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99-565: KRI Nanggala (402) , also known as Nanggala II , was one of two Cakra -class Type 209/1300 diesel-electric attack submarines of the Indonesian Navy . It sank following an implosion in April 2021. Ordered in 1977, Nanggala was launched in 1980 and commissioned in 1981. It conducted intelligence gathering operations in the Indian Ocean and around East Timor and North Kalimantan . It

198-456: A West German consortium. Nanggala was laid down on 14 March 1978 and launched on 10 September 1980. It was tested in West German waters before it was handed over to Indonesia on 6 July 1981. Nanggala left West Germany in early August 1981 with 38 crew members under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Armand Aksyah. The submarine was first presented to the public on the 36th anniversary of

297-585: A back-room deal, student activists loyal to Megawati occupied the headquarters of PDI in Jakarta. This culminated in Black Saturday on 27 July , when the military broke up the demonstrations. These actions, along with increasing concerns over human rights violations in Indonesian-occupied East Timor , began to unsettle Suharto's usually friendly relations with Western countries such as Australia,

396-569: A bad relationship with Wahid through his tenure as president, stationed 40,000 troops in Jakarta and placed tanks with their turrets pointing at the Presidential Palace in a show of force . To prevent the MPR Special Session from taking place, Wahid then enacted a Decree disbanding the MPR on 23 July despite having no power to do so. In defiance against Wahid's decree, the MPR proceeded with

495-422: A depth of 838 m (2,749 ft) at the coordinates 7°48′56″S 114°51′20″E  /  7.81556°S 114.85556°E  / -7.81556; 114.85556 , roughly 1,400 m (1,500 yd) from where Nanggala had dived. The Navy said Nanggala might have had a power outage. The boat had experienced a power outage before because of a blown electrical fuse, but the boat successfully recovered after

594-532: A former Nanggala crew member and chief of staff, to replace the latter. Iwan later appointed Wirawan Ady Prasetya — another Nanggala commander — to replace the position that Harry had left posthumously. Condolences were expressed by the King of Malaysia , Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison , the South Korean Ministry of Defense, Singapore Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen and Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean ,

693-467: A foundation with affiliations to Kostrad. Through Megawati, military members began pressuring Wahid to remove Agus. Wahid gave in to the pressure but then planned to have Agus appointed as the Army Chief of Staff to which top military leaders responded by threatening to retire and Wahid once again bowed down to pressure. Wahid's relations with the military deteriorated even further when in the same month it

792-522: A higher degree of freedom of speech , in contrast to the pervasive censorship under the New Order . This has led to a more open political debate in the news media and increased expression in the arts. Events that have shaped Indonesia in this period include the independence of East Timor , a bombing campaign by Islamic terrorists (including the 2002 Bali bombings ), the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , religious and political tensions from 2016 to 2019 , and

891-562: A minor collision near the area. Nanggala underwent a refit at Howaldtswerke that was completed in 1989. Roughly two decades later, the boat underwent a full refit for two years in South Korea by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) that was completed in January 2012. The refit cost US$ 63.7 million, replaced much of the submarine's upper structure, and upgraded its weaponry, sonar, radar, combat control and propulsion systems. After

990-482: A novel infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020. As of 5 November 2020, the coronavirus has killed more than 14,000 people in Indonesia. In late 2020, the pandemic has caused the economy to fall into a recession for the first time in 22 years. In October 2020, protests erupted throughout Indonesia after

1089-608: A number of intelligence-gathering operations in the waters around Indonesia, including one in the Indian Ocean from April to May 1992, and another around East Timor from August to October 1999, in which the boat tracked the movements of the International Force East Timor as it landed in the region. During May 2005, the submarine was tasked with scouting, infiltrating, and hunting down strategic targets around Ambalat , after Indonesian KRI Tedong Naga  [ id ] and Malaysian KD  Rencong were involved in

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1188-592: A result of the Asian financial crisis , meant that the Indonesian Navy was unable to procure any additional submarines until 2017. As a result, Cakra and Nanggala were the only active submarines in the Indonesian Navy between the decommissioning of KRI  Pasopati in 1994 and the commissioning of KRI  Nagapasa in 2017. By 2020, Indonesia had made plans to own and operate eight submarines by 2024. Nanggala participated in several naval exercises, including

1287-488: A similar refit from October 1997 to mid-1999. Cakra began another refit at Daewoo Shipyard, South Korea in 2004. It was completed in 2005. Work is reported to have included new batteries, overhaul of engines and modernisation of the combat system. A similar refit of Nanggala was completed in early 2012. In 1999–2000, relations between Indonesia and Australia were tense following a referendum in East Timor , in which

