A television station is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity such as an amateur television (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via radio waves directly from a transmitter on the earth's surface to any number of tuned receivers simultaneously.
110-597: KMEX-DT (channel 34) is a television station in Los Angeles , serving as the western flagship station of the Spanish-language network Univision . It is owned and operated by TelevisaUnivision alongside Ontario, California –licensed UniMás station KFTR-DT (channel 46). The two stations share studios on Center Drive (overlooking I-405 ) in Westchester ; KMEX-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Wilson . KMEX
220-490: A Feria Típica Mexicana – Typical Mexican Fair. This included curio shops, regional food, thermal baths, horse racing and boxing. The first professional race track opened in January 1916, just south of the border gate. It was almost immediately destroyed by the great " Hatfield rainmaker " flood of 1916. Rebuilt in the general area, it ran horse races until the new Agua Caliente track opened in 1929, several miles south and across
330-639: A barter in some cases. Tijuana Tijuana is the most populous city in the state of Baja California , located on the northwestern Pacific Coast of Mexico . Tijuana is the municipal seat of the Tijuana Municipality and the hub of the Tijuana metropolitan area. It has a close proximity to the Mexico–United States border , which is part of the San Diego–Tijuana metro area. Tijuana
440-550: A delegado . Tijuana's climate is a semi-arid ( Köppen climate classification BSh ), with about 231 mm (9.09 in) of annual precipitation, and generally mild to warm weather year-round. It has characteristics of the Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) found to the immediate north, east, and south east, with most of the annual precipitation falling in the winter, between the months of November and March. Between November and March, storms originate from fronts entering off of
550-467: A duopoly with KHSC-TV (channel 46), which became KFTR when Univision used the stations to launch the Telefutura network (now UniMás ). I say, if we can effect change (one way or the other), in our opinion, that's our journalism. That places the burden on us of determining what's good or not good for our community. We think we are in a position to make that determination. Danny Villanueva , on
660-826: A "tremendous social obligation". Much of this philosophy was later copied by other Spanish-language TV stations in the United States. KMEX had been the second American station (after KWEX-TV in San Antonio, Texas ) in what was the Spanish International Network; the venture also included Telesistema Mexicano-aligned stations along the United States–Mexico border. After buying into New York City -area station WXTV and Miami's WLTV , in 1972, SIN made its first western expansion when it built KFTV , serving Fresno , with Villanueva as its general manager. Originally,
770-480: A $ 100,000 public awareness campaign for UHF converters, and manufacturers stocked stores in East Los Angeles with tuning strips. While channel 34 had been set for a September 15 launch, interest in converters was so great that the station opted to broadcast the test pattern until September 30 to aid dealers installing equipment. The first day of KMEX-TV programming included an inaugural program; filmed coverage of
880-563: A San Diego outlet), leaving the door open for new applications for channel 34. On August 18, 1961, the Spanish International Broadcasting Company (SIBC) filed an application to build a new channel 34 TV station in Los Angeles. SIBC's principals reflected strong Mexican connections: Azcárraga was a 20 percent stakeholder, with the balance being held by a number of stockholders including movie theater owner Frank Fouce,
990-603: A bid from Frederick Bassett and William E. Sullivan. After the FCC ordered several unbuilt UHF stations to make progress or lose their permits, Corwin proposed to sell the construction permit for what was called KMYR to Franklin James, who owned part of several regional radio stations. However, this never was completed, and the FCC deleted the KMYR permit in November 1960 (along with another Corwin held for
1100-423: A different purpose on the international border. The area had been populated by ranchers, but Tijuana developed a new social economic structure which were farming and livestock grazing, plus as a transit area for prospectors. Urban settlement began in 1889, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and Augustín Olvera entered an agreement to begin developing the city of Tijuana. The date of the agreement, 11 July 1889,
1210-536: A friend and counselor. After station executives found that as much as 15 percent of KMEX's audience were not Spanish-speakers, courses in Spanish were added by popular demand. When American president Lyndon B. Johnson and Mexican president Adolfo López Mateos met in Los Angeles in February 1964, channel 34 produced commercial-free coverage which was sent to XETV and Telesistema Mexicano; the decision not to take advertisements
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#17328631393791320-480: A high level of violent crime related to gang violence, in part derived from the Mexican drug war and human trafficking . Homicides peaked in 2010, when 844 people were killed, compared with 355 in 2004 and 349 in the first eight months of 2011. Reportedly, the wave of violence resulted from a turf war as the administration of President Felipe Calderón weakened the local Arellano Félix cartel; violence slowed when
1430-453: A key moment in the formation of Telemundo in early 1987. The management of the new full-time competitor felt that there was enough of a market for both stations to coexist, which was borne out by audience surveys in the wake of the launch of KVEA. However, its 22-year head start gave the station an extraordinarily high level of community identification; Villanueva noted that many people saw it as "our Channel 34". The restructured Univision had
