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33-569: The river flows through the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion. The Jutaí river runs northeast before reaching its mouth on the southern bank of the Amazon River ( Solimões section). It is west of the Juruá River , and is roughly parallel to the lower Juruá. The 2,450,380 hectares (6,055,000 acres) Cujubim Sustainable Development Reserve , established in 2003, lies on either side of the river in

66-448: Is "Af": equatorial, fully humid. Average temperatures are 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F) throughout the year. Annual precipitation averages 2,500 millimetres (98 in), with as much as 3,500 millimetres (140 in) in some places. Monthly rainfall is typically 200 to 300 millimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in), with least rain falling in July. The Juruá–Purus moist forests ecoregion is in

99-611: Is endemic to the Neotropic realm, occupying a larger geographic area than any other piranha species. Some fish groups originally unique to the Neotropics include: Examples of other animal groups that are entirely or mainly restricted to the Neotropical region include: According to Simberloff. as of 1984 there were a total of 92,128 species of flowering plants (Angiosperms) in the Neotropics. Plant families endemic and partly subendemic to

132-702: Is mostly covered by tropical moist broadleaf forest , including the vast Amazon rainforest , which stretches from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and the lowland forests of the Guianas . The bioregion also includes tropical savanna and tropical dry forest ecoregions. The Central Andes lie between the Gulfs of Guayaquil and Penas and thus encompass southern Ecuador, Chile, Peru, western Bolivia, and northwest and western Argentina. Eastern South America includes

165-535: Is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. In biogeography , the Neotropic or Neotropical realm is one of the eight terrestrial realms . This realm includes South America, Central America , the Caribbean Islands , and southern North America. In Mexico,

198-899: Is placed in the Antarctic kingdom . The Neotropic is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora . Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic realm (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents two to three million years ago, precipitating the Great American Interchange , an important biogeographical event. The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest ( tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ) than any other realm, extending from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil, including

231-546: The Amazon rainforest the most important families of trees are Fabaceae , Sapotaceae , Lecythidaceae , Moraceae , Chrysobalanaceae , Lauraceae and Myristicaceae . Four common palms are Astrocaryum vulgare , Oenocarpus bataua , Attalea maripa and Socratea exorrhiza . Other common species are Eschweilera alba , Eschweilera odora , Pouteria guianensis , Vantanea guianensis , Ragala sanguinolenta , