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56-457: The "Kalagan" or "Kaagan" or "Kagan: the name came from the native word " Kaag", which means " fellow" and the other meaning is " to inform" or " secrecy" because they are the people who bring the news and warn their neighbouring tribes ( the Mansaka and Mandayas) on any types of attacks from the other ethnic groups since they are living on shorelines and river deltas of Davao Gulf, on which they are

112-459: A kulintang and a ritual dance holding a kasag , a native shield with bells surrounding it, while the balyans dance, the bells creating a sound as an activation of the spirits to enter the body of the balyan. It is believed that Kagans were Islamized by the early 16th century by Muslim missionaries from their neighbouring tribes the Maguindanaon . They intermarried and shared their culture with

168-604: A "South Bisayan" grouping. Tausūg is primarily spoken in the Sulu Archipelago , which aside from the island of Sulu , also includes the Tawi-Tawi chain of islands and the island of Basilan . It is a lingua franca spoken in different areas/islands of the archipelago. Due to migration, the language is also spoken alongside other local languages in the Zamboanga Peninsula (e.g., Cebuano and Chavacano ), which includes

224-432: A broad range of allophones : Tausūg has expectedly developed some variations in accent and vocabulary from one area to another, but there are two basic dialects characterized by differences with regard to vowel sounds. The "Gimbahanun" (literally means people from the farm) speakers, the residents of the out-of-town rural areas, use four vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/ and /ə/, the last vowel representing schwa sound or "obscure u",

280-508: A generally uniform distribution of rainfall through the year. It lies outside the typhoon belt. Davao Region is the most populous region in Mindanao and the 7th most populous in the country, with a total of 5,243,536 inhabitants in 2020. Davao City, its regional capital, is also the largest city in Mindanao, with an area of 2,444 km , the largest in the country and one of the largest in the world, and has 1,632,991 inhabitants in 2015, making it

336-468: A man with strong political and physical leadership in the community. Before Islam came to Mindanao, the early Kalagans were believed to be animists and they believed that there was one supreme God called Tagallang, which means "creator". They also believed that all of nature like trees, stones, mountains, the river, and the ocean has a spirit, that they called maguya . The Kalagan respected the maguya by performing ceremonial rituals. The ones who perform

392-600: A pronunciation [ɣ] in Arabic) is reserved for Arabic loanwords, in Sulu the letter غ is used for the sound [g]. In Sulu, there is no differentiation between [f] and [p]. Whereas in Jawi, the letters ف and ڤ are used respectively, in Sulu the letter ف is used in all instances. For the sound [ɲ] in the final position, in Sulu, the letter پ is used whereas in Malay Jawi, the letter ڽ

448-442: A retention from Proto-Philippine and Proto-Bisayan . The "Parianun", the residents of the urban areas, use only three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, /u/,; the loss of /ə/ is common in many Bisayan and other Philippine languages. The consonant phonemes are: Allophones: Medial gemination (of all non- glottal consonants ) is phonemic. Tausūg has three pronoun sets: The case markers of Tausūg are: Non-subject undergoers take

504-406: Is Ka – allagan which means shining light referring to the sun as they are believed to be more advanced in lifestyle and society than their neighbouring tribes which live on the highlands of the mountains of Davao. The Kalagans lived in communities called banwa. The banwas were usually located at the rivers and the river keys of Davao. Each banwa has its leader called a datu . The datu is usually

560-560: Is a strong preference for marriage between related families, especially marriage to second cousins. After marriage, the couple usually resides in the husband's community. Today, however, many young couples form their own independent households. Kalagan language Davao Region Caraga Ethnic groups in the Philippines Davao Region Davao Region , formerly called Southern Mindanao ( Cebuano : Rehiyon sa Dabaw ; Filipino : Rehiyon ng Davao ),

616-833: Is also venturing to online business like outsourcing . The region's principal ports are the Sasa International Seaport in Sasa and Santa Ana Pier in the Chinatown District, both in Davao City; Panabo Seaport in Davao del Norte; and Mati Seaport in Davao Oriental. The former two, both of which are located in Port of Davao in Davao City, can service both interisland and international shipments. Sasa International Container Port, also located in

