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55-513: By day, the station is powered at 1,000 watts . But to protect other stations on 1300 AM from interference, at night it reduces power to 500 watts. It uses a non-directional antenna . The station first signed on the air in November ;1946 ; 78 years ago  ( 1946-11 ) . It got the call sign KROP because the Imperial Valley is an agricultural region. The station

110-546: A light bulb with a power rating of 100 W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt hours (W·h), 0.1 kilowatt hour, or 360  kJ . This same amount of energy would light a 40-watt bulb for 2.5 hours, or a 50-watt bulb for 2 hours. Power stations are rated using units of power, typically megawatts or gigawatts (for example, the Three Gorges Dam in China is rated at approximately 22 gigawatts). This reflects

165-414: A force law for the interaction between elements of electric current, Ampère placed the subject on a solid mathematical foundation. A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism , was developed by several physicists during the period between 1820 and 1873, when James Clerk Maxwell 's treatise was published, which unified previous developments into a single theory, proposing that light

220-436: A link between human-made electric current and magnetism was Gian Romagnosi , who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compass needle. However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment. Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to conduct further experiments, which eventually gave rise to a new area of physics: electrodynamics. By determining

275-474: A magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and conversely, a moving electric field transforms to a nonzero magnetic component, thus firmly showing that the phenomena are two sides of the same coin. Hence the term "electromagnetism". (For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity and Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism .) Today few problems in electromagnetism remain unsolved. These include:

330-446: A magnetic needle using a Voltaic pile. The factual setup of the experiment is not completely clear, nor if current flowed across the needle or not. An account of the discovery was published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it was largely overlooked by the contemporary scientific community, because Romagnosi seemingly did not belong to this community. An earlier (1735), and often neglected, connection between electricity and magnetism

385-452: A nearby compass needle to move. At the time of discovery, Ørsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more intensive investigations. Soon thereafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The CGS unit of magnetic induction ( oersted )

440-406: A period of one year: equivalent to approximately 114 megawatts of constant power output. The watt-second is a unit of energy, equal to the joule . One kilowatt hour is 3,600,000 watt seconds. While a watt per hour is a unit of rate of change of power with time, it is not correct to refer to a watt (or watt-hour) as a watt per hour. Electromagnetism In physics, electromagnetism

495-492: A role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in spin chemistry . Electromagnetism also plays several crucial roles in modern technology : electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators. Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times. Many ancient civilizations, including

550-413: A sewing-needle by means of the discharge of Leyden jars." The electromagnetic force is the second strongest of the four known fundamental forces and has unlimited range. All other forces, known as non-fundamental forces . (e.g., friction , contact forces) are derived from the four fundamental forces. At high energy, the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single interaction called

605-535: A turbine, which generates 648 MW e (i.e. electricity). Other SI prefixes are sometimes used, for example gigawatt electrical (GW e ). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures , which maintains the SI-standard, states that further information about a quantity should not be attached to the unit symbol but instead to the quantity symbol (e.g., P th = 270 W rather than P = 270 W th ) and so these unit symbols are non-SI. In compliance with SI,

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660-508: A unified concept of energy. This unification, which was observed by Michael Faraday , extended by James Clerk Maxwell , and partially reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz , is one of the key accomplishments of 19th-century mathematical physics . It has had far-reaching consequences, one of which was the understanding of the nature of light . Unlike what was proposed by the electromagnetic theory of that time, light and other electromagnetic waves are at present seen as taking

715-486: A unit of time, namely 1 J/s. In this new definition, 1 absolute watt = 1.00019 international watts. Texts written before 1948 are likely to be using the international watt, which implies caution when comparing numerical values from this period with the post-1948 watt. In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the absolute watt into the International System of Units (SI) as

770-629: Is also not available. After briefly resuming operations in August, a lightning strike put the station off the air on August 27. On June 11, 2019, LarDog filed to donate KROP to The Voice of International Christian Evangelism, which owns KGBA-AM - FM in Holtville . The donation was consummated on August 12, 2019. This article about a radio station in California is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Watt The watt (symbol: W )

825-572: Is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields . The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules . Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism , which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles. Electric forces cause an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with

880-411: Is compatible with special relativity. According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant that is dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space . This violates Galilean invariance , a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics. One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume

935-651: Is named after the Scottish inventor James Watt . The unit name was proposed by C. William Siemens in August 1882 in his President's Address to the Fifty-Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . Noting that units in the practical system of units were named after leading physicists, Siemens proposed that watt might be an appropriate name for a unit of power. Siemens defined

990-400: Is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism. His findings resulted in intensive research throughout the scientific community in electrodynamics. They influenced French physicist André-Marie Ampère 's developments of a single mathematical form to represent the magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors. Ørsted's discovery also represented a major step toward

1045-502: Is no one-to-one correspondence between electromagnetic units in SI and those in CGS, as is the case for mechanical units. Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit "sub-systems", including Gaussian , "ESU", "EMU", and Heaviside–Lorentz . Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase "CGS units"