1540-488: A large and rapidly growing population of Americans , mostly from Southern California. Many Latin Americans, notably Cubans , and Guatemalans , have made Tijuana their home. The city also has many Lebanese , Italian, French and Spanish citizens. Recently, the city has received a large influx of Haitian immigrants. The majority of Tijuana's migrant Mexican population hail from Sinaloa , Michoacán , Jalisco , Oaxaca , and
1650-462: A large number of Mexican citizens relocating to Tijuana, the city's population grew from 21,971 to 65,364 between 1940 and 1950. With the decline of nightlife and tourism in the 1950s, the city restructured its tourist industry, by promoting a more family-oriented scene. Tijuana developed a greater variety of attractions and activities to offer its visitors. In 1965, the Mexican federal government launched
1760-415: A much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in
1870-583: A new bank loan which came with a realignment of control that favored Anselmo and Azcárraga's interest. As a result, the Fouce interests sued SICC, Anselmo and other defendants in 1976, charging "self-dealing, mismanagement, waste, and breach of fiduciary duty". This long-running suit joined with a separate legal problem—a push by a confederation of Spanish-language radio station owners alleging Azcárraga exercised control over SICC, resulting in impermissible foreign ownership of its stations. In 1985, FCC staff recommended that
1980-494: A profit until three years after starting up. Joseph S. Rank, an account executive with sales representative Blair Television, became general manager in November 1964 and was promoted to station vice president in 1966, also being a five-percent stockholder in the Spanish International Broadcasting Corporation. In local production, the station placed a focus on public service programming to supplement
2090-682: A result of the Mexican–American War with the United States, Mexico lost Alta California. While the majority of the 1,000 Hispanic families living in Alta California stayed on the American side, some moved south to Tijuana to remain inside Mexico, which was now in Baja California as the division between the Californias moved north in between San Diego and Tijuana. Because of this Tijuana gained
2200-451: A result of the drug war . There were 492 murders in 2013, a 48% increase in the homicide rate between 2012 and 2013. This was the highest number of murders since 2010. By the end of 2017, the number of murders in Tijuana increased to 1,744, which was almost double those in 2016. In 2018, OECD data recorded 2,253 homicides in Tijuana, equivalent to 129.8 per 100,000 inhabitants. In May 2022, Statista data reported Tijuana as having
2310-523: A sports announcer for the station in 1964; he continued in this role even after being traded to the Dallas Cowboys . He remained at channel 34 after retiring from the NFL , becoming its news director, and was promoted by Rank to station manager in 1969. Villanueva increased the public service emphasis at channel 34 even further, describing the station as "a cross between a commercial and an educational station" with
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#17328631393792420-538: A station on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 34 in Los Angeles prior to KMEX-TV, in proceedings in 1954 and 1958. By 1953, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had received three applications for the channel, from Lawrence Harvey; Spanish International Television; and radio station KFWB (980 AM). The bid of Spanish International Television presaged that of Spanish International Broadcasting Company six years later; Emilio Azcárraga Vidaurreta
2530-638: A strong presence in Miami, and conflicts between Cuban Americans at the network level and KMEX's largely Mexican audience in Southern California bred internal concerns. In 1989, channel 34 employees sent a letter to the network asking that the station's news director vacancy be filled by someone "who reflects the interests ... experience and culture of the Los Angeles TV audience". One consultant noted that under Villanueva, who had recently left as general manager,
2640-463: A tight financial market, the program was pulled on October 26, having lost $ 300,000. Villanueva felt that, if funding had been available, such a service would have been a "tremendous success" in the long run. Other reasons cited for its failure were its association with channel 34, a Spanish-language television station, and airing on the lesser-viewed UHF band. SICC had an increasingly convoluted ownership structure and several related businesses. In 1974,
2750-477: A tourist destination, Tijuana is a hotbed of crime, especially violent crime , due to the extensive presence of organized crime and Mexican cartels . It regularly ranks among the most violent cities by homicide rate. According to Statista in August 2023, Tijuana presently has the second highest homicide rate in the world . The U.S. State Department maintains a travel advisory warning as of September 2023 relating to
2860-624: A two-decade absence from morning news—having canceled a previous effort in the late 1970s to air network programming—KMEX returned to airing morning news with an hour-long program, Primera Edición , in January 1999. This was the first hour-long morning newscast produced by a Spanish-language TV station in the United States. After just a year, the program was expanded to two hours, and the Univision stations in Miami and New York had followed suit and started their own morning newscasts. The 2000s brought increased national recognition of KMEX's work. In 2002,