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672-522: Is an administrative region in the Philippines , designated as Region XI . It is situated at the southeastern portion of Mindanao and comprises five provinces : Davao de Oro , Davao del Norte , Davao del Sur , Davao Oriental , and Davao Occidental . The region encloses Davao Gulf , and its regional center and largest city is Davao City . Dávao is the Hispanicized pronunciation of daba-daba ,

728-573: Is classified by linguists as being a member of the Bisayan languages family, which includes Cebuano and Waray . In particular, it has many similarities with the Surigaonon language of the provinces Surigao del Norte , Surigao del Sur and Agusan del Sur and with the Butuanon language of Agusan del Norte – both spoken in northeastern Mindanao; hence, Zorc (1977) groups these three languages as part of

784-668: Is confirmed by some writers of the seventeenth century, and in the Bull of canonization issued in 1623. It is also said that he is the one to have preached the Gospel in Mindanao. For centuries the tribes lived in relative peace until the Spanish, under the adventurous Spanish businessman Don Jose Oyanguren, arrived in the region in 1847. At that time, the Kalagan Moro chieftain Datu Bago was in control of

840-451: Is distinctive and colorful. On special occasions, graceful dances are performed to the rhythmic music of gongs and other instruments. The Kalagan social structure is unusual because it is modified by a system of social rank, certain rules of descent, and distinctive marriage patterns. For most purposes, social rank is less important than blood ties. Higher-ranking families maintain elaborate genealogies to prove their claims of descent. There

896-605: Is in agri-industry as its products, papayas, mangoes, bananas, pineapples, fresh asparagus, flowers, and fish products are exported internationally. The region can be a vital link to markets in other parts of Mindanao, Brunei Darussalam and parts of Malaysia and Indonesia . There is also a growing call center sector in the region, mostly centered in Davao City . There is a gradual shift to industrialization as shown with industry's growth rate of 8.1% in 1996. Other economic activities are mining, fishery, forestry and agriculture. Due to

952-553: Is instead used. The letter پ is associated with the sound [p] in Persian and other scripts derived from Persian. In both Malay Jawi and Sulu the letter پـ / ڽـ is used in all other positions. For the sound [k] in the final position, in Malay Jawi, the letter ک is used, having the same form as when in initial or medial positions. In Sulu, similar to Arabic, it is customary to use ك . Below some examples of Sulu in both Latin and Arabic scripts: Many Tausug words derive from

1008-517: Is the most advanced in the country. The region is accessible by land, air and sea. The region has adequate communications facilities, reliable power, and an abundant water supply. In December 2016, President Duterte helped enter a contract with Chinese investors to create a new port in the region of Isla Verde in Davao. This involves the creation of three artificial islands by a set of Chinese companies including CCCC Dredging Group Co. Ltd for $ 200 million. The government provides free education at

1064-731: The Japanese occupation of the Philippines began, the region was one of the first among the Philippine regions to be subjected by Japanese occupation. The Japanese immigrants in Davao acted as a fifth column , welcoming the Japanese invaders during World War II. These Japanese were hated by the Moro Muslims and disliked by the Chinese. The Moros were judged as "fully capable of dealing with Japanese fifth columnists and invaders alike." The Moros were to fight

1120-774: The Maguindanaons . Early settlers of the region were Maguindanaons and the Tausugs under the Sultanate of Sulu . Datu Bago was one of the Datus in Davao Gulf who resisted the Spanish Empire colonization on the region. The Davao Gulf area was the first region in the country that was in contact with the Europeans, with such contacts taking place as early as 16th century. The Portuguese preceded

1176-599: The Nunukan Regency , province of North Kalimantan , Indonesia by the Tausūg people . It is widely spoken in the Sulu Archipelago (Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, and Basilan ), the Zamboanga Peninsula ( Zamboanga del Norte , Zamboanga Sibugay , Zamboanga del Sur , and Zamboanga City ), southern Palawan , Malaysia (eastern Sabah ) and Indonesia ( Nunukan Regency , province of North Kalimantan ). Tausūg has some lexical similarities or near similarities with Surigaonon language of

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1232-521: The Spanish–American War in 1898, Spanish rule in the region ended. Americans then landed in the region and they subsequently developed the regions communications and transportation systems. During this period, private farm ownership grew in the region. Japanese migration in the region began as two Japanese entrepreneurs, Kyosaburo Ohta and Yoshizo Furukawa , were finding better agricultural lands for building abaca and coconut plantations in

