Misplaced Pages

#686313

96-413: The project consists of 95 buildings, including 61 towers, and combines residential solutions, work and entertainment over a space of more than 1.6 million square meters. It will provide more than 3 million square meters of space for various uses, 62,000 parking spaces and accommodation for 12,000 residents. In 2011, it was the largest project in the world seeking green building accreditation. Bombardier won

192-514: A May 1978 crash , while a potential competitor, the Boeing 2707 , was cancelled in 1971 before any prototypes were built. On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590 crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on the ground killed. This was the only fatal incident involving Concorde; commercial service was suspended until November 2001. The surviving aircraft were retired in 2003, 27 years after commercial operations had begun. All but 2 of

288-407: A $ 241m contract to build an automated monorail for the development. The design guidelines do not separate the genders in the district. The KAFD master plan was designed and overseen by Danish architectural firm Henning Larsen Architects . International architecture firms such as HOK , Omrania , SOM , CallisonRTKL, Gensler, and Foster + Partners were commissioned to design individual buildings in

384-410: A British design (as they had on the earlier subsonic Caravelle ). As neither company had experience in the use of heat-resistant metals for airframes, a maximum speed of around Mach 2 was selected so aluminium could be used – above this speed, the friction with the air heats the metal so much that it begins to soften. This lower speed would also speed development and allow their design to fly before

480-503: A European company, and the risk of "giving away" US technological leadership to a European partner. When the STAC plans were presented to the UK cabinet, the economic considerations were considered highly questionable, especially as these were based on development costs, now estimated to be £ 150 million ( US$ 420 million), which were repeatedly overrun in the industry. The Treasury Ministry presented

576-591: A Scotsman claiming, "you talk about 'E' for England, but part of it is made in Scotland." Given Scotland's contribution of providing the nose cone for the aircraft, Benn replied, "it was also 'E' for 'Écosse' (the French name for Scotland) – and I might have added 'e' for extravagance and 'e' for escalation as well!" In common usage in the United Kingdom, the type is known as "Concorde" without an article , rather than "

672-498: A change in the public opinion of SSTs. By 1976 the remaining buyers were from four countries: Britain, France, China, and Iran. Only Air France and British Airways (the successor to BOAC) took up their orders, with the two governments taking a cut of any profits. The US government cut federal funding for the Boeing 2707 , its supersonic transport programme, in 1971; Boeing did not complete its two 2707 prototypes. The US, India, and Malaysia all ruled out Concorde supersonic flights over

768-469: A clause, originally asked for by the UK government, imposing heavy penalties for cancellation. This treaty was signed on 29 November 1962. Charles de Gaulle vetoed the UK's entry into the European Community in a speech on 25 January 1963. At Charles de Gaulle's January 1963 press conference the aircraft was first called 'Concorde'. The name was suggested by the eighteen-year-old son of F.G. Clark,

864-412: A delta wing running most of the length of the fuselage, this was no longer easy; moving the wing would leave it in front of the nose or behind the tail. Studying the various layouts in terms of CG changes, both during design and changes due to fuel use during flight, the ogee planform immediately came to the fore. To test the new wing, NASA assisted the team by modifying a Douglas F5D Skylancer to mimic

960-525: A digital processor for intake control. It was the first use of a digital processor with full authority control of an essential system in a passenger aircraft. It was developed by BAC's Electronics and Space Systems division after the analogue AICUs (developed by Ultra Electronics ) fitted to the prototype aircraft were found to lack sufficient accuracy. Ultra Electronics also developed Concorde's thrust-by-wire engine control system. Engine failure causes problems on conventional subsonic aircraft ; not only does

1056-419: A dump door, an auxiliary inlet and a ramp bleed to the exhaust nozzle. As well as supplying air to the engine, the intake also supplied air through the ramp bleed to the propelling nozzle. The nozzle ejector (or aerodynamic) design, with variable exit area and secondary flow from the intake, contributed to good expansion efficiency from take-off to cruise. Concorde's Air Intake Control Units (AICUs) made use of

SECTION 10

#1733085690687

1152-444: A layout would still have good supersonic performance, but also have reasonable take-off and landing speeds using vortex generation. The aircraft would have to take off and land very "nose high" to generate the required vortex lift , which led to questions about the low speed handling qualities of such a design. Küchemann presented the idea at a meeting where Morgan was also present. Test pilot Eric Brown recalls Morgan's reaction to

1248-593: A manufacturer of trains which were widely used throughout Germany and Great Britain , becoming one of the largest manufacturers of railway rolling stock in the world. This division produced the Bombardier Turbostar . In 2005, it launched the Bombardier Zefiro high-speed rail , with speeds of 200–380 kilometres per hour , for the Ministry of Railways (China) . On February 13, 2020, Alstom agreed to buy

