastern banks of the Awaroa Creek, surrounded by a forested swamp. Ngāti Tamaoho , an iwi closely related to Ngāti Te Ata, began to have a presence on the Āwhitu Peninsula and southern Manukau Harbour by
2460-552: The modern Glenbrook Steel Mill, where the Christian Missionary Society mission had been located. Waiuku township suffered as a trading post after the invasion, as Māori produce from the Waikato and Manukau were no longer sent through Waiuku. A canal scheme was proposed, that would link the Waikato River to the Manukau Harbour, but plans for the canal never progressed. In 1868, Edward Constable constructed flax mills at Purapura and Waipapa, which led to Waiuku becoming
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2520-466: The navigable head of the Awaroa Creek to the south. After the Invasion of the Waikato in 1863, the port of Waiuku suffered due to the lack of Māori produce being transported. By the end of the 19th century, Waiuku had begun developing into a centre for the dairy industry. In 1922, a railway line branch was constructed to Waiuku, and by 1955 Waiuku had grown enough to become an independent borough. In 1968,
2580-481: The other end of the harbour at Onehunga for use in house building in the new city of Auckland, or along the coast to other New Zealand settlements. The last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s. European settlement of the area was thus almost often an outgrowth of the Waitematā Harbour-centred settlement, as these settlers spread south and west through the isthmus and reached the Manukau Harbour. One of
2640-510: The river by the elders of the area to be washed using uku from the shores of the Waiuku River, before meeting his potential new wife. The location where Tamakae was washed was the western banks of the Waiuku River, directly behind where the Waiuku Museum stands today. Waiuku is located at the southern end of the Waiuku River , an estuarial arm of the Manukau Harbour . It is close to
2700-483: The shallow port on the Waiuku River hindering ships at low tide. In 1901, oyster reserves were established along the Waiuku River, and by 1915, a butter factory had been established at Waiuku. The first great Waiuku fire occurred on 28 August 1916, which destroyed many of the shops and offices to the east of Queen Street. The fire leads the Waiuku Town Board to proclaim that areas of central Waiuku could only have new buildings constructed from brick or masonry. During
2760-528: The south. Immediately prior to the war, the government constructed the Mauku Stockade near Waiuku. On 23 September 1863, a skirmish began at the Māori village of Tītī near Mauku, and nine European soldiers were killed. September saw a number of skirmishes between Ngāti Tamaoho and related hapū and the Mauku Company of Forest Rifles, led by Daniel H. Lusk. While considered a "friendly" iwi by Grey during
2820-454: The southern side, one near Māngere Bridge, and one on the northern side. Since 1988, there has been an annual interclub competition, hosted by each club in rotation. Despite all that is precious about the Manukau, it is under ongoing threat from constant development and growth, with the pollution and damage that brings. Currently, according to the State of Auckland Marine Report Card, the harbour has
2880-429: The town can get a panoramic view across Waiuku and the waterfront reserve. Waiuku Museum, a museum on local history, opened in 1965. Glenbrook Vintage Railway is a heritage railway opened in 1977. It operates the section of the Waiuku branch line from Glenbrook to Waiuku that was closed in 1967 and was in the process of being lifted. The West Coast black sand beach, Karioitahi , is located nearby. Waiuku has
2940-444: The town of Pukekohe to the east, and is directly north of the Waikato River mouth. Prior to European settlement, the Waiuku area was primarily a dense kahikatea -dominated forest, with swamps areas near waterways. Since then, the majority of swamps have been drained. The Manukau Harbour has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries. Tāmaki Māori of the southern Manukau Harbour traditionally used
3000-408: The urban area of Papakura . In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku . The harbour reaches into Māngere Lagoon , which occupies a volcanic crater. Auckland Airport is located close to the harbour's eastern shore. The Manukau Harbour is a drowned river valley system, which formed between 3 and 5 million years ago when tectonic forces between