1288-530: The Tagakaolo language but has increasingly incorporated some Tausug and Maguindanaon words. Some also know Cebuano , Filipino (Tagalog) , English , and Arabic . It is related to the Mandayan language as well as Maguindanaon , Tausug , and Visayan languages . The Kalagans are self-sufficient farmers, producing nearly all of their own food. Wet-rice is grown in the lowlands, and dry-rice and corn are farmed in

1344-519: The Arabic alphabet. The script used was derived from Jawi used in writing the Malay language . The script is referred to as Sulat Sug The Arabic script used to write Tausūg differs in some aspects from the script used for Arabic and in the Jawi script used for Malay. In Sulu, there is no separate letter for [g]. Whereas in Jawi, the sound [g] is represented with the letter ݢ , and the letter غ (which has

1400-674: The Bagobo word for "fire". Many historians believe that the name Davao is the mixture of the three names that three different tribes, the earliest settlers in the region, had for the Davao River . The Manobos , an aboriginal tribe, referred to the Davao Rivers as Davohoho . Another tribe, the Bagobos , referred to the river as Davohaha , which means "fire", while another tribe, the Guiangan tribe, called

1456-463: The Davao City Metro Area, a linguistic phenomenon has developed whereby locals have either shifted to Filipino or significantly mix Filipino terms and grammar into their Cebuano speech. Minority indigenous groups of the region speak their own languages as well. Chinese immigrants are widespread in the region, with a considerable population based in Davao City . Davao Chinatown is one of

1512-464: The Islamic missionaries who arrived to spread the religion of Islam. Meanwhile, a similar sounding word "sug", which means "water-current", has been given by a number of writers as the etymologic source of the term; the two words, even if similarly pronounced, are not related. In the past, the language has also been simply referred to using the generic term "Moro". Tausūg is an Austronesian language . It

1568-634: The Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao on Mindanao. The Japanese went back to their ships at night to sleep since the Moros struck so much fear into them, even though the Moros were outnumbered by the Japanese. The longest battle of the Allied liberation campaign , the Battle of Davao , took place in 1945. After the war, the region eventually passed to the American hands again for at least almost one year before

1624-458: The Kagans and brought 4 Qurans to them for the guidance of the faith. These 4 Qurans still exist today and are owned by prominent families of the tribe. They follow the traditional Sunni Shafié of Islam, however many of them remain animist and still believe in the traditions and religion of their ancestors, practicing a mix of Islam and animism in their adat . The Kalagan language is similar to

1680-768: The Port of Davao, is the busiest in Mindanao. The international airport in Davao City, Francisco Bangoy International Airport , is the largest and most developed in Mindanao, has the first longest runway in the island, and the third busiest in the country, after Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Mactan–Cebu International Airport . Being the only airport in the island that is currently catering for international destinations, it can handle both domestic and international flights, serving several domestic flights to Manila , Cebu , Bacolod , Iloilo , Zamboanga and other major Philippine cities, and international flights to Doha , Hong Kong , Manado , Quanzhou , and Singapore . Its ATC Tower

1736-480: The Spaniards, who were the ones to colonize the region albeit much later, in sighting and visiting the region. In 1512, Francisco Serrano was shipwrecked in the shallow waters and coral reefs of Cape of San Agustín, located in what is now the province of Davao Oriental. In 1538, Francisco de Castro, a Portuguese ship captain, was driven by strong winds to the southeastern coast of Mindanao. He baptized several chieftains in

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1792-461: The area in what is now Davao City. Don Oyanguren attempted to conquer the area which Datu Bago ruled; although he failed at first, the Moro chieftain eventually evacuated his people to live in the areas near Mount Apo . This is the time the town of Davao , then called Nueva Vergara by the Spaniards, was established in the year 1848. Don Oyanguren attempted to develop the region. Although the Spanish gained

1848-515: The area. Around January 1546, Francis Xavier , a Jesuit priest, left Malacca and went to Molucca Islands , then called the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese had some settlements, and for a year and a half he preached the Gospel to the inhabitants of Amboyna, Ternate, Baranura, and other lesser islands. It is claimed by some that during this expedition he landed on the island of Mindanao, which