1344-560: A negative view, suggesting that there was no way the project would have any positive financial returns for the government, especially in light that "the industry's past record of over-optimistic estimating (including the recent history of the TSR.2) suggests that it would be prudent to consider" the cost "to turn out much too low." This led to an independent review of the project by the Committee on Civil Scientific Research and Development, which met on

1440-681: A particular route. This would remain economically advantageous as long as fuel represented a small percentage of operational costs. STAC suggested that two designs naturally fell out of their work, a transatlantic model flying at about Mach 2, and a shorter-range version flying at Mach 1.2. Morgan suggested that a 150-passenger transatlantic SST would cost about £75 to £90 million to develop, and be in service in 1970. The smaller 100-passenger short-range version would cost perhaps £50 to £80 million, and be ready for service in 1968. To meet this schedule, development would need to begin in 1960, with production contracts let in 1962. Morgan suggested that

1536-509: A perceived slight by de Gaulle. At the French roll-out in Toulouse in late 1967, the British Minister of Technology , Tony Benn , announced that he would change the spelling back to Concorde . This created a nationalist uproar that died down when Benn stated that the suffixed "e" represented "Excellence, England, Europe, and Entente (Cordiale) ". In his memoirs, he recounted a letter from

1632-598: A pure-play business aircraft company". In February 2020, Airbus acquired an additional 25% stake in the A220 for US$ 591 million. This transaction was the final step to get Bombardier Aviation out of the commercial jet industry. In December 2022, Bombardier broke ground on the new service center at the Abu Dhabi International Airport. This new facility in Abu Dhabi will be Bombardier's first full-service facility in

1728-590: A repair shop in Valcourt , Quebec , he designed and produced the first snowmobile using a drive system he developed that revolutionized travel in snow and swampy conditions. In 1937, he patented and sold 12 of the 7-passenger "B7" snow coaches . They were used in rural Quebec to take children to school, carry freight, deliver mail, and as ambulances. In 1941, Bombardier opened a factory in Valcourt. In 1942, L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée ("Bombardier Snow Car Limited")

1824-521: A similar aircraft after considering the SST problem and coming to the same conclusions as the Bristol and STAC teams in terms of economics. It was later revealed that the original STAC report, marked "For UK Eyes Only", had secretly been passed to France to win political favour. Sud made minor changes to the paper and presented it as their own work. France had no modern large jet engines and had already decided to buy

1920-401: A solar system will be installed to cool the passenger bridges that will act as a network that connects 30 buildings together. The project is considered to be long overdue and needed for a city of the size and position of Riyadh. The key issue with the project was timing as it was announced and incepted during the 2008 financial crisis. A number of local and international commentators highlighted

2016-527: A turbojet's noise could be reduced and SNECMA made advances in silencer design during the programme. The Olympus Mk.622 with reduced jet velocity was proposed to reduce the noise but was not pursued. By 1974, the spade silencers which projected into the exhaust were reported to be ineffective but "entry-into-service aircraft are likely to meet their noise guarantees". The powerplant configuration selected for Concorde highlighted airfield noise, boundary layer management and interactions between adjacent engines and

SECTION 20

#1733085690687

2112-409: A twin-engined aircraft above Mach 1.6". Situated behind the wing leading edge, the engine intake had a wing boundary layer ahead of it. Two-thirds were diverted and the remaining third which entered the intake did not adversely affect the intake efficiency except during pushovers when the boundary layer thickened and caused surging. Wind tunnel testing helped define leading-edge modifications ahead of

2208-406: A visor was used to keep high temperature air from flowing over the cockpit skin. Concorde had livery restrictions; the majority of the surface had to be covered with a highly reflective white paint to avoid overheating the aluminium structure due to heating effects. The white finish reduced the skin temperature by 6 to 11 °C (11 to 20 °F). In 1996, Air France briefly painted F-BTSD in

2304-538: Is located at the east of the Northern Ring Road. It will connect to metro lines 1, 4, 6, and the KAFD monorail. The station is designed by Zaha Hadid Architects and is one of four major stations on the metro network. Within the area there will also be a 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi), six station monorail system. In addition all buildings will be linked by an air-conditioned skywalk system enabling pedestrian access across

2400-404: Is not generated the same way at supersonic and subsonic speeds, with the lift-to-drag ratio for supersonic designs being about half that of subsonic designs. The aircraft would need more thrust than a subsonic design of the same size. But although they would use more fuel in cruise, they would be able to fly more revenue-earning flights in a given time, so fewer aircraft would be needed to service