2970-425: A variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials . They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network , or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. Many stations have some sort of television studio , which on major-network stations
3080-496: Is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting . To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs . In those countries,
3190-470: Is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate , respectively. Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around
3300-792: Is often used for newscasts or other local programming . There is usually a news department , where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV . Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks , or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters , who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live . To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators ) only simulcast another, usually
3410-466: Is recognized as the founding of the city. Tijuana saw its future in tourism from the beginning. From the late 19th century to the first few decades of the 20th century, the city attracted large numbers of Californians coming for trade and entertainment. The California land boom of the 1880s led to the first big wave of tourists, who were called "excursionists" and came looking for echoes of the famous novel Ramona by Helen Hunt Jackson . In 1911, during
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3520-486: Is seldom severe and in recent years has lessened due to cleaner car engines. Frost and snow are rare phenomena in the city as temperatures are usually well above freezing. Yet, in December 1967, snow fell in the city and in January 2007 feather light snow fell in the east of the city. However, excessive amounts of snow fall have never been recorded in the city. On 14 February 2008, a winter storm caused an unusual snowfall in
3630-600: Is the 27th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico. As of 2024, the population of Tijuana has increased to 2,297,000, reflecting a growth of 1.63% since 2023. While the city was second-largest nationally with 1,810,645 inhabitants. The international metropolitan region was estimated at 5,158,459 in 2016, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in The Californias , 19th-largest metropolitan area in
3740-677: Is the fifth largest skyline in Mexico and is located in the Zona Rio and to a smaller extent, Playas de Tijuana. In the Zona Rio the buildings are concentrated on the Tijuana River, lined parallel to the river; and on the edges of the Tijuana Country Club. In Playas the high rises are currently focused on the coast. Recent construction on high rises has begun in the aforementioned areas, as buildings such as New City Residential and Grand Hotel Tijuana have been developed and taken prominent places in
3850-675: The Columbia Journalism Review graded the local newscasts in Los Angeles and gave KMEX the highest rating of any station in any language. A news feature, El 15% de los Estados Unidos , which reported about the impact of Latinos on the United States, won KMEX its second Peabody Award in 2005. In 2008, The Washington Post compared Southern California's English-language newscasts with KMEX's Spanish newscasts and concluded that "the sharpest coverage of state and local issues—government, politics, immigration, labor, economics, health care—is now found on Spanish-language TV", though it noted
3960-464: The Federal District . Because of the diversity of Mexico and the influx of immigrants from almost every region in the country, there are no accurate estimates on ethnicity or race of the current population. The heavy influx of immigrants to the city and municipality of Tijuana has led to job creation in the form of over 700 twin-plant (maquiladora) factories, which serve as the basis of employment for
4070-572: The Mexican Revolution , revolutionaries claiming loyalty to Ricardo Flores Magón took over the city for shortly over a month. Federal troops then arrived. Assisted by the "defensores de Tijuana", they routed the revolutionaries, who fled north and were promptly arrested by the United States Army . The Panama–California Exposition of 1915 brought many visitors to the nearby California city of San Diego. Tijuana attracted these tourists with
4180-552: The Pacific Ocean . January is the wettest month of the year for the city and during this time a periodic event, similar to June Gloom , is observed created by marine layer . January is the coolest month, during which temperatures average 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). In the city April signifies the end of winter and the start of Santa Ana winds . Though the daytime highs are generally around 20 °C (68 °F), heat waves can reach up to 33 °C (91 °F). The hottest months in
4290-508: The Times for his services, believing that Salazar would complement what Villanueva had started. That August, Salazar was killed by riot police. A documentary on Salazar's death, Peace... on Our Time: KMEX-TV and the Death of Ruben Salazar , won a Peabody Award for TV public service programming. However, the station was also criticized by Chicano activists for moving quickly to shift the station away from
4400-405: The broadcast range , or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages . Another form of television station
4510-534: The electricity bill and emergency backup generators . In North America , full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video ( VSB ) and 10 kW analog audio ( FM ), or 45 kW digital ( 8VSB ) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5 dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1 . UHF , by comparison, has
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4620-449: The federally mandated transition from analog to digital television . The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 35 to channel 34. KMEX-DT is rebroadcast on the following translator station: Television station The Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow ( TV Station Paul Nipkow ) in Berlin , Germany , was the first regular television service in the world. It
