A television station is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity such as an amateur television (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via radio waves directly from a transmitter on the earth's surface to any number of tuned receivers simultaneously.
44-464: KOCT (channel 6) was a television station in Carlsbad, New Mexico , United States, which operated from 1956 to 2012. Originally established as KAVE-TV, an independent local station for Carlsbad, in 1956, it was the regional affiliate of CBS for the next decade. The construction of the higher-power KBIM-TV at Roswell in 1966 caused KOCT to lose its CBS affiliation; at that time, it was sold and began
88-505: A barter in some cases. KBIM-TV KBIM-TV (channel 10) is a television station licensed to Roswell, New Mexico , United States, affiliated with CBS and Fox . It is a satellite of Albuquerque -based KRQE (channel 13), which is owned by Nexstar Media Group . KBIM-TV's offices are located on Main Street in Roswell, and its transmitter is located in southeast Chaves County atop
132-632: A 46-year history as a satellite of three ABC affiliates in succession: KVKM-TV in Monahans, Texas ; KELP-TV/KVIA-TV in El Paso, Texas ; and KOAT-TV in Albuquerque . Only once in that time, from 1982 to 1984, did the station produce significant local programming in Carlsbad. The call sign was changed to KVIO-TV in 1987 and to KOCT in 1993. In 2012, KOAT surrendered the full-power KOCT license and replaced it with
176-690: A TV station and had purchased a site on "C" Mountain in 1950. The FCC granted the permit in June, though before the station was built, negotiations were concluded to sell KAVE radio and the television station permit to Voice of the Caverns, a company of the Battison family consisting of Nancy Hewitt and John Battison, so that Carlsbad Broadcasting Corporation president Val Lawrence could dedicate himself to managing KROD-TV in El Paso. The English-born John Battison, who first visited
220-517: A call informing him that the station's new tower on the Caprock had collapsed. He believed it to be an April Fool's Day joke; however, it was not. The top 1,350 feet (410 m) of the mast, which housed KBIM-TV and KBIM-FM , fell to the ground. A new tall tower was in service by September. The license was transferred to a related company, Holsum, Incorporated, in 1970. Tragedy struck the KBIM stations for
264-415: A much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in
308-459: A new channel 8 TV station was the reason for the delay in KOB purchasing KSWS-TV earlier in the decade. For KGGM-TV, buying the Roswell station also came with a perk that would benefit every other Albuquerque station. The two television ratings agencies, Arbitron and Nielsen , had reckoned Roswell as a separate media market . Not only would KGGM have access to Roswell's households for the first time, but
352-458: A news bureau in Roswell and began feeding its existing translators and regional cable systems a version of KOAT with local news, weather, and advertising inserts. The move allowed KOAT-TV to cement itself as the only source of ABC programming in the region. This was important because of a series of developments in the 1980s. In 1985, Roswell's NBC station, KSWS-TV, was acquired by Albuquerque's KOB and became KOBR . New Mexico Broadcasting Company,
396-515: A push to provide live programming to Carlsbad viewers, which then needed cable service to receive the Albuquerque stations. This materialized in May 1964 with FCC approval to build a microwave relay between Carlsbad and El Paso. In 1966, Deme sold KAVE radio and television to separate, but related owners. The manager of radio station KVKM in Monahans, Texas , Ross Rucker, acquired KAVE radio for $ 118,000. At
440-493: A second time on the morning of May 31, 1977, when a fire gutted the shared studios on Main Street. The television station was out of service for 10 days. New studios were set up at 214 North Main Street, still used by the television station today. Holsum sold off the radio properties to King Broadcasting in 1981; it then acquired KCBD-TV in Lubbock, Texas , in 1983. KCBD also owned KSWS-TV , Roswell's other commercial station, which
484-560: A translator license because doing so allowed it to cease maintaining a separate public file in Carlsbad. On May 16, 1955, the Carlsbad Broadcasting Corporation, owner of Carlsbad radio station KAVE (1240 AM), applied to the Federal Communications Commission for a construction permit to build a television station on channel 6 in Carlsbad. Carlsbad Broadcasting had been planning for three years to build
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#1732869130743528-425: A variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials . They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network , or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. Many stations have some sort of television studio , which on major-network stations
572-496: Is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting . To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs . In those countries,
616-470: Is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate , respectively. Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around
660-792: Is often used for newscasts or other local programming . There is usually a news department , where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV . Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks , or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters , who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live . To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators ) only simulcast another, usually