2496-484: The 1970s energy crisis reduced demand for snowmobiles. In 1974, the company received its first order – to build MR-73 trains for Société de transport de Montréal for use on the Montreal Metro . In 1975, the company acquired Montreal Locomotive Works . It was sold to General Electric in 1988. In 1982, the company won a contract from New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority to build 825 R62A cars for

2592-595: The Boeing 747 , had recently made subsonic aircraft significantly more efficient and presented a low-risk option for airlines. While carrying a full load, Concorde achieved 15.8 passenger miles per gallon of fuel, while the Boeing 707 reached 33.3 pm/g, the Boeing 747 46.4 pm/g, and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 53.6 pm/g. A trend in favour of cheaper airline tickets also caused airlines such as Qantas to question Concorde's market suitability. During

2688-510: The Concorde" or " a Concorde". Advertisements for Concorde during the late 1960s placed in publications such as Aviation Week & Space Technology predicted a market for 350 aircraft by 1980. The new consortium intended to produce one long-range and one short-range version, but prospective customers showed no interest in the short-range version, thus it was later dropped. Concorde's costs spiralled during development to more than six times

2784-650: The Government of Quebec passed a law requiring all roads to be cleared of snow; Bombardier's sales fell by nearly half in one year. Armand Bombardier therefore decided to diversify his business, first by producing tracked snowplows sized specifically for use on municipal sidewalks, replacing horse-drawn vehicles , then by making all-terrain vehicles for the mining , petroleum, and forestry industries. The machines had removable front skis that could be replaced with front wheels for use on paved or hard surfaces, thus providing greater utility to his large snowmobiles. In 1951,

2880-694: The New York City Subway for $ 663 million. In 1985, the company ceased manufacturing locomotives and concentrated on producing passenger train rolling stock . It acquired a 45% stake in La Brugeoise et Nivelles (formerly BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Métalliques) based in Bruges in 1986, the assets of U.S. railcar manufacturers Budd Company and Pullman Company in 1987, and ANF Industrie based in Crespin, Nord , France in 1989. A series of acquisitions in

2976-602: The Tupolev Tu-144 . Concorde was the first airliner to have a fly-by-wire flight-control system (in this case, analogue); the avionics system Concorde used was unique because it was the first commercial aircraft to employ hybrid circuits . The principal designer for the project was Pierre Satre, with Sir Archibald Russell as his deputy. Concorde pioneered the following technologies: For high speed and optimisation of flight: For weight-saving and enhanced performance: A symposium titled "Supersonic-Transport Implications"

King Abdullah Financial District - Misplaced Pages Continue

3072-470: The UK CAA on 5 December. Concorde is a tailless aircraft design with a narrow fuselage permitting 4-abreast seating for 92 to 128 passengers, an ogival delta wing and a droop nose for landing visibility. It is powered by four Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 turbojets with variable engine intake ramps , and reheat for take-off and acceleration to supersonic speed. Constructed out of aluminium , it

3168-576: The United Kingdom , Germany , Switzerland , Canada , and Mexico further increased operations. In 1996, the company was selected as the lead developer for the Acela Express trains, the fastest trains in North America, in a $ 710 million contract. Problems with the trains resulted in lawsuits between the company and Amtrak . In 2001, Bombardier acquired Adtranz (DaimlerChrysler Rail Systems),

3264-709: The United States International Trade Commission overturned the tariffs. Boeing did not appeal. In July 2018, Airbus acquired a 50.01% stake in the CSeries for one Canadian dollar, with an option to acquire the remaining interest by 2024. Airbus built a second CSeries assembly line at its A320 assembly facility in Mobile, Alabama . In November 2018, the company announced the sale of its turboprop passenger aircraft unit to an affiliate of Viking Air . It also announced 5,000 layoffs. In March 2019,

3360-425: The transonic speed range, between Mach 0.95 and 1.7. Kinetic heating from the high speed boundary layer caused the skin to heat up during supersonic flight. Every surface, such as windows and panels, was warm to the touch by the end of the flight. Apart from the engine bay, the hottest part of any supersonic aircraft's structure is the nose , due to aerodynamic heating . Hiduminium R.R. 58, an aluminium alloy,

3456-594: The 20 aircraft built have been preserved and are on display across Europe and North America. In the early 1950s, Arnold Hall , director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), asked Morien Morgan to form a committee to study supersonic transport . The group met in February 1954 and delivered their first report in April 1955. Robert T. Jones ' work at NACA had demonstrated that the drag at supersonic speeds