4730-476: The "advocacy journalism" practiced at KMEX-TV in 1978 From the moment Villanueva became channel 34's news director in 1968, KMEX adopted a policy that generally has set the tone for Spanish-language television news in the United States, that of "advocacy journalism". Villanueva was succeeded by Ruben Salazar , a former writer for the Los Angeles Times , in January 1970. General manager Rank managed to outbid
4840-576: The 2010s gave channel 34 a challenge. For the first time since 1987, KVEA beat out KMEX among viewers 18–49 in 2014. In June 2015, KMEX reformatted its morning newscast as A Primera Hora in order to target a younger audience. In April 2017, Univision launched Edición Digital California , a midday newscast aired on all of its stations in California. In 2016, Univision announced a three-year deal to broadcast Spanish-language Los Angeles Rams programming, including preseason games and studio programs; this
4950-581: The Americas , and the largest bi-national conurbation that is shared between US and Mexico. The city is one of the fastest-growing metro areas in the country and rated as a "High Sufficiency" global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias . Following
5060-471: The Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to Santiago Argüello in 1829. This large cattle ranch, Rancho Tía Juana , covered 100 km (40 sq mi). Although "Tia Juana" means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, the name was actually an adaptation of the word 'Tihuan' or 'Tijuán' in the Kumeyaay language, the name of a nearby Kumeyaay settlement and whose meaning is disputed. In 1848, as
5170-484: The Border Industrialization Program to attract foreign investment. Tijuana and other border cities became attractive for foreign companies to open maquiladoras (factories), and the Tijuana economy started to diversify. Manufacturing jobs attracted workers from other parts of Mexico and the city's population grew from less than half a million in 1980 to almost 1 million in 1985. In 1972, work began on
5280-667: The Cerro de las Abejas. The city is located near the terminus of the Tijuana River and within the Tijuana River Basin. The Tijuana River is an intermittent river , 195 km (121 mi) long, on the Pacific coast of northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California in the United States. It drains an arid area along the California–Baja California border, flowing through Mexico for most of its course and then crossing
5390-475: The English-language news outlets in certain demographics in news ratings, first 18–34 and then 18–34, 18–49 and 25–54 by 1996. The latter accomplishment led to coverage from channel 34's English-language competitors. By 2005, what had been an achievement had become routine: a 2005 Univision press release trumpeted twelve straight years of ratings wins in the 18–34 and 18–49 segments for KMEX's 6 pm news. After
5500-626: The Fresno station operated as a direct satellite of KMEX. The "SIN West" subnetwork also provided service to affiliated stations in Modesto ( KLOC-TV ) and San Francisco ( KEMO-TV ) and Telesistema Mexicano's XEWT-TV in Tijuana and XHBC-TV in Mexicali . In 1973, channel 34 unveiled an experimental daytime programming effort aimed at a different audience: English speakers. On July 9, KMEX-TV started at 6:30 a.m. and premiered NFB (News, Finance, Business) ,
5610-483: The San Diego-Tijuana region. Urban legend, on the other hand, states that Tía Juana , which means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, was a real person whose inn provided food and lodging to travelers. There is, however, no record of such an inn; in fact, the first building in the area was built by Argüello in any case, after naming his ranch Rancho Tía Juana. In California , Tijuana is often referred to as T.J. The land
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#17328631393795720-653: The Spanish-speaking community in Los Angeles, such as courses in the English language. Spanish International Broadcasting Company grew to create the national Spanish International Network. In 1964, Danny Villanueva , then a placekicker in the NFL , began an association with the station. After retiring from football, Villanueva became KMEX's news director and later its station manager. Under Villanueva, KMEX adopted an "advocacy journalism" approach to local news and community involvement which has been adopted by much of its portion of
5830-706: The Telesistema Mexicano programs that came from Mexico City on Greyhound buses. One of the earliest programs was Escuela ("School"), an educational program that aired four times a week and taught basic English to viewers of all nationalities. Beginning in 1964, the program was hosted by Ginger Cory, a teacher for the Los Angeles Unified School District . Students mailed written exercises to Cory for grading. Many in Southern California 's non- English -speaking community came to consider Cory as
5940-552: The U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown . Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in
6050-581: The United States border, as well as more moderate weather. Tijuana today is one of the fastest-growing cities in Mexico, with an average of 80,000 people moving to Tijuana yearly. In terms of area, the city grows by approximately three hectares a day, mostly east and south as the city is mostly built out to the beach already with the exception of some canyons. Along with settlements separated from Tijuana proper and other communities unimproved land, big business moves in providing supermarkets and retail to marginal areas, along with paved roads. The city experiences