1386-571: A softer stance towards Aceh by having less military personnel on the ground. In March, the Wahid administration began to open negotiations with the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Two months later in May, the government signed a memorandum of understanding with GAM to last until the beginning of 2001, by which time both signatories would have breached the agreement. On 30 December 1999, Wahid visited Jayapura ,

1485-646: A speed of 2.5 knots (4.6 km/h) but was unable to obtain enough information to identify the contact before it disappeared. Admiral Yudo Margono, Chief Staff of Indonesian Navy, also reported that an Indonesian naval vessel had detected an object that was magnetic at a depth of 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 feet). The Indonesian Navy had deployed six additional ships to the area: KRI  Dr. Soeharso , KRI  Hasan Basri , KRI  Karel Satsuitubun , KRI  Singa , KRI  Hiu and KRI  Layang . Yudo Margono also noted on Thursday that three submarines, five airplanes, and 21 warships had been deployed in

1584-415: A torpedo drill, but failed to report its results as expected. Further details emerged that Nanggala had requested permission to dive to fire an SUT torpedo at 03:00 WIB ( 20:00 UTC , 20 April ). At around 04:00, Nanggala should have been flooding its torpedo tubes in preparation for the firing of the torpedo. The last communication with Nanggala was at 04:25 , when the commanding officer of

1683-671: The 1999 legislative election . In May 1999, the Habibie administration passed the Regional Autonomy Law, which was the first step in decentralising Indonesia's government and allowing provinces to have more part in governing their areas. The press became liberated under Habibie, although the Ministry of Information continued to exist. Political prisoners such as Sri Bintang Pamungkas, Muchtar Pakpahan , and Xanana Gusmão were also released under Habibie's orders. Habibie also presided over

1782-526: The 2004 legislative elections . At the end of November, 151 People's Representative Council (DPR) members signed a petition calling for the impeachment of Wahid. In January 2001, Wahid announced that Chinese New Year was to become an optional holiday. Wahid followed this up in February by lifting the ban on the display of Chinese characters and the importing of Chinese publications. In February, Wahid visited Northern Africa as well as Saudi Arabia to undertake

1881-594: The COVID-19 pandemic . The Reformasi of 1998 led to changes in Indonesia's various governmental institutions, including the structures of the judiciary, legislature, and executive office. Generally, the fall of Suharto in 1998 is traced from events starting in 1996, when forces opposed to the New Order began to rally around Megawati Sukarnoputri , head of the PDI and daughter of the founding president Sukarno . When Suharto attempted to have Megawati removed as head of this party in

1980-567: The Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training exercises in 2002 and 2015. In 2004, the boat participated in the Joint Marine Operations Exercise held in the Indian Ocean, during which it sank the decommissioned KRI  Rakata . In August 2012, the boat conducted a passing exercise with USS  Oklahoma City , accompanied by KRI  Diponegoro and a Bölkow-Blohm helicopter. The submarine conducted

2079-535: The Indonesian National Armed Forces on 5 October 1981. Sixteen days later, it was commissioned by the Minister of Defense and Security, General M.   Jusuf . During the 1960s, Indonesia was known as one of the largest Asian naval powers, with 12 Soviet-made Whiskey-class submarines in its fleet. However, by 1981, during the New Order , when Cakra and Nanggala arrived in Indonesia to reinforce

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2178-585: The Ministry of Public Works and Housing to 53 families of the deceased crew. Cakra-class submarine The Cakra -class submarines were ordered on 2 April 1977, designed by Ingenieurkontor Lübeck of Lübeck , constructed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Kiel , and sold by Ferrostaal of Essen – all acting together as a West German consortium . They were laid down on 25 November 1977 and March 1978, and completed on 18 March 1981 and 6 July 1981, respectively. There were plans to build two more boats of

2277-593: The Nanggala died in a failed torpedo launch exercise. The submarine was then sent to South Korea for repair. On 21 April 2021, Air Chief Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto , Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces , reported that Nanggala was believed to have disappeared in waters about 95 km (51 nautical miles) north of Bali. Indonesian Navy spokesperson First Admiral Julius Widjojono  [ id ] stated that Nanggala had been conducting

2376-598: The National Unity Cabinet ( Indonesian : Kabinet Persatuan Nasional ), was a coalition cabinet that represented several political parties: the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), National Awakening Party (PKB), Golkar, the United Development Party (PPP), National Mandate Party (PAN), and Justice Party (PK). Non-partisans and the military (TNI) were also represented in

2475-606: The bagi-bagi kursi (giving government positions to political allies) policy, although these promises are yet to be fulfilled. The Indonesian rupiah hit its lowest level record in 20 years during his administration. A controversial remark by his former deputy governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) led to divisions in the country's Muslim population amid a gubernatorial election . Protests were held in response to Ahok's remark by Islamist groups in November and December 2016 in Jakarta. The Jokowi administration responded by banning

