Misplaced Pages

#20979

52-421: The island has an area of 774.2 hectares (1,913 acres) and is quite steep. Its limestone cliffs are covered with dense jungle right down to the water's edge. The wall drops to 180 metres (590 ft), and currents can be strong with upwelling, downcurrent and reversing directions. The most distinctive feature is the huge brackish water lake in the middle of the island, in the local dialect Kakaban means "hug" as

104-523: A foothold on the Indian subcontinent with the granting of the East India Company charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as Surat , Mumbai (called Bombay before 1995), Chennai (called Madras before 1996), and Kolkata (called Calcutta before 2001). English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during

156-617: A large number of specific lexical items. The Macmillan publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary (2006). The most recent dictionary is Carls A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns (2017). Misplaced Pages's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users

208-429: A lawless chaos. The word "jungle" carries connotations of untamed and uncontrollable nature and isolation from civilisation, along with the emotions that evokes: threat, confusion, powerlessness, disorientation and immobilisation. The change from "jungle" to "rainforest" as the preferred term for describing tropical forests has been a response to an increasing perception of these forests as fragile and spiritual places,

260-456: A more open canopy than rainforests, monsoon forests typically have dense understoreys with numerous lianas and shrubs making movement difficult, while the prop roots and low canopies of mangroves produce similar difficulties. Because European explorers initially travelled through tropical forests largely by river, the dense tangled vegetation lining the stream banks gave a misleading impression that such jungle conditions existed throughout

312-414: A resident of the jungle representing the savage, untamed and wild, yet still a white master of it; and in his essay " An Image of Africa " about Heart of Darkness Nigerian novelist and theorist Chinua Achebe notes how the jungle and Africa become the source of temptation for white European characters like Marlowe and Kurtz. Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak compared Israel to "a villa in

364-457: A sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually syllable-timed languages , like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm. Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch, whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put

416-617: A subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: ( arab and kharab are not commonly used today) Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion ). Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as dharna , hartal , eve-teasing , vote bank , swaraj , swadeshi , scheduled caste , scheduled tribe , and NRI . It incorporates some Anglo-Indian words such as tiffin , hill station , gymkhana , along with slang. Indian English, like some other World Englishes ,

468-447: A viewpoint not in keeping with the darker connotations of "jungle". Cultural scholars , especially post-colonial critics, often analyse the jungle within the concept of hierarchical domination and the demand western cultures often places on other cultures to conform to their standards of civilisation. For example: Edward Said notes that the Tarzan depicted by Johnny Weissmuller was

520-461: Is covered with marine green algae . There are other animals, including sea cucumbers , gobies , sea anemones , tunicates , crustaceans , nudibranchs , orange purple clams and yellow clams on the branches, and snakes . The lake is at most 17 metres (56 ft) deep with poor visibility and is 10 minutes walk from the beach. Kakaban was probably uplifted during the Holocene era and seawater

572-598: Is enshrined in the Constitution of India . English is also an official language in seven states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India , unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for

SECTION 10

#1732872676021

624-499: Is fingertip size, Mastigias papua is like a green-brown bulb, and Cassiopea ornata which is an upside-down jellyfish with upright tentacles . Although they cannot sting humans, they still have poison and can sting their prey. Similar lakes exist in the Philippines ( Siargao ), and in Palau , with Jellyfish Lake being the best known. The lake has warm brackish water and the bottom

676-455: Is land overgrown with tangled vegetation at ground level, especially in the tropics . Typically such vegetation is sufficiently dense to hinder movement by humans, requiring that travellers cut their way through. This definition draws a distinction between rainforest and jungle, since the understorey of rainforests is typically open of vegetation due to a lack of sunlight, and hence relatively easy to traverse. Jungles may exist within, or at

728-458: Is notable for its treatment of English mass and count nouns . Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as evidence , equipment , or training , are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English. Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include: Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow

780-455: Is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by

832-661: Is the language of India's Supreme Court and of all the high courts of India . However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , and Rajasthan by virtue of special presidential approval. As of 2018 , the high courts of Punjab and Haryana were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English, and the Madras High Court has been taking steps to use Tamil alongside English. The first occurrence of