6160-484: The Univision network. KMEX was the first Spanish-language TV station in the country to air an hour-long local morning show. Univision grew from one Los Angeles–market station to two in 2002 when it acquired the USA Broadcasting group, including KFTR. In the 2010s, KMEX has had to fend off a challenge from a revitalized KVEA while expanding and refreshing its own news offerings. There were two prior attempts to build
6270-501: The advertising revenue of Hispanic television, radio, and print media in the United States. It moved twice in ten years, first in 1992 and then to a facility in the Howard Hughes Center in 2002. However, even in the early 2000s, station revenues lagged its share of total ratings, common for the time among Spanish-language TV stations. With Univision's acquisition of the USA Broadcasting stations in January 2002, KMEX became part of
6380-469: The border for the last 8 km (5 mi) of its course where it forms an estuary that empties into the ocean. The city's skyscraper history is relatively recent. Some of the first highrise building complexes constructed in the city were the twin towers of Grand Hotel Tijuana . Tijuana experienced a building boom that was brought to a halt by the Great Recession . Among buildings that succumbed to
6490-466: The channeled Tijuana River . Housing development in the Tijuana Hills has led to eradication of many seasonal mountain streams. This lack of natural drainage makes places within the city vulnerable to landslides during the rainy season. The varied terrain of Tijuana gives the city elevation extremes that range from sea level to 790 meters (2,590 ft). As downtown Tijuana was built at the bottom of
6600-845: The city are August and September, during which temperatures average 22.0 °C (71.6 °F). Summers are by far the driest time of year since influences from the California Current and the North Pacific High suppress the formation of rainfall caused by the North American Monsoon . Tropical cyclones do impact the city from time to time, however. The most recent to do so was Hurricane Hilary in 2023, which dumped torrential that caused widespread flash floods and landslides. As in coastal Southern California, air pollution sometimes occurs during periods of temperature inversion, especially during summer and fall, but (unlike Mexico City)
6710-544: The city has improved its image before the world, standing out as a competitive city for investment. Currently, the commercial and business sector is committed to the boom in the gastronomic industry, craft beer, entertainment, and real estate, as well as medical tourism, to attract visitors and investors. Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, and consequently in Latin America , and the second-largest city in northern Mexico. Located about 210 kilometers (130 mi) west of
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#17328631393796820-462: The city was founded as “Tijuana” in 1889, "Tia Juana" remained the English-language name for the river, as well as a U.S. settlement that is now part of San Ysidro , until approximately 1916. The commonly accepted theory among historians is that Tía Juana , as Argüello named his rancho, is derived from the word Tiwan ("by the sea") in the language of the Kumeyaay —the First Nations people of
6930-496: The city will become the second-largest in Mexico and anchor to the fourth largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The suburban sprawl observed in Tijuana leaves the downtown and beach areas relatively affluent. While the INEGI Census 2010 placed Tijuana's population at 1.3 million, only two percent more than in 2005 Census, Tijuana City Council estimates from 2010 place the population closer to two million, at 1.6 million. As of 2005
7040-482: The city's "non-tourist areas". Incidents involving the murder or kidnapping of foreigners since the 2000s have also sparked travel fears and affected Tijuana's status among international tourists. The city's name comes from the rancho that Santiago Argüello Moraga established in 1829 on his Mexican land grant, naming it Rancho Tía Juana . The first Spanish mission referred to the settlement variously as Rancho Tía Juana , Tihuan and finally, Tijuana . While
7150-529: The company took a bank loan that required it to not expand until the loan was repaid. As a result, to fuel continued expansion, SICC principals created two additional companies to start new stations: Bahía de San Francisco Television Company (which built KDTV in San Francisco) and Legend of Cibola Television Company (which reorganized as Seven Hills Television and started KTVW in Phoenix). In 1975, Anselmo arranged
7260-533: The construction of 26,000 new settlers a year that has led to the unregulated, illegal squatter homes that takes place in the hills and valleys of ever expanding Tijuana, most of these areas are still without city services like sidewalks, paving, streetlights, and public transit. This is an ongoing process: as older and existing squatter areas are brought into the city services, more marginal areas become occupied by squatters. National Population Council (CONAPO) data has estimated that by 2030, growth rates maintaining,
7370-499: The criticism that KMEX's "advocacy journalism" style sometimes went a step too far on issues like immigration. News director Jorge Mettey, who led the KMEX-TV newsroom for five years, was fired in 2007 for allegedly breaching ethics policies; Mettey sued the next year and claimed that Univision executives had a hand in shaping news coverage with the goal of increasing advertising revenues. An increased investment by local news at Telemundo in
7480-526: The division of the Californias after the American Conquest of California , Tijuana found itself located on an international border, giving rise to a new economic and political structure. The city was incorporated on 11 July 1889 as urban development began. The city has served as a major tourist destination since the 1880s. Today, Tijuana is a dominant manufacturing center for North America, hosting facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies. In