2574-532: The hajj pilgrimage. Wahid made his last overseas visit in June 2001 when he visited Australia. In a meeting with university rectors on 27 January 2001, Wahid commented on the possibility of Indonesia descending into anarchy. Wahid suggested that he may be forced to dissolve the DPR if that happened. Although the meeting was off-the-record, it caused quite a stir and added to the fuel of the movement against him. On 1 February,

2673-411: The poverty rate in Indonesia was 9.82 percent, down from March 2017 which was 10.64 percent. This was the first time that poverty levels in Indonesia had been reduced to below two digits. Previously, the poverty rate was always above 10 percent, even reaching 23.4 percent in 1999 after the 1997-1998 crisis. On 17 April 2019, Indonesia held a general election . For the first time, eligible voters chose

2772-538: The 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) resolution on the banning of Marxism–Leninism be lifted. When he ascended to the presidency, one of Wahid's goals was to reform the military and to remove its dominant socio-political role. In this venture, Wahid found an ally in Agus Wirahadikusumah , whom he made Commander of Kostrad in March. In July, Agus began uncovering a scandal involving Dharma Putra,

2871-666: The 1999 legislative elections, the first free election since 1955 . It was supervised by the independent General Elections Commission (KPU) instead of an elections commission filled with government ministers as had been the case during the New Order. In a move that surprised many, and angered some, Habibie called for a referendum on the future of East Timor . Subsequently, on 30 August, the inhabitants of East Timor voted for independence. This territorial loss harmed Habibie's popularity and political alliances. In 1999, Abdurrahman Wahid became President of Indonesia. His first cabinet, dubbed

2970-442: The DPR met to issue a memorandum against Wahid. Two memorandums constitute an MPR Special Session where the impeachment and removal of a president would be legal. The vote was overwhelmingly for the memorandum, and PKB members could only walk out in protest. The memorandum caused widespread protests by NU members. In East Java, NU members attacked Golkar's regional offices. In Jakarta, Wahid's opposition began accusing him of encouraging

3069-463: The East Timorese population voted for independence from Indonesia. During the hiatus between the announcement of the referendum result and its ratification and withdrawal by Indonesia, an international peacekeeping force for East Timor, named INTERFET , was announced. A Royal Australian Navy transport vessel, HMAS  Kanimbla , was to serve as an INTERFET command post. As Kanimbla approached

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3168-524: The Indonesian Navy and state-owned oil regulator SKK Migas to raise the submarine. By 18 May , the team had successfully recovered two life rafts that weighed approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each. However, they had yet to locate the submarine's pressure hull, and gave up on lifting the bridge after a sling was broken during a failed attempt, as the bridge likely weighed over 20 tonnes (20,000 kg; 44,000 lb). On 20 April 2022, Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto gave keys to housing built by

3267-602: The Indonesian Navy declared Nanggala lost with all hands, the People's Consultative Assembly recommended a posthumous promotion for all personnel on board. Hadi Tjahjanto stated that he would propose the promotions to Indonesian President Joko Widodo. A day later, on 26 April, Joko Widodo announced that the government would award a posthumous promotion and confer posthumously the Bintang Jalasena (Navy Meritorious Service Star) to everyone on board Nanggala . The ceremony conferring

3366-746: The Indonesian chapter of Hizb ut-Tahrir . There have been concerns of declining freedom of expression during this period, evidenced by the arrest, detainment, and imprisonment of many people for their social media activity being interpreted as an insult to the president and the government. Several disasters, such as earthquakes (In Palu , Lombok , and Banten ) and a haze due to deforestation in Borneo and Sumatra occurred during this period. ISIL-linked bombings have also occurred in Jakarta and Surabaya . Central Statistics Agency reported in March 2018 that

3465-571: The Madurese. Growing dissatisfaction with Suharto's authoritarian rule and the rapid erosion of the economy led many, chiefly the younger generation, to renew their protests directly against the New Order. During the 1997–1998 period (mainly on 13–15 May 1998 ), a massive riot broke out in Indonesia. People were burning everything within the city, including cars, motorcycles, buildings, and monuments in addition to pillaging and looting from stores. After Suharto's resignation, Vice President B. J. Habibie

3564-464: The Manggarai watergate with the risk of flooding the Presidential Palace. On 1 October 2005, suicide bombings occurred on the island of Bali. The attacks bore the hallmarks of the militant Islamic group Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)—a group linked to Al-Qaeda—though police investigation was underway. The group was also responsible for the 2002 Bali bombings . SBY condemned the attack, promising to "hunt down

3663-528: The Special Session and then unanimously voted to impeach Wahid, and to replace him with Megawati as president. Wahid continued to insist that he was the president and stayed for some days in the Presidential Palace but bowed down and left the residence on 25 July to immediately fly to the United States for health treatment. Under Megawati Sukarnoputri , the daughter of Indonesia's first president Sukarno ,

