63-578: Mount Kailash (also Kailasa ; Kangrinboqê or Gang Rinpoche ; Standard Tibetan : གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ ; simplified Chinese : 冈仁波齐峰 ; traditional Chinese : 岡仁波齊峰 ; pinyin : Gāngrénbōqí Fēng ; Sanskrit : कैलास , IAST : Kailāsa ) is a mountain in Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains) of the Transhimalaya , in
126-522: A base of granite . The Indus headwaters area is typified by wide-scale faulting of metamorphosed late- Cretaceous to mid- Cenozoic sedimentary rocks interspersed with igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks. The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust . These sediments were deposited on the southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of
189-455: A challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower of Bön religion of Tibet. The two engaged in a battle of wits with neither able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash first would be the victor. While Naro sat on his magic drum to climb up the slope, Milarepa reached the summit riding on the rays of the Sun , thus winning the contest. He also gave
252-440: A large pond". The lake is called as Mapam Yumtso ( Tibetan : མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། , Wylie : ma pham g.yu mtsho , THL : ma pam yu tso ; Chinese : 瑪旁雍錯 ; pinyin : Mǎ páng yōng cuò ) and Tso Madröpa locally. In his Tibetan - English dictionary, Sarat Chandra Das states that Mapam Yumtso is derived from Mapam meaning unconquerable or invincible and Tso Madröpa is derived from Madropa meaning "ground heated by
315-493: A major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions. Kailash is known as the mythological Mount Meru . In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and Lake Mansarovar symbolizes the mother. According to mythology, Maya bathed at Manasarovar to purify herself before Buddha could enter her womb. Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava , who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in
378-548: A pilgrimage called yatra to the mountain. While it is not known when the first pilgrimage started, it is one of the oldest of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years. Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China and the British Empire claiming the region. Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China after its occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India
441-520: A ritual bath in the Manasarovar before doing circumambulation. Hindu text Skanda Purana states that "There are no mountains like the Himalaya, for in them are Kailas and Mansarovar. As the dew is dried up by the morning Sun, so are the sins of mankind dried up by the sight of the Himalaya." Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims often chant om mani padme hum (jewel in the lotus) and sing nyelu songs while crossing
504-481: Is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins. Each circumambulation is considered to have fulfilled a life-death cycle. There are many stupas , flag poles, Buddhist monasteries and praying stations along the route. Many of the cultural artifacts along the route was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of China from 1966 to 1976. Hindus take
567-537: Is an honorific term used in the Tibetan language . It literally means "precious one", and may refer to a person, place, or thing—like the words "gem" or "jewel" ( Sanskrit : Ratna ). The word consists of rin (value), po (nominalizing suffix) and chen (big). The word is used in the context of Tibetan Buddhism as a way of showing respect when addressing those recognized as reincarnated , older, respected, notable, learned and/or an accomplished Lamas or teachers of
630-435: Is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions. In Buddhism, Kailash represents the father of the world and lake Mansarovar symbolizes the mother. Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava , who is credited with establishing Tantric Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century CE. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saint Milarepa ( c. 1052 – c. 1135 ) had
693-551: Is considered as a stairway to heaven , where the devas reside and the Vishnu Purana states that it lies in the center of the world surrounded by six mountain ranges similar to a lotus , one of which is the Himalayas. In the later Hindu theology, Kailash came to be identified with Meru. Shiva is described as sitting in a lotus position, engaged in meditation within the confines of the mountain. Kailash and Mansarovar are mentioned in
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#1732884941102756-513: Is described as happening more rapidly on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world. According to locals, the land around the region has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be. The retreating glaciers and thawing of the permafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on
819-642: Is known as " Kailāsa " ( कैलास ; var. Kailāśa कैलाश ) in Sanskrit. The name could have been derived from the word " kelāsa " ( केलास ), which means "crystal". In his Tibetan - English dictionary, Sarat Chandra Das states that 'kai la ca' ( Wylie : kai la ca ) from Sanskrit Kailāsa is used to denote the mountain. The mountain is also called as Gang Rinpoche ( Tibetan : གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་; simplified Chinese : 冈仁波齐峰 ; traditional Chinese : 岡仁波齊峰 ) or Gang Tise locally. Gang Rinpoche means "snow jewel mountain" with Kang (or Gang ) being