7590-461: The early 21st century, Tijuana has emerged as the medical device manufacturing capital of North America and is increasingly recognized as an important cultural Mecca for the border region of The Californias. The city is the most visited border city in the world, sharing a border of about 24 km (15 mi) with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year. Despite its popularity as
7700-432: The emigration to San Diego County has transformed the demographic and cultural character of some cities to a degree. In recent years, Tijuana has become an important city of commerce and migration for Mexico and US. In spite of the violence and border crossing issues, the city has received a large number of tourists from US, China, Japan and the south of Mexico. Thanks to the realization of cultural and business festivals,
7810-618: The first concrete channeling of the Tijuana River ; previously the river would flood across a wide plain east and southeast of downtown, inundating an area of cardboard and metal shacks called Cartolandia (“Paperland”). The project removed the shacks and added 1.8 million sq. m. of usable land, on which the Zona Río was built. With the 1981 opening of the Plaza Río Tijuana mall and the 1982 Tijuana Cultural Center (CECUT), Zona Río became
7920-438: The first-ever attempt at a rolling news television program, which aired for 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours. Boasting a staff of 28 including 11 on-air talent, NFB featured John Harlan as one of its anchors and Bill Stout and Susan Stafford , as well as Villanueva, as contributors. However, it exceeded its budget by 100 percent, and when SIBC parent Spanish International Communications Corporation (SICC) could not obtain funding in
8030-420: The highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit , the top of a high skyscraper , or on a tall radio tower . To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1 / E1 . A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of
8140-519: The large majority of the city's population, 96%, adhere to the beliefs of Christianity . The denominations are further divided into followers of Catholicism – 61% – and of Protestantism – 35%. While other beliefs occupying a 4% margin in the city include Taoism (among other Asian and European religions), atheism and agnosticism is also found. Tijuana is the birthplace and base of the Tijuana Cartel . From 2007 through 2010, Tijuana experienced
8250-421: The larger Sinaloa cartel took control. During the peak years of violent crime in the city, gun battles between rival cartels, and between cartels and the police, erupted in public. In April 2008, police found 1,500 shell casings on various streets after one battle left 13 suspected drug traffickers dead. In 2009 and depending on the source, Tijuana Municipality experienced either 556 or 1,118 murders, mostly as
8360-407: The largest shareholder, and Julian Kaufman, the general manager of Tijuana 's binational TV station, XETV . The FCC granted the permit on November 1, 1961, marking the first time the commission had approved an application specifying an all-foreign language TV station. From Mexico City came Rene Anselmo to manage channel 34; so too would come much of the programming, from Telesistema Mexicano . It
8470-514: The licenses of the SICC stations not be renewed, a decision adopted by a commission administrative law judge as settlement talks began in the long-running Fouce suit. In May 1986, in a breakthrough in the Fouce case, the parties agreed to sell KMEX and the four-other stations directly owned by SICC. The FCC agreed to renew the stations' licenses in 1987 as part of the sale of SIN—then being renamed Univision—to Hallmark Cards and First Chicago Ventures. At
8580-400: The local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news . To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna , which is often located at
8690-419: The main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air , or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength , but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output , also saving on
8800-523: The majority of the working-class people in northern Mexico. The high poverty level in Tijuana is attributed to the city's "magnet status" for people who have come from the poorer south of the nation and citizens from other nations seeking to escape from extreme poverty. Tijuana holds a status that provides the possibility of employment as well as higher education and the dream of crossing the border. Tijuana and Baja California in general have much stronger economies and higher incomes than other Mexican cities along
8910-445: The market and as a launching pad for correspondents with network careers. The Los Angeles Times described Eduardo Quezada, who anchored the news on channel 34 for 28 years, as an "institution"; he left for KVEA in 2003. María Elena Salinas worked for KMEX from 1981 to 1987 before becoming a national news anchor, a position in which she would remain for three decades. Jorge Ramos got his first job in American broadcasting at KMEX and
9020-461: The movement within days of Salazar's death; even an anonymous journalist told Hunter S. Thompson in his 1971 Rolling Stone article " Strange Rumblings in Aztlan ", "[W]ithin 24 hours after Ruben was murdered, [Danny] Villanueva started tearing up the news department. Now he's trying to ... cut the balls off the news and turn KMEX-TV back into a safe Tio Taco station." In its early years, KMEX-TV news
9130-489: The new commercial center of a modern Tijuana, and with its new boulevards with monument-filled glorietas (roundabouts), reminiscent of the grand Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, the city created the new image and allure of a modern, large city, rather than just a border town focused on tourism and vice. In 1994, PRI presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio was assassinated in Tijuana while making an appearance in