3762-471: The State Logistics Agency (Bulog) reported that US$ 4 million was missing from its pension fund. The missing cash had been embezzled by Wahid's own masseur , who claimed Wahid sent him to Bulog to collect the cash. Although the money was returned, Wahid's opponents took the chance of accusing him of being involved in the scandal and of being aware of what his masseur was up to. At the same time, Wahid

3861-470: The UK's Minister of State for Asia, Nigel Adams , and ambassador to Indonesia, Owen Jenkins . United States Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin expressed his "heartfelt concern" in a call with Prabowo Subianto. During the search, use of the hashtag #PrayForKRINanggala402 and #KRINanggala402 became popular on Twitter . After Nanggala had been declared sunk, the phrases "On Eternal Patrol" and "Rest In Peace", and

3960-540: The United Kingdom, and the United States. These further worsened when the 1997 Asian financial crisis hit Indonesia, highlighting the corruption of the New Order. In West Kalimantan , there was communal violence between Dayaks and Madurese in 1996, in the 1999 Sambas riots , and the 2001 Sampit conflict , resulting in large scale massacres of the Madurese. In the Sambas conflict, both Malays and Dayaks massacred

4059-398: The area, the debris was believed to have come from the submarine, and Nanggala was declared sunk. Yudo Margono stated that a sonar scan had shown the submarine at a depth of 850 m (2,800 ft), and its crush depth was presumed to be 500 m (1,600 ft). Due to the maximum operational depth limitation of 800 m (2,600 ft) of Rigel ' s two underwater ROVs, Rigel

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4158-456: The authentic evidence we found believed to be from the submarine, we have now moved from the sub miss phase to sub sunk", Navy Chief Yudo Margono has said. He also stated that scans have detected the submarine 850 metres (2,790 ft) deep, significantly below the 500 metres (1,600 ft) Nanggala was able to withstand. On 25 April, Nanggala was found, split into three parts, and the entire crew of 53 people were confirmed dead. "Based on

4257-784: The authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), as well as several bills. The protests subsequently developed into the largest student movement in Indonesia since the 1998 demonstrations that brought down the Suharto regime . On 26 August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced that the country's new capital city will be located in East Kalimantan on Borneo island. The new capital will replace Jakarta and will be built in parts of Penajam North Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency . An ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),

4356-438: The awards and promotions was held on 29 April, attended by Joko Widodo, Minister of Defense Prabowo Subianto , Hadi Tjahjanto, and Yudo Margono. Tubagus Hasanuddin recommended that the Indonesian Navy's remaining Cakra -class submarine be taken out of service. Parliamentarian Utut Adianto stated that Indonesia's defences required modernization. Frans Wuwung , former head of the engine room of Nanggala , stated that despite

4455-399: The boat. Janes Defence News also reported that the navy had sent a number of other warships to the area. The governments of Australia, Singapore, and India had responded to Indonesian requests for assistance. On 22 April , the Indonesian Navy reported that an oil slick had been observed at multiple locations. Indonesian frigate Raden Eddy Martadinata had detected movement underwater at

4554-453: The cabinet. Among Wahid's administrative reforms were the abolition of the Ministry of Information, the New Order's primary weapon in controlling the media, and the disbandment of the Ministry of Welfare, which had become corrupt and extortionist under the New Order. Wahid intended to give rebellious Aceh province a referendum on various modes of autonomy, rather than an option for independence like in East Timor. Wahid also wanted to adopt

4653-406: The cabinet. As Yudhoyono's promised during the election, four of the cabinet appointees were female. In late 2007, Yudhoyono led Indonesia into a free trade agreement with Japan. In 2005, economic growth was 5.6% which decreased to 5.4% in 2006 Inflation reached 17.11% in 2005 but decreased to 6.6% in 2006. Yudhoyono also allocated more funds to decrease poverty. In 2004, 11 trillion rupiah

4752-485: The capital of Papua province (then known as "Irian Jaya"). Wahid was successful in convincing West Papuan leaders that he was a force for change and even encouraged the use of the name Papua. In September 2000, Wahid declared martial law in Maluku. By now, it was evident that Laskar Jihad , a radical Islamic militia, were being assisted by members of the military and it was apparent that they were financed by Fuad Bawazier,

4851-565: The coast of East Timor, it entered what were technically still Indonesian waters. An Indonesian Cakra -class submarine was conducting a routine patrol duties in the Timor Sea , when its sonar detected several unidentified surface ships moving towards Dili . The submarine's commander directed the ship to submerge to periscope depth. The unidentified surface ships turned out to be a convoy of three ships: Kanimbla and two Royal New Zealand Navy frigates. The submarine captain ordered preparations for