3552-544: The 2020 pandemic affected the industry, the agreement was renegotiated with the sale to Spirit concluded finally in October 2020. Bombardier's former aerostructures division purchased by Spirit consisted at time of sale of operations in Belfast , UK; Casablanca , Morocco; and Dallas , USA. The 2019 to 1920 aerostructures division sell-off was described at the time as supporting Bombardier's "strategic decision to reposition itself as

3648-477: The Americans. Everyone involved agreed that Küchemann's ogee-shaped wing was the right one. The British team was still focused on a 150-passenger design serving transatlantic routes, while France was deliberately avoiding these. Common components could be used in both designs, with the shorter range version using a clipped fuselage and four engines, and the longer one a stretched fuselage and six engines, leaving only

3744-490: The Bombardier Transportation division for €7 billion. The acquisition deal was completed on January 29, 2021. In January 1934, a blizzard prevented Joseph-Armand Bombardier from reaching the nearest hospital in time to save his two-year-old son, Yvon, who died from appendicitis complicated by peritonitis . Bombardier was a mechanic who dreamed of building a vehicle that could "float on snow". In 1935, in

3840-567: The Global and Challenger. On May 18, 2021, the Global 7500/8000 series during testing became the first business jet to break the sound barrier and the fastest civil aircraft since the Concorde . With deliveries of 138 business jets in 2023, Bombardier was the number one manufacturer of business jets in the world. The key trends of Bombardier are (as at the financial year ending December 31): In 1986, Bombardier acquired Canadair for C$ 120 million from

3936-597: The Government of Canada after it recorded the largest corporate loss in Canadian history. In 1989, the company acquired Short Brothers . By 1990, the first product of the company, the Ski-Doo snowmobile, had become its weakest part gaging up deficits and high inventories. In 1990, it acquired Learjet . In 1992, the company acquired de Havilland Canada from Boeing . In 1995, the company founded Flexjet . In December 2013,

King Abdullah Financial District - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-460: The M-Wing, for the lower-speed shorter-range category. Both the STAC group and the government were looking for partners to develop the designs. In September 1959, Hawker approached Lockheed , and after the creation of British Aircraft Corporation in 1960, the former Bristol team immediately started talks with Boeing , General Dynamics , Douglas Aircraft , and Sud Aviation . Küchemann and others at

4128-564: The Mirabel assembly facility and produce the CRJ on behalf of Mitsubishi until the current order backlog is complete. In October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale agreement of its remaining aerostructure division to US company Spirit AeroSystems . The division at time of sale involved component manufacture for new and after-market Bombardier group and Airbus group aircraft models, and also operated in aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul. Due to how

4224-542: The RAE continued their work on the slender delta throughout this period, considering three basic shapes; the classic straight-edge delta, the "gothic delta" that was rounded outward to appear like a gothic arch , and the " ogival wing" that was compound-rounded into the shape of an ogee . Each of these planforms had advantages and disadvantages. As they worked with these shapes, a practical concern grew to become so important that it forced selection of one of these designs. Generally

4320-527: The Ski-Doo line to prevent it from crowding out other company products, while still dominating the snowmobile industry against competitors Polaris Industries and Arctic Cat . Concorde Concorde ( / ˈ k ɒ ŋ k ɔːr d / ) is a retired Anglo-French supersonic airliner jointly developed and manufactured by Sud Aviation (later Aérospatiale ) and the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Studies started in 1954, and France and

4416-518: The US was already involved in a similar project, and that if the UK failed to respond it would be locked out of an airliner market that he believed would be dominated by SST aircraft. In 1959, a study contract was awarded to Hawker Siddeley and Bristol for preliminary designs based on the slender delta, which developed as the HSA.1000 and Bristol 198 . Armstrong Whitworth also responded with an internal design,

4512-521: The United Arab Emirates. From 1973, when it was based in Colchester, Vermont , Bombardier Capital offered financial services such as lending and leasing. In 1997, the company began transitioning some services to Jacksonville, Florida . In 2001, it ceased taking on new consumer loans. In 2005, Bombardier sold its inventory finance division to GE Commercial Finance . The company acquired

4608-517: The United Kingdom signed a treaty establishing the development project on 29 November 1962, as the programme cost was estimated at £70 million (£1.68 billion in 2023). Construction of the six prototypes began in February 1965, and the first flight took off from Toulouse on 2 March 1969. The market was predicted for 350 aircraft, and the manufacturers received up to 100 option orders from many major airlines . On 9 October 1975, it received its French Certificate of Airworthiness , and from

4704-479: The aircraft at Mach 2 without difficulties. During an engine failure the required air intake is virtually zero. So, on Concorde, engine failure was countered by the opening of the auxiliary spill door and the full extension of the ramps, which deflected the air downwards past the engine, gaining lift and minimising drag. Concorde pilots were routinely trained to handle double-engine failure. speeds Concorde used reheat (afterburners) only at take-off and to pass through