882-554: Is located at an elevation of 4,600 m (15,100 ft), near the western trijunction between China, India and Nepal. It overflows into the adjacent salt-water lake of Rakshastal via the Ganga Chhu . The sources of four rivers: Indus , Sutlej , Brahmaputra , and Karnali lie in the vicinity of the region. The lake is sacred in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Bon religion . People from India, China, Nepal and other countries in
945-659: Is located north of the western tripoint of the border between China , India and Nepal . The major rivers rising from the western Gangdise mountains are the Yarlung Tsangpo (which becomes the Brahmaputra ), the Indus , the Sutlej and the Karnali , a tributary of Ganges . All these river systems originate within a 60 km (37 mi) stretch in the region. Mount Kailash is located on
1008-446: Is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction. Pilgrims believe that bathing in the lake and circling the mountain is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the cleansing of one's sins. For the Khas people of the nearby region of Humla in northwest Nepal,
1071-618: The Dharma . It is also used as an honorific for abbots of Buddhist monasteries . Lake Manasarovar Lake Manasarovar ( Sanskrit : मानसरोवर , romanized : Mānasarōvar ), also called Mapam Yumtso ( Tibetan : མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ། , Wylie : ma pham g.yu mtsho , THL : ma pam yu tso ; Chinese : 瑪旁雍錯 ; pinyin : Mǎ páng yōng cuò ) locally, is a high altitude freshwater lake near Mount Kailash in Burang County , Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region , China . It
1134-618: The Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata . According to the Hindu scriptures and sculptural depictions, the demon-king Ravana shook the mountain after he was refused entry to Kailash. This enraged Shiva, who pressed his toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between. Ravana sang hymns in praise of Shiva for a thousand years before he was released. This representation of Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha (meaning "form showing favour to Ravana"). According to Jain scriptures, Rishabhanatha ,
1197-509: The Limi valley on a clear day. Another route exists through the crossing at Rasuwa - Gyirong . Pilgrims could reach Lhasa by air before the journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen. The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is 53 km (33 mi) long. The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate
1260-758: The Nathu La pass in Sikkim . Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China. The Nathu La route was opened in 2015 and involves traveling to Gangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China. As the April 2015 Nepal Earthquake resulted in the closure of the border crossing at Tatopani - Zangmu ,
1323-587: The permafrost in the Tibet region might lead to uncertain effects on water resources of the region. These effects along with population explosion and tourism has put severe stress on the fragile ecosystem around Mount Kailash. The intergovernmental organisation International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is involved in a trans boundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in
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#17328849411021386-591: The 1930s, there was no evidence of such structures in the Kailash-Manasarovar region. According to Luciano Petech , Tibetan records indicate that the region was considered to be their sacred geography by the late 12th-century, with reports of Buddhist monks meditating in the Go-zul cave of Kailash and circumambulating the mountain. According to Alex McKay, the possible synthesis of esoteric Buddhism and Shaivism may have expanded and brought Kailash and Manasarovar into
1449-400: The 24 tirthankaras in the region. There are other stories related to the region relating to Mahavira , Kumar and Sagar, Tapas Kher Parna, Ravana and Mandodari , among many others. The lake has been mentioned in various Hindu and Buddhist religious literature. It was part of one of the oldest pilgrimage routes, which has been in existence for many years. Though modern texts state
1512-454: The 8th century CE. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that saint Milarepa ( c. 1052 – c. 1135 ) had a challenge with Naro Böncham, a follower of Bön religion on the banks of Manasarovar. For the Bon people, the region was the centre of the ancient Bon empire of Zhang Zhung and is associated with the holy place of Zhang Zhung Meri deity. As per Tibetan beliefs, the region
1575-483: The British Empire claiming the region. Religious pilgrimages to Mount Kailas and Manasarovar were permitted by China after its occupation of Tibet in 1950-51. While pilgrimage from India was guaranteed by the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement , access was restricted after the subsequent 1959 Tibetan uprising , and the borders were closed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India
