87-707: (Redirected from Kaiserliche Admiralität ) [REDACTED] This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "German Imperial Admiralty" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) [REDACTED] Flag Chef der Admiralität [REDACTED] Prussian warship, circa 1867 The German Imperial Admiralty ( German : Kaiserliche Admiralität )
174-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
261-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
348-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
435-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
522-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
609-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
696-601: A posting at sea, he saw no action. He served aboard Niobe from 1 August 1867 to 27 May 1868. In November 1867, the Prussian Navy became the North German Federal Navy . On 20 February 1868 Monts was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (lieutenant commander) as part of the section for naval and coastal artillery. Monts became the commander of the Torpedo Command at Wilhelmshaven on 16 July 1870, three days before
783-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
870-688: Is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and
957-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
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#17330855866951044-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
1131-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
1218-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
1305-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
1392-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
1479-595: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
1566-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
1653-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
1740-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
1827-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
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#17330855866951914-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
2001-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
2088-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
2175-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
2262-615: The Brandenburg class . The construction program also included a host of smaller vessels. He died on 19 January 1889 in Berlin, after only six months in office. He did not live to see the passage of his construction program, and with his death, Wilhelm II abolished the Chief of the Admiralty position, dividing its responsibilities among three new offices. Monts was replaced by Baron Max von der Goltz in
2349-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
2436-528: The Battle of Jasmund on 17 March 1864 as the commander of the paddle steamer SMS Loreley . He served in a variety of roles through the 1860s and 1870s, including as the commander of the ironclad SMS Grosser Kurfürst , which sank after being rammed accidentally by the ironclad König Wilhelm on the former's maiden voyage in May 1875. Monts was ultimately cleared of wrongdoing in four courts-martial held by
2523-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
2610-417: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
2697-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
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2784-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
2871-705: The Imperial Naval Office ( Reichsmarineamt ), and the Imperial Naval Cabinet ( Kaiserliches Marinekabinett ). The Imperial Naval High Command was, on 14 March 1899, replaced by the German Imperial Admiralty Staff , which simply transferred over most of the personnel of the Admiral Staff detachment of the former Naval High Command. Heads of the Admiralty ( Chef der Admiralität ) [ edit ] No. Portrait Head of
2958-644: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
3045-640: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
3132-536: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
3219-503: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
3306-462: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
3393-508: The waterline . The ship's inexperienced crew had left the watertight doors open, which led her to sink quickly. Monts himself was pulled from the water, but half of the ship's crew were killed in the sinking. In the aftermath of the sinking, rivalries between Stosch and his opponents led Stosch to pursue four courts-martial to drive Monts from the navy in an effort to save Batsch, his own protege. Stosch also sought to suppress criticism Monts had leveled against Stosch's administration during
3480-686: The Admiralty Took office Left office Time in office 1 [REDACTED] Stosch, Adalbert Admiral Albrecht von Stosch (1818–1896) 1 January 1872 20 March 1883 11 years, 78 days 2 [REDACTED] Caprivi, Leo Vize Admiral Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899) 20 March 1883 5 July 1888 5 years, 107 days 3 [REDACTED] Monts, Alexander Vize Admiral Alexander von Monts (1832–1889) 5 July 1888 19 January 1889 198 days References [ edit ] ^ Terrell D. Gottschall, By order of
3567-497: The British Royal Navy . Between 30 April 1854 and 19 January 1856, he served aboard the screw ship of the line HMS St George , the fourth-rate Indefatigable , the fifth-rate Active , and the iron gunvessel Sharpshooter . After returning to Germany, he served several periods as watch officer aboard Mercur , Gefion , and the frigate Arcona , alternating between sea assignments and postings in Berlin at
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3654-714: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
3741-718: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