704-510: The Caprock Escarpment ; its parent station maintains studios on Broadcast Plaza in Albuquerque. KREZ-TV (channel 6) in Durango, Colorado , also serves as a satellite of KRQE. These satellite operations provide additional news bureaus for KRQE and sell advertising time to local sponsors . On June 24, 1963, Taylor Broadcasting Company, owner of KBIM (910 AM) , filed an application with
748-537: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build a new commercial television station on channel 10 in Roswell. Taylor's was the second attempt at building Roswell's channel 10 allocation; the New Mexico Telecasting Company had previously obtained a construction permit for KRNM-TV in 1961. After a hearing, the Taylor permit was granted on November 4, 1964, and construction began
792-405: The broadcast range , or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages . Another form of television station
836-534: The electricity bill and emergency backup generators . In North America , full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video ( VSB ) and 10 kW analog audio ( FM ), or 45 kW digital ( 8VSB ) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5 dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1 . UHF , by comparison, has
880-467: The 10 p.m. newscasts discontinued, leaving local 5:30 a.m., noon and 6 p.m. newscasts; Within three months, however, and after KOAT-TV began to increase its southeastern New Mexico presence, the station instead decided to sacrifice its noon newscast and air a local 10 p.m. program. The KBIM-TV acquisition ended up being significant to the Hebenstreits in one other way: it signaled the beginning of
924-508: The FCC auctioned dozens of unused television channel allotments, including channel 19 at Carlsbad; TV-49, Inc., a subsidiary of Weigel Broadcasting , won the bidding with a $ 471,000 offer. In September 2023, K19JZ-D moved to channel 18. Television station The Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow ( TV Station Paul Nipkow ) in Berlin , Germany , was the first regular television service in the world. It
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#1732869130743968-454: The KOCT transmitter. KOAT's general manager, Mary Lynn Roper, denied that it was responsible for the issue, noting that no complaints were lodged against reception of KASA-TV , whose signal was carried to the area on the same microwave path. KOCT-TV terminated regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in
1012-509: The Roswell and Durango stations' news services to produce inserts into KRQE's early evening newscasts. Two years later, Lee exited broadcasting and sold KRQE, KBIM-TV, and most of its other television properties to Emmis Communications ; in 2005, Emmis, in its own exit from television, sold its New Mexico outlets to LIN TV Corporation . Local newscasts from Roswell ended on December 12, 2008, as part of further budget cuts and to reinvest money into technology improvements. KRQE continued to maintain
1056-425: The Roswell market would be folded into Albuquerque, resulting in the market nearing the national top 50. That fall, after the $ 5 million purchase closed, KBIM-TV began airing some of KGGM-TV's newscasts. At 6 and 10 p.m. weeknights, viewers continued to see full newscasts from Roswell; statewide newscasts from Albuquerque were offered at 5 p.m. and on weekends. In 1991, a cost-cutting move saw six people laid off and
1100-532: The U.S. while on leave from Canada as a fighter pilot with the Royal Air Force , had moved permanently to America in 1945 and worked in the television industry and as an author and professor on television topics. He also was a founding manager of CHCT-TV in Calgary . The Battisons built KAVE-TV and signed it on the air on August 24, 1956, as a CBS affiliate; Battison suffered a light electrical burn while starting
1144-552: The U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown . Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in
1188-612: The United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. As part of the SAFER Act , KOCT kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters . While maintaining the KOCT transmission facility, Hearst informed the FCC on July 18, 2012, that it would discontinue
1232-565: The decision was made to switch at KBIM-TV. In February 1989, the New Mexico Broadcasting Company—owner of KGGM-TV, Albuquerque's CBS affiliate—announced it had reached an agreement to purchase KBIM-TV from Holsum. Holsum had opted to sell instead of carrying out a merger, which was contemplated, because of the depressed regional economy. The Hebenstreit family, majority owners of New Mexico Broadcasting Company, had previously expressed interest in Roswell; their proposal for
1276-614: The end for one of the nation's last major-market family-owned TV stations. Citing the financial strain of the expansion, in July 1991, the Hebenstreits sold their 58 percent share in New Mexico Broadcasting Company to Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa , which had owned the remainder for five years. KGGM-TV became KRQE the next year. In 1998, Lee rebranded the combination of KRQE, KBIM-TV, and KREZ-TV in Durango, Colorado (which it had purchased), as "CBS Southwest" and revamped