4800-405: The aircraft lose thrust on that side but the engine creates drag, causing the aircraft to yaw and bank in the direction of the failed engine. If this had happened to Concorde at supersonic speeds, it theoretically could have caused a catastrophic failure of the airframe. Although computer simulations predicted considerable problems, in practice Concorde could shut down both engines on the same side of

4896-411: The airport's opening. Concorde had initially held a great deal of customer interest, but the project was hit by order cancellations. The Paris Le Bourget air show crash of the competing Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 had shocked potential buyers, and public concern over the environmental issues of supersonic aircraft – the sonic boom , take-off noise and pollution – had produced

SECTION 50

#1733085690687

4992-635: The company renamed GAC Ireland Limited. The prototypes were devised in Germany and production of 51 express coaches (KE type) and 366 double-decker buses (KD type) were assembled between 1980 and 1983 at a facility in Shannon, County Clare . They remained in service until 1997 and 2000, respectively. Some surviving examples are now exhibited at the National Transport Museum of Ireland at Howth Castle . The company diversified into rail transport after

5088-525: The company sold its Business Aircraft Training business to CAE Inc. for $ 645 million. The business included flight simulators and training devices for the Bombardier Learjet, Challenger, and Global product lines. On June 25, 2019, Bombardier agreed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to sell the CRJ programme , a deal was expected to close in early 2020 subject to regulatory approval. Bombardier will retain

5184-553: The development teams met, the French Minister of Public Works and Transport Robert Buron was meeting with the UK Minister of Aviation Peter Thorneycroft , and Thorneycroft told the cabinet that France was much more serious about a partnership than any of the US companies. The various US companies had proved uninterested, likely due to the belief that the government would be funding development and would frown on any partnership with

5280-417: The district, such as the 380-meter PIF Tower (HOK and Omrania). Additional design work was provided by W Architecture & Landscape Architecture . The CEO of the company, KAFD DMC, is Gautam Sashittal . The project was at one point estimated to cost 29 billion Saudi riyals ($ 7.8 billion). Upon completion, KAFD is expected to host around 50,000 residents. As Riyadh is characterized by its high temperature,

5376-560: The division was sold for $ 195 million. On June 29, 2016, Bombardier delivered the first CSeries CS100 aircraft (now called the Airbus A220 ) to Swiss International Air Lines . Air Canada placed an order for the aircraft one day earlier. In April 2016, Delta Air Lines placed an order for the aircraft. On September 26, 2017, after Boeing complained that Bombardier was selling the CS100 to Delta Air Lines below cost due to subsidies from

5472-676: The early 2000s, Flight International described Concorde as being "one of aerospace's most ambitious but commercially flawed projects", The consortium received orders (non-binding options) for more than 100 of the long-range version from the major airlines of the day: Pan Am , BOAC , and Air France were the launch customers, with six aircraft each. Other airlines in the order book included Panair do Brasil , Continental Airlines , Japan Airlines , Lufthansa , American Airlines , United Airlines , Air India , Air Canada , Braniff , Singapore Airlines , Iran Air , Olympic Airways , Qantas , CAAC Airlines , Middle East Airlines , and TWA . At

5568-468: The entire development. KAFD was featured as part of the skyline of Riyadh in the 2022 Saudi Arabian action thriller film Route 10 . Bombardier Inc. Bombardier Inc. ( French pronunciation: [bɔ̃baʁdje] ) is a Canadian business jet manufacturer. Headquartered in Montreal , the company was founded in 1942 by Joseph-Armand Bombardier to market his snowmobiles and became one of

5664-407: The entire nature of supersonic design. The delta had already been used on aircraft, but these designs used planforms that were not much different from a swept wing of the same span. Weber noted that the lift from the vortex was increased by the length of the wing it had to operate over, which suggested that the effect would be maximised by extending the wing along the fuselage as far as possible. Such

5760-457: The fact that delta wings can produce strong vortices on their upper surfaces at high angles of attack . The vortex will lower the air pressure and cause lift. This had been noticed by Chuck Yeager in the Convair XF-92 , but its qualities had not been fully appreciated. Weber suggested that the effect could be used to improve low speed performance. Küchemann's and Weber's papers changed

5856-584: The first meeting, on 5 November 1956, the decision was made to fund the development of a test-bed aircraft to examine the low-speed performance of the slender delta, a contract that eventually produced the Handley Page HP.115 . This aircraft demonstrated safe control at speeds as low as 69 mph (111 km/h), about one third that of the F-104 Starfighter. STAC stated that an SST would have economic performance similar to existing subsonic types. Lift