1638-634: The Dolma La pass which are believe to proclaim a fraternity amongst all pilgrims who cross paths on a Kailash pilgrimage. As the mountain is located in a remote area of the Himalayas, very few facilities exist to aid during the pilgrimage. For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain, setting foot on the slopes of the mountain or attempting to climb it is forbidden by law. Rinpoche Samding Dorje Phagmo Rinpoche , also spelled Rimpoche ( Tibetan : རིན་པོ་ཆེ ་ , Wylie : rin po che , THL : Rinpoché , ZYPY : Rinboqê ),
1701-610: The Sun" both used in combination with Tso , the Tibetan word for lake. Lake Manasarovar is located in Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is located in the southwest region of Tibet north of the western tripoint of the border between China, India and Nepal. It is visible from the Lapcha La pass above the Limi valley in Nepal on a clear day. The freshwater lake lies at 4,600 m (15,100 ft) above mean sea level on
1764-564: The Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents . It also consists of sand dunes covering late Eocene volcanic forms interspersed with Cretaceous and Eocene sediments. The Kailash flysch zone extends about 20 km (12 mi) from the mountain and marks the northern end of the Himalayas and the start of the Trans Himalayas. The Trans Himalayan range
1827-425: The Tibetan word meaning white mountain (snow peak) and rinpoche is an honorific meaning "precious one". Gang Tise means "mountain of ice or cool". "Tibetan Buddhists call it Kangri Rinpoche; 'Precious Snow Mountain'. Bon texts have many names: Water's Flower, Mountain of Sea Water, Nine Stacked Swastikas Mountain. For Hindus, it is the home of the Hindu god Shiva ...for Jains it is where their first leader
1890-516: The ancient Vedic people traced the route of the Indus river and had seen the valley near Mount Kailash. The early Hindu texts mention a mythical Mount Meru and lake Manasa. The mythical Manasa lake is described as one created through the mind of Brahma as the preferred abode of his vahana hamsa . In the Ramayana , Vishvamitra tells Rama that Brahma created a lake out of his consciousness (Manas), hence
1953-468: The banks of Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of 320 km (120 sq mi), Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world. The region around Mount Kailash are remnants of large ice sheets that covered the region during the Quaternary period, the last of which retreated about 10,000 years ago. The mountain might be a large metasedimentary roof pendant supported by
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2016-436: The coldest. Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds. Global warming is described as happening three times faster (by about 0.3 C per decade) on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world with lesser snowfall in the winter. According to locals, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years with winters not as cold as it used to be. The retreating glaciers and thawing of
2079-401: The entire stretch around the mountain. The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes three weeks on average to complete. Pilgrims believe that doing a circumambulation of Mount Kailash
2142-509: The first day trek from Darchen to Dirapuk gompa for about 14 km (8.7 mi), followed by a journey from Dirpauk to Zutulphuk via the Drölma pass for 19 km (12 mi) on the second day and the final trek back to Darchen on the last day. The most extreme method of doing the circumambulation (called Kora ) in Tibetan Buddhism is performed by doing full body-length prostrations over
2205-449: The founder of Jainism attained moksha (liberation) on Mount Kailash. It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhanatha attained moksha, his son emperor Bharata had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha . He also performed a fortnight of worship termed Mahamaga and attained moksha from Kailash. Large pits were dug around
2268-530: The fragile ecosystem. In Hindu literature, Mansarovar is mentioned by name in the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata . Though modern texts state the lake to be among the most sacred sites of Hinduism, there is no explicit mention of the lake in early Vedic literature . The Rigveda mentions that the Indus River flows north because of Indra , a geographical reality only in the Tibet region. According to Frits Staal , this makes it likely that some of
2331-514: The lake to be among the most sacred sites of various religions, there is no explicit mention of the lake being a pilgrimage site in early literature. Typically, historic pilgrimage sites that were frequented by Buddhists, Hindus and Jains attracted discussion in their respective texts and the construction of infrastructure by wealthy patrons or kings. The Hindu Puranas indicate various infrastructure, such as temples , dharmasalas , ashrams , and pilgrimage facilities at such sites. But at least until
2394-460: The mostly saline lake-studded Tibetan Plateau and is one of the highest freshwater lakes in Asia. Spread over a surface area of 320 km (120 sq mi), Lake Manasarovar is relatively round in shape with a circumference of 88 km (55 mi) and a maximum depth of 100 m (330 ft). Manasarovar overflows into the salt-water endorheic lake of Rakshastal via the natural Ganga Chhu channel. The major rivers rising from