1100-454: Is studied, for example, in the subject of magnetohydrodynamics , which combines Maxwell theory with the Navier–Stokes equations . Another branch of electromagnetism dealing with nonlinearity is nonlinear optics . Here is a list of common units related to electromagnetism: In the electromagnetic CGS system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes

1155-523: Is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt (V), meaning the watt is equivalent to the volt-ampere (the latter unit, however, is used for a different quantity from the real power of an electrical circuit). 1   W = 1   V ⋅ A . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V{\cdot }A} .} Two additional unit conversions for watt can be found using

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1210-467: Is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m ⋅s . It is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer . The watt is named in honor of James Watt (1736–1819), an 18th-century Scottish inventor , mechanical engineer , and chemist who improved the Newcomen engine with his own steam engine in 1776. Watt's invention

1265-587: The Greeks and the Mayans , created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning , static electricity , and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore . However, it was not until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions. In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb , Gauss and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain

1320-424: The chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life. The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together. Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life . Meanwhile, magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play

1375-564: The electroweak interaction . Most of the forces involved in interactions between atoms are explained by electromagnetic forces between electrically charged atomic nuclei and electrons . The electromagnetic force is also involved in all forms of chemical phenomena . Electromagnetism explains how materials carry momentum despite being composed of individual particles and empty space. The forces we experience when "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects result from intermolecular forces between individual molecules in our bodies and in

1430-408: The permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in vacuum is unity . As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system. Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as Maxwell's equations ) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses. This is because there

1485-599: The quantized nature of matter. In QED, changes in the electromagnetic field are expressed in terms of discrete excitations, particles known as photons , the quanta of light. Investigation into electromagnetic phenomena began about 5,000 years ago. There is evidence that the ancient Chinese , Mayan , and potentially even Egyptian civilizations knew that the naturally magnetic mineral magnetite had attractive properties, and many incorporated it into their art and architecture. Ancient people were also aware of lightning and static electricity , although they had no idea of

1540-453: The ability to disturb a compass needle. The link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin 's proposed experiments in 1752 were conducted on 10   May 1752 by Thomas-François Dalibard of France using a 40-foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite and he successfully extracted electrical sparks from a cloud. One of the first to discover and publish

1595-467: The above equation and Ohm's law . 1   W = 1   V 2 / Ω = 1   A 2 ⋅ Ω , {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V^{2}/\Omega =1~A^{2}{\cdot }\Omega } ,} where ohm ( Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } ) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance . The watt

1650-502: The deep connections between electricity and magnetism that would be discovered over 2,000 years later. Despite all this investigation, ancient civilizations had no understanding of the mathematical basis of electromagnetism, and often analyzed its impacts through the lens of religion rather than science (lightning, for instance, was considered to be a creation of the gods in many cultures). Electricity and magnetism were originally considered to be two separate forces. This view changed with

1705-562: The effects of modern physics , including quantum mechanics and relativity . The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the requirement that observations remain consistent when viewed from various moving frames of reference ( relativistic electromagnetism ) and the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the medium of propagation ( permeability and permittivity ), helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity in 1905. Quantum electrodynamics (QED) modifies Maxwell's equations to be consistent with

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1760-515: The energy company Ørsted A/S uses the unit megawatt for produced electrical power and the equivalent unit megajoule per second for delivered heating power in a combined heat and power station such as Avedøre Power Station . When describing alternating current (AC) electricity, another distinction is made between the watt and the volt-ampere . While these units are equivalent for simple resistive circuits , they differ when loads exhibit electrical reactance . Radio stations usually report

1815-576: The existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates. However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether. After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré , in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaced classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics compatible with classical electromagnetism. (For more information, see History of special relativity .) In addition, relativity theory implies that in moving frames of reference,

1870-435: The existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves . Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light , which was later shown to be true. Gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies. In the modern era, scientists continue to refine the theory of electromagnetism to account for

1925-516: The form of quantized , self-propagating oscillatory electromagnetic field disturbances called photons . Different frequencies of oscillation give rise to the different forms of electromagnetic radiation , from radio waves at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to gamma rays at the highest frequencies. Ørsted was not the only person to examine the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1802, Gian Domenico Romagnosi , an Italian legal scholar, deflected

1980-435: The formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields. This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations , a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields. Maxwell's equations provided a sound mathematical basis for the relationships between electricity and magnetism that scientists had been exploring for centuries, and predicted

2035-435: The knives took up the nails. On this the whole number was tried, and found to do the same, and that, to such a degree as to take up large nails, packing needles, and other iron things of considerable weight ... E. T. Whittaker suggested in 1910 that this particular event was responsible for lightning to be "credited with the power of magnetizing steel; and it was doubtless this which led Franklin in 1751 to attempt to magnetize

2090-478: The lack of magnetic monopoles , Abraham–Minkowski controversy , the location in space of the electromagnetic field energy, and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields. The Maxwell equations are linear, in that a change in the sources (the charges and currents) results in a proportional change of the fields. Nonlinear dynamics can occur when electromagnetic fields couple to matter that follows nonlinear dynamical laws. This