1904-960: The communities of their Maguindanaon neighbors, and intermarriages between Kalagan and Maguindanaons. Thus making Islamized Kagan heavily influenced by Maguindanaon culture. The Kalagan people are most predominantly found on the River Delta areas surrounding the shorelines of Davao Gulf. They lived in the District of Sirawan, Bangkal and Maa of Davao City , Kaganguwan in Panabo City, Hijo, Bingcongan, Madaum in Tagum , Davao del Norte (including Samal Island ), Piso, Macangao, Sumlog, Kaligaran, Lukatan, Mati in Davao Oriental , Pantukan, Mabini and Maco of Davao de Oro, and some areas in North Cotabato ; between

1960-502: The country is 93.9%; Davao City has a literacy rate of 98.05%. Tausug language Tausūg ( Bahasa Sūg بَهَسَ سُوْݢْ ; Malay : Bahasa Sūlūk, بهاس سولوق , lit.   'Language of Sulu/the Tausūg people') is an Austronesian language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines and in the eastern area of the state of Sabah , Malaysia as well as in

2016-515: The entire region "insurgency-free" after decades of being a stronghold for the communist insurgency , barring some scattered members of the New People's Army that are left in the region. Davao Region is subdivided into five provinces , 1 highly urbanized city , five component cities, 43 municipalities , and 1,162 barangays .  †  Davao City is a highly urbanized city ; figures are excluded from Davao del Sur . The region has

2072-702: The first one who can encounter on whatever attacks or conquering happen. They were historically composed of small groups led by datus. The Kagan subgroup is the Islamized-indigenous people in the Davao Gulf area . They are one of the Muslim minority groups in Mindanao and belong to the 13 Muslim Moro tribes of the Bangsamoro family. They became Muslim in the middle of the 19th century due to extensive exposure or contact with

2128-533: The formal Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, most of the Japanese living in the region were now integrated in the Filipino population . Prior to Philippine independence in 1946, the entire region was a single province called Davao Province , with Davao City serving as its capital. The province was one of the largest provinces in the Philippines during that time, spanning more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi). It lasted from 1920 until 1967, when

2184-479: The language is bahasa Sūg (Sulu language). The term Tausūg ( tau Sūg , meaning "people of Sulu") is derived from two words: tau ("person") and Sūg (The transformation of "Sūk", itself the contraction of Sūlūk ). Thus, in Tausug, Tausug refers to people while Bahasa Sūg refers to the language. Several scholars postulate that "Sūlūk" derives from "Ahl ul-Sūlūk", or "people of the path (to Allah)," in reference to

2240-486: The oblique marker when definite or a proper noun, but indefinite common nouns take the genitive marker sin . The positive existential ("there is") is aun , the negative existential ("there is none") is way . Verbs in Tausūg are inflected for focus and aspect . Affixes expressing ability: Tausūg numerals: Tausūg is today primarily written using the Latin alphabet. Historically, it had previously been written using

2296-624: The primary (grade school) and secondary (high school) levels. Some state-run universities in the region are the University of the Philippines Mindanao and the University of Southeastern Philippines . Private colleges / universities in Davao include Ateneo de Davao University , Assumption College of Davao , Holy Cross of Davao College , Holy Child College of Davao , and University of the Immaculate Conception . The literacy rate of

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2352-539: The province was split into three provinces in May 1967: Davao del Norte , Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental . After the division, Davao City was officially named its regional center. Region XI, then known as Southern Mindanao , originally covered 6 provinces ( Compostela Valley , Davao del Norte , Davao del Sur , Davao Oriental , South Cotabato and Sarangani ), and the cities of Davao , Digos , Panabo , Tagum , Samal , General Santos and Koronadal . Surigao del Sur

2408-488: The provinces Surigao del Norte , Surigao del Sur , and Agusan del Sur and with the Butuanon language of Agusan del Norte ; it has also some vocabulary similarities with Sugbuanon , Bicolano , and with other Philippine languages . Many Malay and Arabic words are found in Bahasa Sūgsug. In English, the language is primarily known as Tausug (i.e., Tausug language "language of the Tausug people"). The local name of

2464-500: The provinces of Zamboanga del Norte , Zamboanga Sibugay and Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga City . It is also spoken in Southern Palawan , Eastern Sabah , Malaysia and in Nunukan Regency , North Kalimantan , Indonesia . Tausūg has three vowel phonemes: /a/, /i/, /u/, with phonemic length (e.g. īpun , "shrimp" vs. ipun , "tooth"). Stress is not phonemic and usually occurs on the final syllable. The vowel phonemes have