SECTION 60

#1733085690687

5952-419: The flight deck between the flight engineer 's console and the bulkhead. On some aircraft that conducted a retiring supersonic flight, the flight engineers placed their caps in this expanded gap, wedging the cap when the airframe shrank again. To keep the cabin cool, Concorde used the fuel as a heat sink for the heat from the air conditioning. The same method also cooled the hydraulics. During supersonic flight

6048-582: The fuel needed, "some horribly large aeroplanes" resulted. Based on this, the group considered the concept of an SST infeasible, and instead suggested continued low-level studies into supersonic aerodynamics. Soon after, Johanna Weber and Dietrich Küchemann at the RAE published a series of reports on a new wing planform , known in the UK as the "slender delta". The team, including Eric Maskell whose report "Flow Separation in Three Dimensions" contributed to an understanding of separated flow, worked with

6144-544: The governments of Canada and Quebec, the United States Department of Commerce proposed a 219% tariff on the aircraft. Boeing's complaint stated that the CS100 planes were being sold at US$ 19.6 million each, below the US$ 33.2 million production cost. The governments of Canada and the United Kingdom threatened to stop ordering Boeing aircraft since the company was putting aerospace jobs at risk. On January 26, 2018,

6240-1007: The intakes which solved the problem. Each engine had its own intake and the nacelles were paired with a splitter plate between them to minimise the chance of one powerplant influencing the other. Only above Mach 1.6 (1,960 km/h; 1,220 mph) was an engine surge likely to affect the adjacent engine. The air intake design for Concorde's engines was especially critical. The intakes had to slow down supersonic inlet air to subsonic speeds with high-pressure recovery to ensure efficient operation at cruising speed while providing low distortion levels (to prevent engine surge) and maintaining high efficiency for all likely ambient temperatures in cruise. They had to provide adequate subsonic performance for diversion cruise and low engine-face distortion at take-off. They also had to provide an alternative path for excess intake of air during engine throttling or shutdowns. The variable intake features required to meet all these requirements consisted of front and rear ramps,

6336-775: The late 1970s, in the Republic of Ireland , CIÉ (now Bus Éireann and Dublin Bus ) commissioned a range of single and double-decker buses to be designed and produced. CIÉ looked for partners to build these buses in Ireland, eventually finding two: Bombardier , and the United States–based General Automotive Corporation (GAC) from Ann Arbor , Michigan . The two companies formed a new company Bombardier Ireland Limited, 51% owned by Bombardier and 49% owned by GAC. In August 1983, Bombardier sold its shares to GAC, with

6432-437: The main market, to Washington Dulles from 24 May, and to New York JFK from 17 October 1977. Air France and British Airways remained the sole customers with seven airframes each , for a total production of twenty. Supersonic flight more than halved travel times, but sonic booms over the ground limited it to transoceanic flights only. Its only competitor was the Tupolev Tu-144 , carrying passengers from November 1977 until

6528-413: The metallurgical and fatigue modelling. A test rig was built that repeatedly heated up a full-size section of the wing, and then cooled it, and periodically samples of metal were taken for testing. The airframe was designed for a life of 45,000 flying hours. As the fuselage heated up it expanded by as much as 300 mm (12 in). The most obvious manifestation of this was a gap that opened up on

6624-415: The noise concern, although some of these restrictions were later relaxed. Professor Douglas Ross characterised restrictions placed upon Concorde operations by President Jimmy Carter 's administration as having been an act of protectionism of American aircraft manufacturers. The original programme cost estimate was £70 million in 1962, (£1.68 billion in 2023). After cost overruns and delays

6720-449: The original projections, arriving at a unit cost of £23 million in 1977 (equivalent to £180.49 million in 2023). Its sonic boom made travelling supersonically over land impossible without causing complaints from citizens. World events also dampened Concorde sales prospects; the 1973–74 stock market crash and the 1973 oil crisis had made airlines cautious about aircraft with high fuel consumption, and new wide-body aircraft , such as

6816-446: The podded installation was put forward as simpler with only an inlet cone, however, Dr. Seddon of the RAE favoured a more integrated buried installation. One concern of placing two or more engines behind a single intake was that an intake failure could lead to a double or triple engine failure. While a ducted fan over the turbojet would reduce noise, its larger cross-section also incurred more drag. Acoustics specialists were confident that

6912-572: The potential oversupply issue with the project. However, others, such as Hans Mueller in Saudi Real Estate Companion, believe that the market will be able to absorb the supply in the medium term. The first phase was expected to open by July 2017. The district will be served by the King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) Metro Station on the under-construction Riyadh Metro . The station covers an area of 45,000 m and

