The Kagayanen language is spoken in the province of Palawan in the Philippines . It belongs to the Manobo subgroup of the Austronesian language family and is the only member of this subgroup that is not spoken on Mindanao or nearby islands.
8-679: Kagayanen is spoken in the following areas: [h] occurs only in loan words, proper names, or in words that have [h] in the cognates of neighboring languages. Outside of loanwords, /d/ becomes [r] between vowels. Comparative and historical evidence suggests that /ð̞/ and /l/ were in complementary distribution before a split occurred likely with pressure from contact with English , Spanish , and Tagalog . /i/ ranges between [i] and [e] , except in unstressed syllables (as well as before consonant clusters ) where it lowers to [ɪ] or [ɛ] . Similarly, /u/ lowers to [ʊ] in unstressed syllables, before consonant clusters, and word-finally. It
16-537: A stressed vowel (as in the word p in ). [p] occurs in all other situations (as in the word s p in , or in sip p ing' ). There are cases of elements being in complementary distribution but not being considered allophones. For example, English [h] and [ŋ] are in complementary distribution: [h] occurs only at the beginning of a syllable and [ŋ] only at the end. However, because they have so little in common in phonetic terms, they are still considered separate phonemes. The concept of complementary distribution
24-494: A variety of terms to refer to this type of argument. Complementary distribution In linguistics , complementary distribution (as distinct from contrastive distribution and free variation ) is the relationship between two different elements of the same kind in which one element is found in one set of environments and the other element is found in a non-intersecting (complementary) set of environments. The term often indicates that two superficially-different elements are
32-448: Is applied in the analysis of word forms ( morphology ). Two different word forms ( allomorphs ) can actually be different "faces" of one and the same word ( morpheme ). An example is the English indefinite articles a and an . The usages an aardvark and a bear are grammatical, but the usages *a aardvark and *an bear are ungrammatical (as is marked with "*" in linguistics). The forms
40-546: Is otherwise [u] . Most roots in Kagayanen do not have a defined part of speech but can function in predication (like verbs), referring (like nouns), or modifying (like adjectives and adverbs). For example, kaan is a root often used to refer to "cooked rice", but when inflected as a verb, the same root can mean "eat". Verbs are inflected for mood , volition , voice (transitive/intransitive in Pebley's terminology), and whether
48-492: The absolutive argument is a typical affected patient ( applicative marking). As with other Austronesian languages, one argument of a verb is always treated specially by the syntax. Pebley refers to this unmarked noun phrase (which is often but not always in a patient role when another argument is present) simply as the "absolutive" argument. (Van Valin 2005) refers to this as the PSA, the "privileged syntactic argument", but linguists use
56-439: The environment in which the allophone is occurring. Complementary distribution is commonly applied to phonology in which similar phones in complementary distribution are usually allophones of the same phoneme. For instance, in English, [p] and [pʰ] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ because they occur in complementary distribution. [pʰ] always occurs when it is the syllable onset and, most likely, when followed by
64-426: The same linguistic unit at a deeper level, though more than two elements can be in complementary distribution with one another. Complementary distribution is the distribution of phones in their respective phonetic environments in which one phone never appears in the same phonetic context as the other. When two variants are in complementary distribution, one can predict when each will occur because one can simply look at
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