4950-581: The commander of the submarine, and Lieutenant Colonel Irfan Suri, an officer from the Weapons Materials and Electronics Service. At noon on 22 April, Yudo Margono stated that the oxygen reserves on Nanggala would be sufficient for the entire crew and passengers for three days after it had submerged, noting that the oxygen would run out on Saturday, 24 April, at 03:00 (20:00 UTC, 23 April). Submarine experts stated that submarines have backup systems that may provide sufficient oxygen for some time depending on

5049-566: The country has been in a period of transition known as the Reform era (Indonesian: Era Reformasi ). This period has been characterised by a more open political-social environment and grassroots economic improvement. Issues over this period have included a push for a stronger democracy and civilian rule, elements of the military trying to retain their influence, a growing Islamism in politics and society , and demands for greater regional autonomy . The process of reformasi has resulted in

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5148-473: The country's naval defenses, only one of the 12 Whiskey-class submarines had still retained the ability to dive. The Indonesian government had planned to purchase a Type 206A submarine from Germany in the late 1990s, but was unable to do so due to funding issues. During the beginning of the Reform Era , an embargo on military equipment imposed by the U.S., as well as continuing financial problems experienced as

5247-413: The crew's safety. On 21 April around 07:00, an aerial search revealed traces of an oil spill on the surface of the water near the location where the submarine was believed to have dived. Indonesian Navy deployed three warships— KRI  Diponegoro , KRI  Raden Eddy Martadinata , and KRI  I Gusti Ngurah Rai —to search for Nanggala . Widjojono stated that a team of divers was searching for

5346-427: The direct election of the president, and Megawati stood for a second term. She consistently trailed in the opinion polls, due in part to the preference for male candidates among Muslim voters, and due to what was widely seen as a mediocre performance in office . Despite a somewhat better than expected performance in the first round of the elections , she was defeated by SBY in the second round. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

5445-411: The drill, hampering communications between the boat and rescue vessels in the area. At the time it went missing, Nanggala had 53 people on board: 49 crew members, 1 commander, and 3 weapons specialists. The highest-ranking naval officer in the submarine was Colonel Harry Setyawan , the commander of the submarine unit of the 2nd Fleet Command. Subordinates with him were Lieutenant Colonel Heri Oktavian,

5544-659: The earthquake triggered a tsunami in Nias Island . In 2006, Mount Merapi erupted and was followed by an earthquake in Yogyakarta . In October 2010, Mount Merapi erupted , killing 353 people, while an earthquake and tsunami struck the Mentawai Islands . Indonesia also suffered a small outbreak of bird flu and endured the Sidoarjo mud flow . In 2007, severe floods struck Jakarta . SBY allowed Jakarta governor Sutiyoso to open

5643-580: The evidence, it can be stated that the KRI Nanggala has sunk and all of its crew have died," Marshal Hadi Tjahjanto told reporters. Post-Suharto era in Indonesia The Post-Suharto era (Indonesian: Era pasca-Suharto ) is the contemporary history in Indonesia , which began with the resignation of authoritarian president Suharto on 21 May 1998. Since his resignation,

5742-573: The firing of torpedoes. While the New Zealand frigate crews were aware of the presence of a submarine, they were unable to determine its exact position. At that point, the commander of Kanimbla communicated with the Australian government regarding the situation, and Canberra contacted Jakarta to request permission for the INTERFET vessels to enter Indonesian waters and set course to Dili. The submarine

5841-426: The governments of Singapore and Australia to aid in the search. US Navy and Indian Navy also responded. India dispatched its DSRV from Vishakhapatnam and United States stated it was sending airborne assets. On 24 April, Indonesia officially declared that the submarine had sunk, following the retrieval of objects believed to have been parts of Nanggala , including a torpedo straightener and prayer mats. "With

5940-580: The last Minister of Finance to have served under Suharto. During the same month, West Papuans raised their Morning Star flag . Wahid's response was to allow this provided that the Morning Star flag was placed lower than the Indonesian flag , for which he was severely criticised by Megawati and Akbar. On 24 December 2000, a series of bombings were directed against churches in Jakarta and eight cities across Indonesia. In March of that year, Wahid suggested that

6039-579: The members of which are now in service as the Nagapasa class . The Cakra -class submarines have high capacity batteries with GRP lead–acid cells and battery cooling supplied by Wilhelm Hagen AG. The Cakra -class underwent major refits at HDW spanning three years from 1986 to 1989. These refits were expensive and lengthy and may have discouraged further orders at that time. Cakra was refitted again at Surabaya from 1993 to April 1997, including replacement batteries and updated Sinbad TFCS. Nanggala received