7008-667: The presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem. Brown considers this moment as being the birth of the Concorde project. On 1 October 1956 the Ministry of Supply asked Morgan to form a new study group, the Supersonic Transport Aircraft Committee (STAC) (sometimes referred to as the Supersonic Transport Advisory Committee), to develop a practical SST design and find industry partners to build it. At

7104-471: The programme eventually cost between £1.5 and £2.1 billion in 1976, (£11.4 billion – 16 billion in 2023). This cost was the main reason the production run was much smaller than expected. Concorde is an ogival delta winged aircraft with four Olympus engines based on those employed in the RAF's Avro Vulcan strategic bomber . It has an unusual tailless configuration for a commercial aircraft, as does

7200-483: The project would not be likely to significantly affect other, more important, research efforts. At the time, the UK was pressing for admission to the European Economic Community , and this became the main rationale for moving ahead with the aircraft. The development project was negotiated as an international treaty between the two countries rather than a commercial agreement between companies and included

7296-578: The public on 7–8 June 1969 at the Paris Air Show . As the flight programme progressed, 001 embarked on a sales and demonstration tour on 4 September 1971, which was also the first transatlantic crossing of Concorde. Concorde 002 followed on 2 June 1972 with a tour of the Middle and Far East. Concorde 002 made the first visit to the United States in 1973, landing at Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport to mark

7392-456: The publicity manager at BAC's Filton plant. Reflecting the treaty between the British and French governments that led to Concorde's construction, the name Concorde is from the French word concorde ( IPA: [kɔ̃kɔʁd] ), which has an English equivalent, concord . Both words mean agreement , harmony , or union . The name was changed to Concord by Harold Macmillan in response to

7488-409: The requirement that the powerplant, at Mach 2, tolerate pushovers, sideslips, pull-ups and throttle slamming without surging. Extensive development testing with design changes and changes to intake and engine control laws addressed most of the issues except airfield noise and the interaction between adjacent powerplants at speeds above Mach 1.6 which meant Concorde "had to be certified aerodynamically as

7584-628: The rights to the Volkswagen Iltis in 1981. Production ceased in 1989. When UTDC was acquired by Bombardier in 1991 several military products were added: UTDC 24M32 - HLVW military trucks based on the Steyr 91 (Percheron) In 2003, the company sold its arms industry division in Canada. Military Aviation Services was sold to SPAR Aerospace . Land-based arms industry products made by Urban Transportation Development Corporation ceased operations. In

7680-469: The simulations had been correct, and this information was added to pilot training. France had its own SST plans. In the late 1950s, the government requested designs from the government-owned Sud Aviation and Nord Aviation , as well as Dassault . All three returned designs based on Küchemann and Weber's slender delta; Nord suggested a ramjet powered design flying at Mach 3, and the other two were jet-powered Mach 2 designs that were similar to each other. Of

7776-540: The three, the Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle won the design contest with a medium-range design deliberately sized to avoid competition with transatlantic US designs they assumed were already on the drawing board. As soon as the design was complete, in April 1960, Pierre Satre , the company's technical director, was sent to Bristol to discuss a partnership. Bristol was surprised to find that the Sud team had designed

7872-903: The time of the first flight, the options list contained 74 options from 16 airlines: The design work was supported by a research programme studying the flight characteristics of low ratio delta wings . A supersonic Fairey Delta 2 was modified to carry the ogee planform, and, renamed as the BAC 221, used for tests of the high-speed flight envelope; the Handley Page HP.115 also provided valuable information on low-speed performance. Construction of two prototypes began in February 1965: 001, built by Aérospatiale at Toulouse, and 002, by BAC at Filton , Bristol. 001 made its first test flight from Toulouse on 2 March 1969, piloted by André Turcat , and first went supersonic on 1 October. The first UK-built Concorde flew from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, piloted by Brian Trubshaw . Both prototypes were presented to

7968-440: The topic between July and September 1962. The committee rejected the economic arguments, including considerations of supporting the industry made by Thorneycroft. Their report in October stated that it was unlikely there would be any direct positive economic outcome, but that the project should still be considered because everyone else was going supersonic, and they were concerned they would be locked out of future markets. It appeared

8064-455: The wing selection. In 1965 the NASA test aircraft successfully tested the wing, and found that it reduced landing speeds noticeably over the standard delta wing. NASA also ran simulations at Ames that showed the aircraft would exhibit a sudden change in pitch when entering ground effect. Ames test pilots later participated in a joint cooperative test with the French and British test pilots and found that

