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20-400: Kabul Zoo was inaugurated in 1967 with a focus on Afghan fauna , being very popular with visitors and press . The zoo once had more than 500 animals , with about 150,000 visitors coming to see them in 1972. The zoo suffered significant damage during the 1990s civil war ; the aquarium was damaged by shelling , and combatants took the deer and rabbits for food. An elephant, 25-year-old Hathi,

40-403: A 0.5 mm sieve. Studies in the deep sea define macrofauna as animals retained on a 0.3 mm sieve to account for the small size of many of the taxa. Megafauna are large animals of any particular region or time. For example, Australian megafauna . Meiofauna are small benthic invertebrates that live in both marine and freshwater environments . The term meiofauna loosely defines

60-585: A 1 mm mesh also depends upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting. Mesofauna are macroscopic soil animals such as arthropods or nematodes . Mesofauna are extremely diverse; considering just the springtails ( Collembola ), as of 1998, approximately 6,500 species had been identified. Microfauna are microscopic or very small animals (usually including protozoans and very small animals such as rotifers ). To qualify as microfauna, an organism must exhibit animal-like characteristics, as opposed to microflora , which are more plant-like. Stygofauna

80-453: A group of organisms by their size, larger than microfauna but smaller than macrofauna, rather than a taxonomic grouping. One environment for meiofauna is between grains of damp sand (see Mystacocarida ). In practice these are metazoan animals that can pass unharmed through a 0.5–1 mm mesh but will be retained by a 30–45 μm mesh, but the exact dimensions will vary from researcher to researcher. Whether an organism passes through

100-567: A lack of wings and longer appendages . Xenofauna , theoretically , are alien organisms that can be described as animal analogues . While no alien life forms, animal-like or otherwise, are known definitively, the concept of alien life remains a subject of great interest in fields like astronomy , astrobiology , biochemistry , evolutionary biology , science fiction , and philosophy . Other terms include avifauna , which means " bird fauna" and piscifauna (or ichthyofauna ), which means " fish fauna". Lingulata Lingulata

120-534: Is a class of brachiopods , among the oldest of all brachiopods having existed since the Cambrian period ( 538.8  million years ago ). They are also among the most morphologically conservative of the brachiopods, having lasted from their earliest appearance to the present with very little change in shape. Shells of living specimens found today in the waters around Japan are almost identical to ancient Cambrian fossils . The Lingulata have tongue-shaped shells (hence

140-409: Is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time. The corresponding terms for plants and fungi are flora and funga , respectively. Flora, fauna, funga and other forms of life are collectively referred to as biota . Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the " Sonoran Desert fauna" or

160-408: Is any fauna that lives in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves , fissures and vugs . Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna is associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the water table . Stygofauna can live within freshwater aquifers and within

180-494: Is associated with caves and spaces above the water table and stygofauna with water. Troglofaunal species include spiders , insects , myriapods and others. Some troglofauna live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglofauna adaptations and characteristics include a heightened sense of hearing, touch and smell. Loss of under-used senses is apparent in the lack of pigmentation as well as eyesight in most troglofauna. Troglofauna insects may exhibit

200-474: Is complete and J-shaped. Lingulata shells are composed of a combination of calcium phosphate , protein and chitin . This is unlike most other shelled marine animals, whose shells are made of calcium carbonate . The Lingulata are inarticulate brachiopods, so named for the simplicity of their hinge mechanism. This mechanism lacks teeth and is held together only by a complex musculature. Both valves are roughly symmetrical. The genus Lingula (Bruguiere, 1797)

220-493: Is one of the popular places in Kabul for locals and visitors. The zoo generated 15 million afghanis ($ 268,000) in revenue in 2012, which increased to 33 million in 2020. In April 2017, the zoo took four of the white lions that were saved from a smuggling attempt. It has been reported that the zoo will be expanded in the future from its current 17.5 acres of land to 71 acres. Fauna Fauna ( pl. : faunae or faunas )

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240-520: The pore spaces of limestone , calcrete or laterite , whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites. Troglofauna are small cave -dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna (based on life-history). Both are associated with subterranean environments – troglofauna

260-455: The " Burgess Shale fauna". Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of faunal stages , which is a series of rocks all containing similar fossils. The study of animals of a particular region is called faunistics . Fauna comes from the name Fauna , a Roman goddess of earth and fertility, the Roman god Faunus , and the related forest spirits called Fauns . All three words are cognates of

280-414: The bottom substratum as opposed to within it, that is, the benthic fauna that live on top of the sediment surface at the seafloor. Infauna are benthic organisms that live within the bottom substratum of a water body, especially within the bottom-most oceanic sediments, the layer of small particles at the bottom of a body of water, rather than on its surface. Bacteria and microalgae may also live in

300-410: The interstices of bottom sediments. In general, infaunal animals become progressively smaller and less abundant with increasing water depth and distance from shore, whereas bacteria show more constancy in abundance, tending toward one million cells per milliliter of interstitial seawater. Such creatures are found in the fossil record and include lingulata , trilobites and worms . They made burrows in

320-460: The name Lingulata, from the Latin word for "tongue") with a long fleshy stalk, or pedicle , with which the animal burrows into sandy or muddy sediments. They inhabit vertical burrows in these soft sediments with the anterior end facing up and slightly exposed at the sediment surface. The cilia of the lophophore generate a feeding and respiratory current through the lophophore and mantle cavity. The gut

340-635: The name of the Greek god Pan , and panis is the Modern Greek equivalent of fauna (πανίς or rather πανίδα). Fauna is also the word for a book that catalogues the animals in such a manner. The term was first used by Carl Linnaeus from Sweden in the title of his 1745 work Fauna Suecica . Cryofauna refers to the animals that live in, or very close to, cold areas. Cryptofauna is the fauna that exists in protected or concealed microhabitats . Epifauna, also called epibenthos , are aquatic animals that live on

360-491: The sediment as protection and may also have fed upon detritus or the mat of microbes which tended to grow on the surface of the sediment. Today, a variety of organisms live in and disturb the sediment . The deepest burrowers are the ghost shrimps ( Thalassinidea ), which go as deep as 3 metres (10 ft) into the sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Limnofauna refers to the animals that live in fresh water. Macrofauna are benthic or soil organisms which are retained on

380-469: The zoo was Marjan the Lion , who died in 2002 and is buried there. A bronze statue of Marjan stands at the zoo's entrance. The zoo once had about 500 animals, including 45 species of birds and mammals , and 36 species of fish . Among the animals were two lions and Afghanistan's only pig . As many as 10,000 people visit during the weekends. The zoo employed a staff of 60 to care for the animals as of 2003. It

400-406: Was killed when a rocket hit the zoo. Some exotic animals like rare species of birds, were smuggled out and sold in the black market . The Taliban , who took control of Kabul in 1996, initially thought the zoo was incompatible with their version of Islam, but kept it open after the zookeeper Sheraq Omar said research at Kabul University showed that Muhammad kept pets. The most famous resident of

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