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6138-482: The motto Wira Ananta Rudira ( Sanskrit : Steadfast to the End), used by the submarine unit to which Nanggala belonged, saw increased usage. On 3 May , two Chinese navy ships, ocean tug Nantuo (195) and ocean salvage and rescue ship Yongxingdao (863), arrived to assist with the recovery of the wreck. Scientific research vessel Explorer 2 was scheduled to arrive the next day. There have also been discussions between

6237-475: The next day called for an MPR Special Session to be held on 1 August. By July, Wahid grew desperate and ordered Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), the Coordinating Minister for Politics and Security to declare a state of emergency . SBY refused, and Wahid removed him from his position. Finally, on 20 July, Amien declared that the MPR Special Session would be brought forward to 23 July. The TNI, having had

6336-447: The perpetrators and bring them to justice.". In 2009 , Yudhoyono was elected for a second term along with Boediono , the former Governor of Bank Indonesia . They defeated two candidates: Megawati Soekarnoputri – Prabowo Subianto and incumbent vice-president, Jusuf Kalla – Wiranto . The Yudhoyono-Boediono ticket won the election with more than 60% votes of nationwide in the first round. Yudhoyono's Second United Indonesia Cabinet

6435-585: The poor workmanship by PT PAL on the KRI Alugoro , a Changbogo -class submarine assembled by PT PAL's Surabaya yard and launched on 11 April 2019. Oktavian was also quoted as saying: "This submarine (the Alugoro ) by PT PAL, there's nothing good about it". Nanggala was last serviced by PT PAL in 2020. No further refitting of Nanggala was requested to DSME after the 2012 refit despite the need for submarines to undergo maintenance at least once every six years. After

6534-477: The president, the vice president, members of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), and members of local legislative bodies simultaneously. The election was described as "one of the most complicated single-day ballots in global history". Jokowi and his vice presidential candidate Ma'ruf Amin won the election against Prabowo and his running mate Sandiaga Uno . It was followed by protests and riots in May rejecting

6633-508: The process of democratic reform begun under Habibie and Wahid continued, albeit slowly and erratically. Megawati appeared to see her role mainly as a symbol of national unity, and she rarely actively intervened in government business. Under her tenure, the Mutual Assistance Cabinet ( Indonesian : Kabinet Gotong Royong ) helped govern the country. It included Megawati's successor, the retired General SBY. The military, disgraced at

6732-430: The protests. Wahid denied it and went to talk to the protesters at the town of Pasuruan , encouraging them to get off the streets. Nevertheless, NU protesters continued to show their support for Wahid and in April, announced that they were ready to defend and die for the president. In March, Wahid tried to counter the opposition by moving against dissidents within his own cabinet. Minister of Justice Yusril Ihza Mahendra

6831-624: The re-election during which at least 8 protesters were killed. On 16 August 2019, forty-three Papuan students in Surabaya , East Java were arrested by police following reports that an Indonesian flag was damaged outside the building where they lived, leading to protests in Papua and other parts of Indonesia . A series of mass demonstrations led by students took place in major cities of Indonesia in September 2019 to protest against new legislation that reduces

6930-452: The refit, Nanggala became capable of firing four torpedoes simultaneously at four different targets and launching anti-ship missiles such as Exocet or Harpoon . Its safe diving depth was increased to 257 metres (843 ft), and its top speed was increased from 21.5 knots (39.8 km/h) to 25 knots (46 km/h). In November 2016, the submarine was equipped with an ASELSAN KULAÇ echosounder system . In 2012, three crew members of

7029-432: The refit, the submarine had failed a torpedo firing test, which resulted in three deaths. Hasanuddin also said Nanggala had exceeded its design capacity of 38 with 53 people on board when it sank. Yudo Margono said the vessel was combat ready, had received a letter of acceptance, and had a history of successful firing exercises. Hasanuddin also questioned why 53 people were allowed on board the Nanggala when it sunk despite

7128-484: The same class but eventually nothing came of it. On 25 September 1997, Indonesia took over two ex-German Type 206 submarines with plans to refit them, followed by three others. Funds ran out in June 1998 and the whole project was then cancelled. New plans to acquire submarines from South Korea were announced in October 2003. Then it was revealed that the intended procurement was an improved Jang Bogo -class submarine ,

7227-495: The same name. KRI Nanggala was ordered on 2 April 1977 and was financed as part of a US$ 625 million loan by the West German government to the Indonesian government. About $ 100 million was spent on the submarine and its sister vessel, KRI  Cakra . The vessel was designed by Ingenieurkontor Lübeck of Lübeck , constructed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Kiel , and sold by Ferrostaal of Essen – all acting together as