2145-460: The maximum power output it can achieve at any point in time. A power station's annual energy output, however, would be recorded using units of energy (not power), typically gigawatt hours. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours for a given period; often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt hour of energy is equal to a sustained power delivery of one terawatt for one hour, or approximately 114 megawatts for

2200-442: The mechanisms behind these phenomena. The Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus discovered around 600 B.C.E. that amber could acquire an electric charge when it was rubbed with cloth, which allowed it to pick up light objects such as pieces of straw. Thales also experimented with the ability of magnetic rocks to attract one other, and hypothesized that this phenomenon might be connected to the attractive power of amber, foreshadowing

2255-429: The molecular scale, including its density, is determined by the balance between the electromagnetic force and the force generated by the exchange of momentum carried by the electrons themselves. In 1600, William Gilbert proposed, in his De Magnete , that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects. Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had

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2310-447: The objects. The effective forces generated by the momentum of electrons' movement is a necessary part of understanding atomic and intermolecular interactions. As electrons move between interacting atoms, they carry momentum with them. As a collection of electrons becomes more confined, their minimum momentum necessarily increases due to the Pauli exclusion principle . The behavior of matter at

2365-488: The power of their transmitters in units of watts, referring to the effective radiated power . This refers to the power that a half-wave dipole antenna would need to radiate to match the intensity of the transmitter's main lobe . The terms power and energy are closely related but distinct physical quantities. Power is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed and hence is measured in units (e.g. watts) that represent energy per unit time . For example, when

2420-408: The publication of James Clerk Maxwell 's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be mediated by one force. There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments: In April 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted observed that an electrical current in a wire caused

2475-466: The same charge, while magnetism is an interaction that occurs between charged particles in relative motion. These two forces are described in terms of electromagnetic fields. Macroscopic charged objects are described in terms of Coulomb's law for electricity and Ampère's force law for magnetism; the Lorentz force describes microscopic charged particles. The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of

2530-413: The sports format, KKSC had trouble selling the format to advertisers, rendering the station dependent on the profits of sister station 96.1 KSIQ . Commonwealth Communications purchased the station from Stodelle Broadcasting in 1999. Two years later, the station changed back to KROP and began playing a classic country format provided by Westwood One 's " Real Country " service. Cherry Creek Radio bought

2585-510: The station in 2003. In 2010, LarDog Communications, LLC. purchased KROP, installed new state of the art broadcasting equipment and changed the format back to talk radio. After KSIQ was moved into the San Diego radio market , Cherry Creek Radio shut down KROP in April 2010, as the lack of an FM sister station made it difficult for the station to compete in the Imperial Valley radio market . The station

2640-559: The unit of power. In the electric power industry , megawatt electrical ( MWe or MW e ) refers by convention to the electric power produced by a generator, while megawatt thermal or thermal megawatt (MWt, MW t , or MWth, MW th ) refers to thermal power produced by the plant. For example, the Embalse nuclear power plant in Argentina uses a fission reactor to generate 2,109 MW t (i.e. heat), which creates steam to drive

2695-556: The unit within the existing system of practical units as "the power conveyed by a current of an Ampère through the difference of potential of a Volt". In October 1908, at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London, so-called international definitions were established for practical electrical units. Siemens' definition was adopted as the international watt. (Also used: 1 A × 1 Ω.) The watt

2750-494: Was a CBS Radio Network affiliate , although in the 1960s, it switched to the Mutual Broadcasting System . KROP had several music formats from the 1950s to the early 1980s, when it switched to a Talk radio format. In 1995, it flipped to country music . This lasted until 1998, when the station became KKSC , "ESPN 1300", a sports radio station affiliated with ESPN Radio . Though the station's audience grew with

2805-406: Was an electromagnetic wave propagating in the luminiferous ether . In classical electromagnetism, the behavior of the electromagnetic field is described by a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations , and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law . One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics , but it

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2860-420: Was defined as equal to 10 units of power in the practical system of units. The "international units" were dominant from 1909 until 1948. After the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1948, the international watt was redefined from practical units to absolute units (i.e., using only length, mass, and time). Concretely, this meant that 1 watt was defined as the quantity of energy transferred in

2915-685: Was fundamental for the Industrial Revolution . When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against a constant opposing force of one newton , the rate at which work is done is one watt. 1   W = 1   J / s = 1   N ⋅ m / s = 1   k g ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s − 3 . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~J{/}s=1~N{\cdot }m{/}s=1~kg{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }s^{-3}} .} In terms of electromagnetism , one watt

2970-470: Was reported by a Dr. Cookson. The account stated: A tradesman at Wakefield in Yorkshire, having put up a great number of knives and forks in a large box ... and having placed the box in the corner of a large room, there happened a sudden storm of thunder, lightning, &c. ... The owner emptying the box on a counter where some nails lay, the persons who took up the knives, that lay on the nails, observed that

3025-483: Was sold, and returned on the air when the sale was completed in August 2010. Brawley High School Wildcat Football was broadcast via the World Wide Web. On August 1, 2014, KROP returned to classic country , citing low advertising revenues for the talk radio format. It was reported on January 1, 2018, that KROP went off the air. The phone numbers for both KROP and its owner, LarDog, have been disconnected. The website

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