8160-462: The wing to be extensively re-designed. The teams continued to meet in 1961, and by this time it was clear that the two aircraft would be very similar in spite of different ranges and seating arrangements. A single design emerged that differed mainly in fuel load. More powerful Bristol Siddeley Olympus engines, being developed for the TSR-2 , allowed either design to be powered by only four engines. While

8256-464: The wing's centre of pressure (CP, or "lift point") should be close to the aircraft's centre of gravity (CG, or "balance point") to reduce the amount of control force required to pitch the aircraft. As the aircraft layout changes during the design phase, it is common for the CG to move fore or aft. With a normal wing design this can be addressed by moving the wing slightly fore or aft to account for this. With

8352-450: The wooden bodies were replaced with sheet steel, and these vehicles were powered by Chrysler flathead six-cylinder engines and 3-speed manual transmissions. In the early 1950s, Bombardier focused on developing a snowmobile for 1 or 2 passengers. A breakthrough occurred in 1957 when Bombardier developed a one-piece molded rubber continuous track with enough durability to provide snow-gripping traction for lightweight vehicles. The vehicle

8448-434: The world's biggest producers of aircraft and trains. In the 1970s and 1980s, the company diversified into public transport vehicles and commercial jets and became a multinational corporation . It grew particularly fast at the end of the 1980s when the turnover multiplied sixfold within six years. At that time it was North America's most important producer of railway vehicles, Canada's most important aerospace producer and

8544-493: The worldwide leading snowmobile manufacturer. The growth came mainly from buying failing government-owned companies at a low price and orchestrating a turnaround. However, the launch of the CSeries aircraft sent the company into deep debt, pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy by 2015. As a result, the company sold nearly all of its operations except business jet manufacturing. Bombardier manufactures two families of corporate jets,

8640-541: Was already available for development to meet the design requirements. Rolls-Royce proposed developing the RB.169 to power Concorde during its initial design phase, but developing a wholly-new engine for a single aircraft would have been extremely costly, so the existing BSEL Olympus Mk 320 turbojet engine, which was already flying in the BAC TSR-2 supersonic strike bomber prototype, was chosen instead. Boundary layer management in

8736-516: Was called the "Ski-Dog" because it was meant to replace the dog sled for hunters and trappers. However, in 1958, " Ski-Doo " was accidentally painted on the first prototype, and immediately became the popular name. The public soon discovered the great fun of speedy vehicles zooming over snow, and a new winter sport was born, centered in Quebec. In the first year, Bombardier sold 225 Ski-Doos; four years later, 8,210 were sold. Bombardier slowed promotion of

8832-515: Was founded in Valcourt . During World War II , the Government of Canada issued wartime rationing regulations. Bombardier customers had to prove that snowmobiles were essential to their livelihood in order to buy one. The company then shifted its focus to the arms industry . In 1947, during a blizzard in Saskatchewan , the company received positive press coverage when army snowmobiles resupplied isolated radio communication towers. In 1948,

8928-578: Was hosted by the Royal Aeronautical Society on 8 December 1960. Various views were put forward on the likely type of powerplant for a supersonic transport, such as podded or buried installation and turbojet or ducted-fan engines. Concorde needed to fly long distances to be economically viable; this required high efficiency from the powerplant. Turbofan engines were rejected due to their larger cross-section producing excessive drag (but would be studied for future SSTs). Olympus turbojet technology

9024-675: Was strongly related to the span of the wing. This led to the use of short-span, thin trapezoidal wings such as those seen on the control surfaces of many missiles, or aircraft such as the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter interceptor or the planned Avro 730 strategic bomber that the team studied. The team outlined a baseline configuration that resembled an enlarged Avro 730. This short wingspan produced little lift at low speed, resulting in long take-off runs and high landing speeds. In an SST design, this would have required enormous engine power to lift off from existing runways and, to provide

9120-459: Was the first airliner to have analogue fly-by-wire flight controls. The airliner had transatlantic range while supercruising at twice the speed of sound for 75% of the distance. Delays and cost overruns increased the programme cost to £1.5–2.1 billion in 1976, (£11–16 billion in 2023). Concorde entered service on 21 January 1976 with Air France from Paris-Roissy and British Airways from London Heathrow . Transatlantic flights were

9216-552: Was used throughout the aircraft because it was relatively cheap and easy to work with. The highest temperature it could sustain over the life of the aircraft was 127 °C (261 °F), which limited the top speed to Mach 2.02. Concorde went through two cycles of cooling and heating during a flight, first cooling down as it gained altitude at subsonic speed, then heating up accelerating to cruise speed, finally cooling again when descending and slowing down before heating again in low altitude air before landing. This had to be factored into

#686313