2457-411: The mountain in a counterclockwise direction. The circumambulation usually begins and ends at Darchen , a small outpost located at an elevation of 4,670 m (15,320 ft) with the highest point at the Drölma pass situated at 5,650 m (18,540 ft). Trekking around the mountain can be done on foot with support from a pony or domestic yak . The circumambulation takes three days on average with
2520-454: The mountain later and the River Ganges was made to flow through it. As per Jain traditions, the 24th and the last Tirthankara, Mahavira , was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother into deep slumber. There he was anointed with precious unctions. As per Buddhist texts, Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as the mythological Mount Meru . Kailash
2583-421: The mountain was about 6,000 m (20,000 ft) high and utterly unclimbable. He thought about an ascent along the northeast ridge and had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with a Sherpa named Tseten. As per Wilson, Tseten told him that the southeast ridge represented a feasible route to the summit. Wilson explained that although they attempted to climb
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2646-404: The mountain, they ran into heavy snowfall, making the ascent impossible. Herbert Tichy visited the area in 1936, attempting to climb the mountain. When he asked the local people whether Kailash was climbable, a Garpon replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it – he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to
2709-429: The mountain. Mount Kailash is considered sacred in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Bon religions. In Hindu art and literature, the mountain is described as the abode of Shiva , who is depicted as residing there along with his consort Parvati and their children, Ganesha and Kartikeya . In early Hindu depictions, Kailash was described as one of the mountains in the Himalayas. In Hindu mythology, Mount Meru
2772-477: The mountain. The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of 5 to 17 °C (41 to 63 °F) and night time temperatures of 0 to 6 °C (32 to 43 °F). The temperature starts to decrease in October and winters have much lower day time temperatures ranging from −4 to 0 °C (25 to 32 °F) and further lower in the night reaching up to −20 °C (−4 °F) with January being
2835-437: The name Manas Sarovar (lake of consciousness) and a river was born out of that lake called Sarayu , which flowed through the kingdom of Ayodhya . Mount Kailash on the banks of Lake Manasarovar is believed to be the abode of Shiva . This is where the holy river Ganges was tamed by Shiva and sent to nourish the fertile valleys below the Himalayas . Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash are central to Buddhist cosmology, and
2898-484: The nearby mountain, since known as Bönri bequeathing it to Bön. For the Bon people, the mountain is the abode of sky goddess Sipaimen and the mountain was the centre of the ancient Bon empire of Zhang Zhung . As per Tibetan beliefs, the mountain was the centre of the universe Mandala and the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers which flowed in the four cardinal directions. Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake
2961-446: The pilgrimage from Nepal is generally done from the nearby Humla district in northwestern Nepal. Another route exists through the crossing at Rasuwa - Gyirong . Pilgrims could reach Lhasa by air before the journey to Lake Manasarovar. The pilgrimage involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. The path around Mount Kailash is 53 km (33 mi) long. The circumambulation known as kora ,
3024-630: The pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September. Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to the Ministry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers. Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose, with border crossings at Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and
3087-429: The pilgrimage is organized by the Government of India and is permitted between June and September. Pilgrims from India travel through two routes opened for the purpose with border crossings at Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim . Since 2020, a motorable road is available till the Lipu Lekh pass through the Indian side of the Mahakali valley, before crossing over to China. The Nathu La route
3150-503: The region around Mount Kailash. The organization is involved in ongoing efforts to generate climate data, and to devise sustainable ways of life for the people of the region. In 1926, Hugh Ruttledge , the deputy commissioner of Almora , visited the area to meet the Garpon (local Tibetan leader) of Ngari. As the Garpon was away, he circumambulated Mount Kailash while studying it. As per Ruttledge,
3213-548: The region include Yarlung Tsangpo (which becomes the Brahmaputra ), the Indus , the Sutlej and the Karnali , a tributary of Ganges . The weather is fairly dry during April to June with day time temperatures of more than 5 °C (41 °F) and night time temperatures close to 0 °C (32 °F). The temperature starts to decrease in October with January being the coldest. Winters have day time temperatures below freezing with colder nights. Monsoons bring rain from late June to August with cold winds. Global warming