884-715: Is viewed as a single language called Hindustani , the portmanteaus Hinglish and Urdish mean the same code-mixed tongue , where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in Pakistan . Other macaronic hybrids such as Minglish ( Marathi and English), Banglish ( Bengali and English), Manglish ( Malayalam and English), Kanglish ( Kannada and English), Tenglish ( Telugu and English), and Tanglish or Tamglish ( Tamil and English) exist in South India. In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than

936-437: The 2011 Census , 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language. It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India. India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 EF English Proficiency Index published by

988-456: The British Raj (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services . At the time of Indian independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the region. After the independence and Partition of British India , Modern Standard Hindi was declared

1040-578: The British style , e.g., using travelling , litre , practise (as a verb), anaesthesia , fulfil , catalogue , realise and colour , rather than the American style. The most famous dictionary of Indian English is Yule and Brunell 's Hobson-Jobson , originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by William Crooke in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s. Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for

1092-462: The EF Education First . The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index. As a multilingual country, English is the lingua franca among different regions of India. Writing for The New York Times , journalist Manu Joseph stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and

SECTION 20

#1732872676021

1144-482: The Iranian Plateau , where it is commonly used to refer to the plant growth replacing primeval forest or to the unkempt tropical vegetation that takes over abandoned areas. Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different climatic zones , the wildlife of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined. One of the most common meanings of jungle

1196-405: The macaronic hybrid use of Hindustani and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad. The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as Bollywood , incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well. Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish. When Hindi – Urdu

1248-455: The partition of India , Pakistani English and Bangladeshi English were considered separate from Indian English. Today , only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language, and around 30% of the Indian population can speak English to some extent. According to the 2001 Census , 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it

1300-594: The rule of the British East India Company . In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the East India Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and

1352-454: The 1970s; since then it has been steadily replaced by "rainforest", although "jungle" still remains in common use when referring to tropical rainforests. As a metaphor, jungle often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless, or where the only law is perceived to be "survival of the fittest". This reflects the view of "city people" that forests are such places. Upton Sinclair gave the title The Jungle (1906) to his famous book about

1404-658: The District Information System for Education (DISE) of the National University of Educational Planning and Administration under the Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India , enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14. According to

1456-604: The English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states. The view of the English language among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it

1508-521: The English language in the 18th century via the Hindustani word for forest ( Hindi/Urdu : जङ्गल / جنگل ) (Jangal). Jāṅgala has also been variously transcribed in English as jangal , jangla , jungal , and juṅgala . It has been suggested that an Anglo-Indian interpretation led to its connotation as a dense "tangled thicket". The term is prevalent in many languages of the Indian subcontinent , and

1560-696: The Roman Character (1852), Carnegy Kutcherry Technicalities (1853) and its second edition Kachahri Technicalities (1877), Wilson Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms (1855), Giles A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East (1878), Whitworth Anglo-Indian Dictionary (1885), Temple A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land (1897), and Crooke Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India (1906). The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence

1612-440: The authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English. In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into Bhutan due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s. The term Hinglish is a portmanteau of the languages English and Hindi . This typically refers to

Kakaban - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-524: The borders of, tropical forests in areas where the woodland has been opened through natural disturbance such as hurricanes, or through human activity such as logging. The successional vegetation that springs up following such disturbance, is dense and tangled and is a "typical" jungle. Jungle also typically forms along rainforest margins such as stream banks, once again due to the greater available light at ground level. Monsoon forests and mangroves are commonly referred to as jungles of this type. Having

1716-638: The consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel phoneme system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers: The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels: The following are the standard variations in Indian English: The following are variations in Indian English due to language contact with Indian languages: A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "

1768-464: The desire for English-language education, "English is the de facto national language of India. It is a bitter truth." In his book, In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation , Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of Indian nationalism and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related. Under the Indian Constitution, English