7326-544: The search area. U.S. Department of Defense press secretary John Kirby stated that the department was sending airborne assets to assist in the search. These included a P-8 Poseidon maritime patrol aircraft. On 23 April, the Indonesian National Police also sent four police ships equipped with remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and sonar devices. Fleet Commander Australia, Rear Admiral Mark Hammond announced that HMAS Ballarat and HMAS Sirius would join

7425-593: The search effort. Submarine KRI  Alugoro had also joined the search. KRI  Rigel , a warship with more powerful sonar equipment, was expected to arrive on 23 April . The Republic of Singapore Navy deployed its submarine rescue vessel, MV  Swift Rescue and the Royal Malaysian Navy sent its MV  Mega Bakti respectively, to the scene. The Indian Navy announced that their deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) had departed naval facilities at Visakhapatnam , Andhra Pradesh , en route to

7524-457: The search operation. Other nations, including Germany, France, Russia, Turkey, and Thailand, offered assistance. On 24 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy announced the finding of debris, including a part associated with torpedo tubes, a coolant pipe insulator, a bottle of periscope grease, and prayer rugs . Because the debris was found within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the point of last contact and no other vessels were believed to be in

7623-478: The ship executed an emergency main ballast tank blow . After the finding of debris from Nanggala , Yudo Margono said the submarine might have cracked instead of exploded, as an explosion would have been detected by sonar. Indonesian legislator and retired Major General Tubagus Hasanuddin suspected the refit, performed by the South Korean firm DSME in 2012, may not have been performed properly. He said that after

7722-626: The ship only being designed for 34 crew. Nanggala commander Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who died in the incident, had voiced his frustration with the maintenance status of the Nanggala to Edna C. Pattisna, a close friend, who is also a reporter with local news media Kompas , for which she published an article titled Message from KRI Nanggala-402 Commander . Oktavian claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned shipyard PT PAL Indonesia were unsatisfactory and suffered from frequent delays. He lamented that an officer encountered criticism from his superiors for reporting

7821-421: The ship. The cause of the sinking is presumed to be a power outage. Nanggala had experienced outages before but recovered successfully. Lt. Col. Heri Oktavian, who was killed in the incident, had previously voiced his frustrations about the maintenance of the ship; he claimed that the workmanship quality and maintenance services performed by state-owned naval dockyard PT PAL were unsatisfactory. The submarine

7920-438: The state of the equipment. A crisis center equipped with an ambulance and a mobile hyperbaric chamber was established at the 2nd Fleet Command  [ id ] headquarters in Surabaya . The center was also a source of information for the media and families of the submarine crew members. Indonesian president Joko Widodo stated that the safety of the crew of Nanggala was of top priority and invited everyone to pray for

8019-406: The subject of protests in May and June 2008. To alleviate the effects of rising prices on poor people, Yudhoyono introduced cash transfers , known in Indonesia as Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT, Direct Cash Assistance), from October 2005 to December 2006 with a target of 19.2 million poor families. BLT was given again in 2008. The BLT concept was the idea of vice president Jusuf Kalla . In 2013, BLT

8118-447: The submarine's age, its equipment was still in good condition due to proper maintenance and did not consider such a modernization necessary. Two days after the sub had been declared sunk, Rahmat Eko Rahardjo, the commander of the 2nd Fleet Naval Combat Squad who had given permission for Nanggala to dive, and ING Sudihartawan, the commander of the 2nd Fleet, were relieved of their commands by Hadi Tjahjanto. Hadi appointed Iwan Isnurwanto,

8217-488: The submarine, including the rudder, diving plane , anchor, and external parts of the pressure hull , as well as items such as an MK11 submarine escape suit . The ROV Super Spartan from MV Swift Rescue of the Singapore Navy first made visual contact with the wreck and determined that the submarine had split into three parts. Using a multibeam echosounder , KRI Rigel confirmed the final position of Nanggala at

8316-446: The time of Suharto's fall, regained much of its influence. Corruption continued to be pervasive though Megawati herself was seldom blamed for this, and also commence military operations against the GAM separatist . Although the economy had stabilised and partly recovered from the 1997 crisis by 2004, unemployment and poverty remained high. The Indonesian Constitution was amended to provide for

8415-564: The training task force would have authorized the firing of torpedo number 8. Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Yudo Margono reported that Nanggala had fired a live torpedo and a practice torpedo before contact was lost. The navy sent a distress call to the International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office at around 09:37 to report the boat as missing and presumably sunk. The navy stated that it

8514-458: Was a participant of the international Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training naval exercise and conducted a passing exercise with USS  Oklahoma City . The vessel underwent major refits by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in 2012 and Indonesian state-owned shipyard PT PAL in 2020. On 21 April 2021, the ship went missing during a routine exercise in the Bali Sea . It