3060-549: The valley, building a sawmill at the Kakamatua Inlet at the mouth of the Kakamatua Stream. When he exhausted the kauri resources of the lower valley, Roe constructed a driving dam on the Kakamatua River further up-stream, in order to send logs down the river towards the mill. The sawmill operated until the 1870s. The inlet was close to the sinking location of HMS Orpheus , which sunk in the Manukau Harbour in 1863. Many of
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#17330861283813120-453: The victims of the shipwreck were buried near the inlet. The Kakamatua Beach Walk is a short nature trail that links Huia Road to the inlet. Much of the inlet is an off-leash area for dogs, and was a popular location for off-leash dog walking even before the Auckland Council officially made Kakamatua an off-leash area for dogs. Manukau Harbour The Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It
3180-531: The war due to Grey's relationship with Ahipene Kaihau, after the war a combined 43,850 acres (17,750 ha) of Ngāti Te Ata land was confiscated by the Crown in December 1864, with further confiscations in early 1865. Most members of the iwi left for the Waikato in the aftermath of the war. After a period, some members of Ngāti Te Ata when some of the confiscated lands were returned, many living at Moeatoa Marae, opposite
3240-498: Was George Makgill who spent most of his adult life in Scotland, becoming 11th Baronet of Makgill on his father's death. One other son John E Makgill continued to farm at Taurangaruru, while another Robert Haldane Makgill was a key figure in the development of New Zealand's public health system. He was one of the country's first district health officers, at a time when central government took on greater responsibility for public health. He
3300-567: Was 21.4, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.2% had no religion, 31.0% were Christian , 1.0% had Māori religious beliefs , 1.5% were Hindu , 0.5% were Muslim , 0.3% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,008 (14.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,506 (20.9%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,383 people (19.2%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
3360-519: Was given the name after Te Kawerau ā Maki returned to West Auckland after the Musket Wars and settled at Kakamatua in 1836. The name "Kakamātua" referenced Te Mātua and Te Kaka Whakaara, the head land and the pā at Karekare which were attacked in 1825 during the Musket Wars. After six months and fears of attacks subsided, the iwi moved to the Te Henga / Bethells Beach area. In the 1860s, New Zealand settler Mathew Roe obtained rights for kauri logging in
3420-785: Was requisitioned by the Department of Public Works , in order to protect land against coastal erosion, and to establish the Waiuku State Forest. Further land was requisitioned in 1959 to expand the forest. By 1955, the town had grown enough that the Borough of Waiuku was created, independent from Franklin County. In 1966, the New Zealand Government announced a scheme to establish a steel mill near Waiuku. The Glenbrook Steel Mill began operating in 1968, and from 1969 began harvesting ironsand from requisitioned Ngāti Te Ata lands along
3480-675: Was that 3,579 (49.7%) people were employed full-time, 939 (13.1%) were part-time, and 297 (4.1%) were unemployed. Waiuku has two marae affiliated with the Waikato Tainui hapū of Te Ākitai , Ngāti Paretaua and Ngāti Te Ata : Reretēwhioi Marae and its Arohanui meeting house, and Tāhuna Marae and its Teuwira meeting house. The first local government in the area were the Waipipi and Waiuku Highway Districts, which were formed in 1867 to administer road upkeep and public works projects. The highway districts split Waiuku township in two. Waiuku became
3540-591: Was to play an important role during the 1918 influenza pandemic and its aftermath, notably as 'the chief architect' of 'the most useful legacy of the 1918 influenza pandemic': the 1920 Health Act. In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into the Waikato, due to fears of potential invasion of Waikato Tainui . On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement , Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in
3600-414: Was undertaken. The act was reported as technically still being in force as of 2008, but was repealed on 1 November 2010. A 2,700 ft (0.82 km) canal reserve, 2 ch (40 m) wide, remains in place. The harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps; often local beaches are used. The harbour also houses five active sailing clubs, three on
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