1820-399: The entire forest. As a result, it was wrongly assumed that the entire forest was impenetrable jungle. This in turn appears to have given rise to the second popular usage of jungle as virtually any humid tropical forest . Jungle in this context is particularly associated with tropical rain forest , but may extend to cloud forest , temperate rainforest, and mangroves with no reference to

1872-433: The first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind,

1924-416: The island hugs the lake from the surrounding seawater. In the middle of this island is a mangrove -fringed lake, slightly above sea level, where thousands of jellyfish live, making it interesting for diving. The jellyfish consist of four different species which do not have the ability to harm humans with their stinging cells. They are Aurelia aurita with a transparent body, Tripedalia cystophora which

1976-574: The jungle", a comparison which had been often quoted in Israeli political debates. Barak's critics on the left side of Israeli politics strongly criticised the comparison. Indian English#British India Indian English ( IndE , IE ) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora . English is used by the Government of India for communication, and

2028-600: The life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards, portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse. The term " The Law of the Jungle " is also used in a similar context, drawn from Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book (1894)—though in the society of jungle animals portrayed in that book and obviously meant as a metaphor for human society, that phrase referred to an intricate code of laws which Kipling describes in detail, and not at all to

2080-1035: The modern era, a range of colloquial portmanteau words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is Indlish (recorded from 1962), and others include Indiglish (1974), Indenglish (1979), Indglish (1984), Indish (1984), Inglish (1985) and Indianlish (2007). Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system . Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English. Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh / crore for Indian currency and Western numbering for foreign currencies like dollars and pounds , although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles. The English language established

2132-585: The most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): Rousseau A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies (1804), Wilkins Glossary to the Fifth Report (1813), Stocqueler The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge (1844), Elliot A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J (1845), Brown The Zillah Dictionary in

Kakaban - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-407: The point. Currents can be fierce with down currents. The cave starts at a crack at 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep and descends through a narrow chimney . At about 21 metres (69 ft) the chimney opens into a large cavern that extends for about 120 metres (390 ft). The exit is a long vertical crack in the wall at 44 metres (144 ft). The name of the cave comes from the blue light of

2236-510: The sea which is seen from the cavern. 2°08′57″N 118°31′48″E  /  2.1491°N 118.5299°E  / 2.1491; 118.5299 Jungle A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates . Application of the term has varied greatly during the past century. The word jungle originates from the Sanskrit word jaṅgala ( जङ्गल ), meaning rough and arid. It came into

2288-540: The stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as Scouse and Welsh English . The Indian numbering system is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in

2340-414: The term Indian English dates from 1696, though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were Anglo-Indian English , or simply Anglo-Indian , both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were Indo-Anglian (dating from 1897) and Indo-English (1912). An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an Anglo-Indianism from 1851. In

2392-570: The training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of British India , with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the University of London and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During

2444-462: The use of regional languages in courts. Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent , the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English , also known as British Indian English . After gaining independence from the British Raj in 1947, English remained an official language of the new Dominion of India and later the Republic of India . After

2496-457: The vagaries of English spelling ". Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly phonetic spelling , so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as spelling pronunciation . English is a stress-timed language . Both syllable stress and word stress (where only certain words in

2548-421: The vegetation structure or the ease of travel. The terms "tropical forest" and "rainforest" have largely replaced "jungle" as the descriptor of humid tropical forests, a linguistic transition that has occurred since the 1970s. "Rainforest" itself did not appear in English dictionaries prior to the 1970s. The word "jungle" accounted for over 80% of the terms used to refer to tropical forests in print media prior to

2600-587: Was Hawkins Common Indian Words in English (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs (1991), Muthiah Words in Indian English (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1996) and Hankin Hanklyn-Janklin (2003). Nihalani et al. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for

2652-624: Was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey , of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently. According to statistics from

SECTION 50

#1732872676021

2704-418: Was trapped, forming a landlocked marine lake. The water is now a mixture of saltwater and fresh water from rain. This is a steep wall, where the current brings large pelagics like whitetip sharks , leopard sharks , jack , tuna , snapper and barracuda . Drift diving can be done with the help of a grab line permanently secured 24 metres (79 ft) across a relatively flat area on the upcurrent side of

#20979