8613-579: Was also accused of keeping a US$ 2 million donation made by the Sultan of Brunei to provide assistance in Aceh . By the end of 2000, many within the political elite were disillusioned with Wahid. The most prominent was Amien Rais who regretted having supported Wahid for the presidency the previous year. Amien attempted to rally opposition by encouraging Megawati and Akbar to flex their political muscles. Megawati surprisingly defended Wahid while Akbar preferred to wait for

8712-486: Was announced in October 2009 after he was re-elected as president earlier in the year. In 2014 , constitutionally barred from running for a third term, SBY was succeeded by Joko Widodo (popularly known as Jokowi) with Kalla returning as vice president, defeating Prabowo and Hatta Rajasa . Jokowi is the first president without a high-ranking military or political background. During his 2014 election campaign , Jokowi promised to improve economic GDP growth to 7% and to end

8811-457: Was commanded by Colonel Harry Setyawan , and had 49 crewmembers and 3 weapon specialists on board. The Indonesian Navy, assisted by other countries, conducted a search, and three days later debris was discovered 19 kilometres (12 mi) from the point of last contact, and Nanggala was declared sunk. There were no survivors; all 53 people on board the ship died. On 26 April, the Indonesian government awarded posthumous promotions to everyone aboard

8910-651: Was inaugurated as president on 20 October 2004. The next day, he announced his new cabinet, which would be known as the United Indonesia Cabinet ( Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu ). Consisting of 36 ministers, it included members of the Democratic Party , Golkar and the PPP , PBB, PKB, PAN, PKP, and PKS. Professionals were also named in the cabinet, most of them taking on ministries in the economic field. The military were also included, with five former members appointed to

9009-464: Was named after the Nanggala , a powerful, divine short spear wielded by Prabhu Baladewa , a Hindu god mentioned in the Mahabharata and a character in wayang puppet theatre. Legend states that the spear is capable of melting mountains and splitting oceans. The vessel was also known as Nanggala II in order to differentiate it from RI Nanggala (S-02), an older Whiskey-class submarine sharing

9108-411: Was ordered not to obstruct the convoy. It then surfaced and shadowed the convoy for the rest of its voyage. On 21 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy announced that Nanggala , with 53 sailors on board, had failed to report after a SUT torpedo live fire exercise in the Bali Sea . The Indonesian government announced that a search party had been deployed, and that they had requested the assistance of

9207-452: Was possible that Nanggala experienced a power outage before falling to a depth of 600–700 m (2,000–2,300 ft). Widjojono stated that Nanggala was able to dive to a depth of 500 m (1,600 ft). The deepest areas of the Bali Sea are over 1,500 m (4,900 ft) below sea level. It was also reported that the underwater telephone (UWT) of the submarine was defective during

9306-458: Was removed for making public his demands for the president's resignation while the Minister of Forestry Nur Mahmudi Ismail was also removed under the suspicion of channelling his department's funds to Wahid's opposition. In response to this, Megawati began to distance herself and did not show up for the inauguration of the Ministers' replacement. On 30 April, the DPR issued a second memorandum and on

9405-464: Was renamed Bantuan Langsung Sementara Masyarakat (BLSM, Temporary Community Direct Assistance). The BLT program has been criticized as a unsustainable tool to make Yudhoyono more popular during election years. Two months after SBY assumed office, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami struck Aceh and other countries along the Indian Ocean coastline. Three months later, an aftershock of

9504-585: Was revealed that Laskar Jihad had arrived in Maluku and was being armed with what turned out to be military weapons, despite Wahid's orders to the military to block their entry into the region. The militia had planned earlier in the year to go to the archipelago and assist the Muslims there in their communal conflict with the Christians . In 2000, Wahid was embroiled in two scandals that would damage his presidency. In May,

9603-539: Was set aside, increasing to 23 in 2005 and 42 in 2006. For 2007, 51 trillion was allocated. In March and October 2005, SBY made the unpopular decision to cut fuel subsidies, leading to increases in fuel prices of 29% and 125% respectively. The poor were somewhat compensated by the Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), but the cutting of subsidies damaged SBY's popularity. In May 2008, rising oil prices contributed to SBY's decision to cut fuel subsidies once more, which were

9702-487: Was sworn in as president and undertook numerous political reforms. In February 1999, the Habibie administration passed the Political Parties Law, under which political parties would not be limited to just three as had been the case under Suharto. Political parties were also not required to have Pancasila as their ideology. This resulted in the emergence of many political parties, and 48 would go on to compete in

9801-522: Was unable to launch them and was assisted by the submarine rescue ship MV Swift Rescue of the Republic of Singapore Navy , which launched its 1,000-metre (3,300 ft) depth-capable drone and located and made visual contact with Nanggala at 09:04. On 25 April 2021, the Indonesian Navy confirmed that the Nanggala had imploded and that all 53 personnel on board were lost. Underwater scans identified parts of

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