3828-524: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
3915-447: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
4002-675: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
4089-622: The Imperial Navy under the authority of the imperial chancellor and the supreme command of the Emperor ( Kaiserliche Kommandogewalt ). It lasted until 1889, undergoing several reorganizations, but proved an impractical arrangement given the constant growth and the expansion of the Imperial Navy. Finally it was abolished in April 1889 and its duties divided among three new entities: German Imperial Naval High Command ( Kaiserliches Oberkommando der Marine ),
4176-582: The Inspector of Torpedo Systems. This role was created by the chief of the admiralty, Albrecht von Stosch , and was tasked with evaluating the effectiveness of the new Whitehead torpedoes ; Stosch placed Monts in charge of the tests. He later commanded the artillery school ship Renown from 16 April 1873 to 31 August 1875, interrupted by a stint with the Artillery Testing Commission in late 1873 and early 1874. During this period, on 2 May 1874, he
4263-646: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
4350-845: The Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
4437-463: The Kaiser refused to implement the punishment. This necessitated another trial, which returned to the initial verdict and sentenced Batsch to six months in prison. The Kaiser commuted Batsch's sentence after he had served two months' time. Disappointed that his protégé had taken the blame for the sinking, Stosch requested another court martial for Monts, who was found not guilty. The Kaiser officially approved
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#17330855866954524-1071: The Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the rise of the Imperial German Navy, 1865-1902 (Institute Press, 2003, 337 pages), p. 231 [REDACTED] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Allerhöchster Erlaß vom 15. Juni 1871., betreffend die Geschäftsführung der oberen Marinebehörde. [REDACTED] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Allerhöchster Erlaß, betreffend die oberste Marinebehörde. Vom 1. Januar 1872. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Imperial_Admiralty&oldid=1253197133 " Categories : Imperial German Navy Chiefs of Navy (Germany) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German-language text German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] )
4611-408: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
4698-479: The admiralty. Monts was the first naval officer to command the navy, and he was the last chief of the admiralty. In his new role, he did not correct the strategic confusion that marked the Caprivi era, where the German fleet acquired a mix of obsolescent ironclads, fully rigged corvettes, and ineffectual armored gunboats. Monts continued construction of the small Siegfried and Odin classes , but also included four large, ocean-going pre-dreadnought battleships of
4785-445: The annual fleet training exercises from his flagship , the ironclad Baden . During the exercises, Caprivi instructed Monts to abandon the useless parade exercises of the Stosch era in favor of more practical training like night torpedo attacks. On 12 September, he was promoted to the rank of Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral). In late 1887, he again commanded the annual fleet maneuvers. In 1888, Kaiser William II appointed him head of
4872-440: The armed paddle steamer Loreley . He took part in the Battle of Jasmund on 17 March under the command of Eduard von Jachmann . After the war, he was posted for three years to the German Imperial Naval High Command in Berlin . There, he served as an adjutant and as a member of the commission for torpedo construction. The short Austro-Prussian War of the summer of 1866 took place during this period; since Monts did not have
4959-404: The chief of North Sea Naval Station on 23 July 1883. This appointment came after Leo von Caprivi replaced Stosch, which in turn led to Batsch retiring in protest for not having been named Stosch's replacement. Monts remained the chief of the North Sea Naval Station for five years. In January 1884, Caprivi, another army officer, formed an Admiralty Council that included Monts to advise him. Among
5046-420: The chief of the German Imperial Admiralty , Albrecht von Stosch in an attempt to drive him from the navy. In 1883, Stosch was replaced by Leo von Caprivi , who appointed Monts the chief of the North Sea Naval Station . In 1888, he became the third chief of the Admiralty after Caprivi retired, though Monts remained in the position for just six months before he died. Monts was born on 9 August 1832 in Berlin ,
5133-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
5220-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
5307-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
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#17330855866955394-411: The first officer and then commander aboard the yacht Grille and the commander of the gunboat Delphin . From 25 November 1863 to 14 January 1864, he served as the watch officer aboard the corvette Nymphe . On 12 March 1864, Monts was promoted to the rank of Leutnant zur See I Klasse , which on 20 May was renamed as Kapitänleutnant . During the Second Schleswig War in 1864 he commanded
5481-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
5568-434: The incident. Simultaneously, Stosch began a campaign to force Werner out of the navy. This was in part to ensure that Batsch, his protégé, would be next in line after Stosch retired. The second court martial again found Batsch guilty and Monts innocent of negligence. A third investigation, held in January 1879, reversed the decision of the previous verdicts and sentenced Monts to a prison term of one month and two days, though