2520-434: The region's population are Christians , mostly Catholics ( 73.29%); and there are also Muslims (3.55%), Buddhists ( 0.03%), and Shintoists living in the region. Poverty incidence of Davao Region Source: Philippine Statistics Authority While the region's economy is predominantly agri-based, it is now developing into a center for agro-industrial business, trade and tourism. Its competitive advantage

2576-414: The region's rise as the main commercial and industrial hub of Mindanao, many of its workers are oriented to urban services such as putting small-scale businesses and working in commercial industries in thriving urban areas like Davao , Tagum , and Digos . Both private and foreign investors and businessmen are putting up huge business centers in the region, fueling up its commercial growth rate. The region

2632-473: The region. The Port of Davao was opened on 1900, becoming the first Philippine international port to be established in the south. In 1903 until 1914, the region was one of the districts of the former Moro Province in Mindanao. After 1914, the province was replaced by an American colonial agency called Department of Mindanao and Sulu , which spanned the entire Mindanao island except Lanao. The agency lasted from 1914 to 1920. In 1942, during World War II , as

2688-402: The rest of the population, male/female division of labor is not very pronounced. Generally, men do the plowing, tilling, and other heavy farm work. The women do most of the domestic work, often assisted by their older children. Traditional Kalagan art includes weaving, basketry, and various ornamental crafts. Personal adornment in the form of bright clothing, beaded jewelry, and other accessories

2744-506: The rituals are priests called balyans which means shaman or healer or the ones who can contact the spirits by asking for cures for the sick, for the guidance and security of the tribe, and even fortune-telling. The balyans may either be a man or woman, and they are specialized in contacting the spiritual realm. Same as the Mandayas , the Kalagan people contact the spiritual realm by performing

2800-471: The river as Duhwow . The history of the region dates back to the times when various tribes occupied the region. It is believed that the Manobos , Mandayas , Kalagans , Mansakas , and Bagobos occupied the area. These are the same tribes that created the small settlements and communities that eventually became Mindanao. The Davao Region was once part of Sultanate of Maguindanao and was called "Pinagurasan" by

2856-609: The territories of the Blaan people , and the Mandaya / Mansaka. The Caraga Region is named after them. Kagan came from the word kaag, which means to inform , secure, or secrecy . It is a native word used by the tribe earlier when they have to inform the people in the tribe and also their neighbouring tribes, the Mandayas and Mansakas about something happening since they are living in the river keys and coastal areas of Davao. The other term also

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2912-496: The third most populous city in the country and the most populous city proper in the entire Visayas -Mindanao region. Davao Metropolitan Area , the primary economic and urban build-up area in the region, is also the most populous in the island and the third most populous in the country, with about 2,274,913 inhabitants in that year. Most of the region's inhabitants speak Cebuano . Filipino and English are also spoken and widely used in schools, businesses, commerce, and industry. In

2968-516: The two defined Chinatowns in the Philippines, alongside Binondo in Manila. A considerable population of Japanese are also found in the region, most of them also located in Davao City. Before World War II, Davao was and still is heavily populated by Japanese immigrants and their descendants, with Davao City being touted at one point in its history as the Little Tokyo of the Philippines. The majority of

3024-507: The upland areas. Yams and sweet potatoes are also staple crops. Vegetables such as tomatoes, squash, and beans are grown; coconuts abound and many kinds of fruit are available. Goats are raised for meat, and chickens are raised for both eggs and meat. In addition to farming, the Kalagans catch fish and obtain wild foods and other various materials from the marshes around them. Those of highest rank in their society do not perform manual labor. Among

3080-451: The upper hand when they finally controlled the ports of the region, the population of Davao grew very slowly until the arrival of Christian missionaries in the area in 1890. Unlike the major parts of Luzon , Visayas and other coastal parts of Mindanao , Spanish rule in Davao lasted only for 50 years, abandoning it in 1898 when the Philippines became independent from Spain, making it among the shortest-lived areas controled by Spain. After

3136-501: Was moved to the newly created region Caraga on February 23, 1995. In September 2001, Executive Order No. 36 was enacted which reorganized the regions in Mindanao. Region XI , then known as Southern Mindanao , was renamed Davao Region , and the provinces of South Cotabato and Sarangani, and the cities of General Santos and Koronadal were moved to Region XII . On October 12, 2022, the Regional Peace and Order Council declared

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