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#17328849411023276-456: The region undertake a pilgrimage to the mountain. The pilgrimage generally involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of Mount Kailash. While the mountain has been surveyed by climbers in the past, there has been no recorded successful ascent of the mountain. The climbing of the mountain is prohibited by the Chinese government due to its religious significance. The mountain
3339-419: The region undertake a pilgrimage to the region. The pilgrimage generally involves trekking towards Lake Mansarovar and a circumambulation of the nearby Mount Kailash. The Sanskrit word "Mansarovar" (मानसरोवर) is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Mānas (मानस्) meaning "mind" (generally denotes the mental powers associated including intellect, perception, conscience) and sarovar (सरोवर) meaning "lake or
3402-408: The shared sacred geography for both Buddhists and Hindus. The 13th-century text Mahanirvana Tantra dedicates it first chapter to Kailash and Manasarovar lake as a pilgrimage site. Due to its perceived sacredness to various religions, people undertake a pilgrimage called yatra to the Kailash-Manasarovar. Pilgrimage to the mountain increased in the 1930s but was affected later due to both China and
3465-562: The summit". Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb the mountain in the mid-1980s. But he reportedly declined, saying "If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls. I would suggest they go and climb something a little harder." In 2001, permission was denied to a Spanish team, who requested to climb the peak. Chinese authorities promised that any climbing activities on Mount Kailash were strictly prohibited. As of 2023, there have been no known successful ascents of
3528-576: The western part of the Tibetan Plateau . The peak of Mount Kailash is located at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft), near the western trijunction between China , India and Nepal . Mount Kailash is located close to Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. The sources of four rivers: Indus , Sutlej , Brahmaputra , and Karnali lie in the vicinity of the region. Mount Kailash is sacred in Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Bon religion . People from India, China, Nepal and other countries in
3591-540: Was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments of India and China. The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The route was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations. Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably. Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year. In India,
3654-496: Was enlightened; for Buddhists, the navel of the universe; and for adherents of Bon, the abode of the sky goddess Sipaimen." Mount Kailash is located in Ngari Prefecture , Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Gangdisê Mountains (also called as Kailash Range) of the Transhimalaya , in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau . The peak of Mount Kailash is at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft). The region
3717-420: Was formed by the subduction of sediments from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The flysch zone consists of alternate areas of peridotites , sandy shales, and dolomites , covered by gravel terraces. The mountain itself consists of thick conglomerate rocks sitting on granite . The visible part of the conglomerates extend from 4,700 m (15,400 ft) to the top with the base located deeper in
3780-414: Was guaranteed by the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement , access was restricted after the subsequent 1959 Tibetan uprising and the borders were closed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. After nearly two decades, pilgrimage from India was allowed in 1981 after an agreement between the governments of India and China. The pilgrimage was suspended for three years since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The route
3843-423: Was opened in 2015 and involves traveling to Gangtok before crossing the Nathu La pass into China. Since 2015, the pilgrimage from Nepal is generally done from the nearby Humla district in northwestern Nepal. The April 2015 Nepal Earthquake resulted in the closure of the border crossing at Tatopani - Zangmu . Pilgrims also pray to Mount Kailash from within Nepal where it is visible from the Lapcha La pass above
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#17328849411023906-539: Was re-opened in 2023 with new regulations. Since the reopening of the pilgrimage route from India in 1981, the numbers of pilgrims going on the annual yatra has grown considerably. Before the closure in 2020, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year. Since 2015, aspiring pilgrims from India were required to apply in advance to the Ministry of External Affairs and specific number of passes were issued to pilgrims by computerized random selection with preference given to first timers. In India,
3969-582: Was the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock, and Elephant Rivers. When Tonpa Shenrab , the founder of the Bon religion, visited Tibet for the first time and bathed in the lake. In Jainism , Lake Manasarovar is associated with its founder and the first Tirthankara , Rishabhanatha . As per Jain scriptures, he attained nirvana on the Ashtapad Mountain. It is believed by Jains that after Rishabhanatha attained nirvana, his son emperor Bharata had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of
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