5655-417: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
5742-423: The initial investigation. Stosch, an army officer, was infuriated that the proceedings had been allowed to become a forum for criticism of his policies, for which he blamed Konteradmiral (Rear Admiral) Reinhold von Werner , the chairman of the investigation. He appealed to Kaiser Wilhelm I , stating that the inquiry had unfairly blamed Admiral Batsch, and requested a new court martial for the officers involved in
5829-424: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Alexander von Monts Alexander Graf von Monts de Mazin (born 9 August 1832 in Berlin ; died 19 January 1889) was an officer in the Prussian Navy and later the German Imperial Navy . He saw action during the Second Schleswig War at
5916-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
6003-415: The navy, and he was the first son of a general of the Prussian Army to opt for naval service. Monts began his basic training at the Marineschule (naval school) in Stettin on entering service, which lasted until 12 May 1850. The next day, he was assigned to the corvette SMS Amazone , where he served until 30 September. He then transferred to the training ship Mercur on 1 October. Monts left
6090-423: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
6177-432: The outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War . The French Navy attempted to blockade Wilhelmshaven in the early months of the war, but the French ironclads lacked the coal capacity to remain on station long enough to maintain the blockade, and they did not attack the port directly; as a result, Monts saw no action during the war. After the war, Monts became the commander of the I Torpedo Detachment, and concurrently served as
6264-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
6351-523: The sea cadet institute for various training courses. From 29 July to 22 October 1859, he served at the Königliche Werft (Royal Shipyard) in Danzig , after which he returned to Arcona for another assignment as watch officer and adjutant. Beginning on 16 January 1860, he also served as the flag lieutenant for the squadron. He remained aboard Arcona until 10 August 1862. Over the course of 1863, he served as
6438-489: The ship on 2 November 1851, returning to the Marineschule for another period of instruction from 3 November 1851 to 10 May 1852. The following day he was assigned to the sailing frigate Gefion , and he remained aboard until 29 April 1854. He was promoted to what was then the rank of Leutnant zur See II Klasse (second lieutenant, second class) on 27 November 1856. Monts thereafter spent nearly two years aboard vessels of
6525-416: The ship's accidental ramming and sinking by the ironclad König Wilhelm on 31 May 1878. The two ships (along with the ironclad Preussen ) had been steaming off the coast of Great Britain, under the command of Carl Ferdinand Batsch , when they encountered a pair of sailing vessels. König Wilhelm turned to port too slowly and accidentally rammed Grosser Kurfürst , tearing a large hole in her hull below
6612-562: The son of Karl von Monts and his wife Karoline Luise Wilhelmine Antoinette von Byern. His father was a lieutenant general in the Prussian Army . Monts joined the Prussian Navy on 29 November 1849, being a number of "firsts" for the Prussian fleet. He was the first officer to have entered from a Gymnasium rather than from the merchant marine ; he was the first Graf (Count) to enter
6699-541: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
6786-496: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
6873-422: The topics discussed was the direction the navy should adopt in terms of future construction; Monts and the other admirals advocated a continuation of the ironclad program begun under Stosch, but Caprivi preferred—and enacted—a program centered on coastal defense ships and torpedo boats . From 22 April to 15 September that year, Monts also held the role of commander of the training squadron. This included commanding
6960-411: The verdict, which put an end to the series of trials over the sinking of Grosser Kurfürst . The situation became complicated for Stosch when Batsch agreed with Mont's critiques on the lack of emphasis Stosch had made on training. Wilhelm I refused to allow Stosch to fire Monts, in part because he had been acquitted by the courts-martial. On 12 April 1881 Monts was promoted to Konteradmiral . He became
7047-543: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
7134-579: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
7221-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
7308-530: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
7395-688: Was an imperial naval authority in the German Empire . By order of Kaiser Wilhelm I the Northern German Federal Navy Department of the North German Confederation (1866–71), which had been formed from the Prussian Navy Department (Marineministerium), became on 1 January 1872 the German Imperial Admiralty ( Kaiserliche Admiralität ). The head of the Admiralty (Chef der Admiralität) administered
7482-485: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
7569-511: Was promoted to the rank of Kapitän zur See . From 1 September 1875 to 17 November 1877, he commanded the frigate Vineta ; during this period the ship went on an extended cruise around the world. While in East Asian waters, Monts was the senior-most officer of the German ship captains in the region, and thus he served as the overall commander. The following year, he captained the newly commissioned ironclad SMS Grosser Kurfürst during
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