9240-423: The permissibility of its partially foreign ownership. In 1985, Federal Communications Commission staff recommended that all of SICC's licenses be revoked. The dispute was settled two years later by a forced sale of the stations and network to a venture of Hallmark Cards and First Chicago Ventures, which renamed the network Univision. Also in that decade, KMEX gained its first full-time competition when channel 52
9350-789: The plaza of Lomas Taurinas, a neighborhood nestled in a valley near Centro. The shooter was caught and imprisoned, but doubts remain about who the mastermind might have been. After 9/11 , tighter US border controls resulted in hours-long waits to return to the US. The number of US visitors dropped sharply due to this factor, as well as subsequent drug violence. Around 2008, thousands of Tijuana's elite bought houses in and moved to Bonita and Eastlake in Chula Vista, California , to escape violence, kidnapping and other crimes taking place during that period. An article in The Los Angeles Times reported that
9460-476: The programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries . Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications . TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations , particularly co-owned sister stations . This may be
9570-553: The radio. A singer known as "la Faraona" got shot in a love-triangle and gave birth to the myth of a beautiful lady ghost. Remnants of the Agua Caliente casino can be seen in the outdoor swimming pool and the "minarete" (actually a former incinerator chimney) nearby the southern end of Avenida Sanchez Taboada, on the grounds of what is now the Lázaro Cárdenas educational complex. A replica of the iconic bell tower (which once stood at
9680-493: The recent visit of President John F. Kennedy to Mexico City; sporting coverage, including bullfighting ; and news. Some 30,000 converters were estimated to be in place at launch. By February 1963, there were 106,000 appropriately equipped households who could tune in the UHF station, and that number had swelled to almost 200,000 by the end of channel 34's first year in service. However, KMEX lost $ 500,000 in its first year and did not turn
9790-475: The resort entrance) now stands at the beginning of Boulevard Agua Caliente, about two miles west of the old resort. In 1935, President Cárdenas decreed an end to gambling and casinos in Baja California, and the Agua Caliente complex faltered, then closed. In 1939, it was reopened as a junior high school (now, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). The buildings themselves were torn down in the 1970s and replaced by modern scholastic architecture. With increased tourism and
9900-602: The river on higher ground. Legal drinking and gambling attracted U.S. nationals in the 1920s during Prohibition . The Avenida Revolución area became the city's tourist center, with casinos and the Hotel Caesar's, birthplace of the Caesar salad . In 1925, the city by presidential decree changed its name to Ciudad Zaragoza , but its name reverted to Tijuana in 1929. In 1928, the Agua Caliente Touristic Complex
10010-570: The river valley, the district is subject to seasonal flooding created by drain-off from the Tijuana Hills. During this time, east-bound portions of the Via Rapida (east–west highway) may be blocked off by the Tijuana Police due to hazardous conditions. Tijuana is noted for its rough terrain, which includes many canyons, steep hills, and mesas. Large hills in Tijuana include the Cerro Colorado and
10120-502: The same time as SICC's ownership drama played out, the Los Angeles Spanish-language television market transformed. For more than two decades, KMEX-TV was the only full-time Spanish-language TV station, though other stations aired some programming or had a partial-day Spanish format, such as KSCI and KBSC-TV. This changed in late 1985, when KBSC-TV was sold to Saul Steinberg -backed Reliance Capital and relaunched as KVEA ,
10230-644: The skyline as the tallest buildings. From Tijuana's skyline the San Diego skyline can also be seen, although the reverse is mostly not true on account of the high hills surrounding central Tijuana. The municipality of Tijuana is divided into eight administrative boroughs, or Delegaciones . The Tijuana metropolitan area occupies all of borough seats. The boroughs are in turn divided into colonias or ejidos . These boroughs offer administrative services such as urban planning , civil registry , inspection, verification, public works and community development and are served by
10340-467: The state capital, Mexicali , the city is bordered to the north by the cities of Imperial Beach , and the San Diego neighborhoods of San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, California. To the southwest of the city is Rosarito Beach , while to the south is unincorporated territory of Tijuana Municipality. The city is nestled among hills, canyons, and gullies. The central part of the city lies in a valley through which flows
10450-537: The station made money but did little to reinvest in its news product compared to Miami's WLTV. That same year, another future leader in Spanish-language broadcasting left the station: Walter Ulloa, founder of Entravision Communications , who had worked as an editorial writer, sales manager and news director at channel 34 before leaving in 1989 to start Entravision. Despite the increased competition from KVEA and other stations, KMEX maintained its lead and continued to grow. By 1990, it accounted for nearly 10 percent of all of
10560-412: The television industry. Ruben Salazar , a former writer for the Los Angeles Times , was working for KMEX when he was killed by riot police in August 1970; the station's retrospective coverage of the event earned it its first of two Peabody Awards . KMEX and its co-owned stations, owned by Spanish International Communications Corporation (SICC), spent most of the 1980s embroiled in a legal dispute over