1320-420: The highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit , the top of a high skyscraper , or on a tall radio tower . To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1 / E1 . A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of
1364-417: The local operation in July 1984, with a company spokesman stating that it "did not prove to be economically feasible". In 1987, the station changed its call sign to KVIO-TV. Six years later, Marsh sold it to Pulitzer Broadcasting, then-owner of fellow ABC affiliate KOAT-TV in Albuquerque , which changed its call letters to KOCT and converted it into a satellite of KOAT-TV. Two years prior, KOAT-TV had opened
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1408-400: The local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news . To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna , which is often located at
1452-419: The main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air , or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength , but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output , also saving on
1496-519: The next year at a transmitter site on the Caprock, 29 miles (47 km) east of Hagerman . The 1,839-foot (561 m) tower was the tallest in New Mexico and the world's fourth-tallest at completion. KBIM-TV began broadcasting as a CBS affiliate on February 24, 1966. However, the station's fortunes took a hard crash little more than a month after signing on. On April 1 at 6:53 a.m., general manager and 50-percent owner W. C. "Bill" Taylor received
1540-478: The operations of KOCT and KOVT in Silver City , converting both to translators. The move was made to eliminate the need to maintain the KOCT and KOVT public files in their respective cities due to FCC regulations which went into effect on that date. The existing KOAT translator reusing the KOCT facility, K19JZ-D, occupied a channel that remained allocated for a potential full-service TV station at Carlsbad. In 2022,
1584-484: The parent of Albuquerque CBS affiliate KGGM-TV , purchased KBIM-TV in 1989. That acquisition led to the dissolution of Roswell as a separate television market by both Arbitron and Nielsen . Eddy County officials filed complaints with the FCC in 2003 after U.S. Cable, the local cable television company, informed the Eddy County Commission that KOAT's equipment was responsible for frequent signal outages from
1628-592: The parent station was renamed KVIA-TV. Marsh invested significantly in the Carlsbad facility by increasing its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts in 1977, an improvement that had first been sought in 1965 but was later cut back. Under Marsh, KAVE-TV made its most significant attempt at local programming since 1966. In 1982, Marsh invested a reported $ 1 million to set up a local operation in Carlsbad to originate regional news coverage for southeastern New Mexico. On September 2, KAVE-TV began airing its own evening newscast. However, Marsh admitted that it had overestimated
1672-476: The programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries . Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications . TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations , particularly co-owned sister stations . This may be
1716-480: The regional economy when it conducted a round of layoffs at KAVE-TV the next year, reducing its full-time staff from 22 to 16. That year, the station switched from broadcasting on Mountain Time to Central Time, which at the time was used by the other southeastern New Mexico TV stations, KBIM-TV and KSWS-TV . This had the effect of moving the Carlsbad newscasts, known as Newscenter 6 , to 5:30 and 9 p.m. However, Marsh folded
1760-520: The same time, John B. Walton, whose Walton Stations group owned KVKM and its television adjunct KVKM-TV , spent $ 325,000 to purchase KAVE-TV. By November, local programming had disappeared from KAVE-TV, and the station was rebroadcasting KVKM-TV. This continued until 1969, when Walton sold the Monahans station and switched KAVE-TV's program source to another ABC affiliate he owned, El Paso's KELP-TV . Walton sold KELP-TV and KAVE-TV to Marsh Media in 1976, and
1804-506: The station up for the first time. Less than two years later, they sold KAVE radio and television to Ed Talbott, the chief engineer of KROD radio in El Paso and a minority stockholder in Voice of the Caverns. However, into the 1960s, KAVE remained unconnected to live network programming. When John Deme, a Connecticut radio station owner, purchased the KAVE stations from Talbott's widow in 1963, he promised
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1848-399: The world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel , but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines
1892-614: Was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it was shut down in 1944. The station was named after Paul Gottlieb Nipkow , the inventor of the Nipkow disk . Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers as their content
1936-543: Was spun off to KOB in Albuquerque; a challenge to the sale held up the acquisition until 1985. KBIM-TV presented CBS network programs on Central Time , an hour ahead of the local Mountain Time , until 1986; local news was seen at 5 and 9 p.m. local time. This was originally done because its main competitor, KSWS-TV, was tied to KCBD-TV in Lubbock and also aired network programming on Central Time. After KOB acquired KSWS-TV, that station converted to Mountain Time scheduling, and
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