10670-521: The time period was the Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico that would have been located in Playas and reached 98 m (322 ft). Currently the tallest building, and soon to be the largest complex in footage, New City Residential reaches 102 m (335 ft). Overall, the city maintains 33 completed structures with other proposed and under-construction skyscrapers. The Tijuana skyline
10780-421: The upper reaches of the hills of the city. The record low temperature recorded in the city was −6 °C (21 °F), while the highest was 49 °C (120 °F). Tijuana has a diverse cosmopolitan population which includes migrants from other parts of Mexico and from all over the world. Tijuana has one of Mexico's largest Asian populations, predominantly consisting of Chinese immigrants. Tijuana also has
10890-399: The world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel , but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines
11000-427: Was a 20 percent owner of the firm. Harvey and Spanish International Television lost interest, and their applications were dismissed in 1954, leaving the door open for KFWB. That October, however, the radio station dropped its bid; no reason was given. Interest around the UHF allocation was revived in 1957, and in 1958, the FCC selected the application of Sherrill C. Corwin, movie theater operator from San Francisco, over
11110-435: Was a small operation: in 1978, the station had two camera and reporter crews covering the Los Angeles area, and its newscasts primarily depended on material from United Press International and the local City News Service wire with less local news coverage than station management would have liked. The newsroom was in a converted house across the street from the studios. KMEX news became known for long-tenured personalities in
11220-468: Was also the first regular commercial UHF television station in Los Angeles. Two stations had previously operated on the band: KTHE channel 28, a short-lived educational station at the University of Southern California , and KBIC-TV channel 22, whose only telecasts to that point had been of an experimental nature. To get the Spanish-speaking community to be able to tune in, the upstart channel 34 embarked on
11330-489: Was built by the Spanish International Broadcasting Company, a consortium that included American and Mexican stockholders, and began broadcasting in September 1962. It was the first full-time Spanish-language television station in the state of California and the only one in the Los Angeles area for 23 years. Its programming combined Mexican programs from Telesistema Mexicano , predecessor to Televisa, with local features relevant to
11440-536: Was made because there was a desire to avoid any misunderstandings among the Spanish-speaking community. Also in 1964 was channel 34's first coverage of the Tournament of Roses Parade , with radio commentators utilizing visuals furnished by KTLA ; previously, Spanish-language coverage on other stations consisted of a radio simulcast. While still with the Los Angeles Rams , the team's kicker, Danny Villanueva , became
11550-614: Was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it was shut down in 1944. The station was named after Paul Gottlieb Nipkow , the inventor of the Nipkow disk . Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers as their content
11660-415: Was opened, including hotel, spa, dog-track, private airport, golf course and gambling casino. A year later, the new Agua Caliente Racetrack joined the complex. During the eight years it operated, the Agua Caliente hotel, casino and spa achieved a near mythical status, with Hollywood stars and gangsters flying in and playing. Rita Hayworth was discovered there. Musical nightclub productions were broadcast over
11770-547: Was originally inhabited by the Kumeyaay , a tribe of Yuman -speaking hunter-gatherers. Europeans arrived in 1542, when colonist Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo toured the coastline of the area, which Sebastián Vizcaíno mapped in 1602. In 1769, Juan Crespí documented more details about the area that was later called the Valley of Tijuana. Further settlement took place near the end of the mission era when José María de Echeandía , governor of
11880-565: Was sold and switched from subscription programming to full-time Spanish as KVEA . That station's new owners, a group led by Saul Steinberg , used KVEA and other stations as the springboard to launch the competing Telemundo network in 1987. In spite of the new competition, KMEX continued to be the leading Spanish-language local TV station in news coverage and began garnering higher ratings than its English-language counterparts in key demographic groups. Its news presenters included María Elena Salinas and Jorge Ramos , both of whom went on to work for
11990-465: Was tapped to host a morning show; a network executive in town saw the show one day and invited Ramos to Miami to start a national morning show, which soon led to him hosting national news for the network. We had to run across the street from our newsroom, dodging cars on Melrose Avenue, to the studio to do the news. María Elena Salinas , who joined the KMEX news staff in 1981 By 1990, KMEX began to beat
12100-586: Was the first time that Univision had ever entered into a media rights deal involving the National Football League . Programming aired on KMEX and KFTR and in the Bakersfield area on KABE-CD and KBTF-CD . In the last year of the agreement, only KFTR aired games. KMEX broadcasts six subchannels of programming, including the main Univision feed. KMEX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 34, at 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, as part of
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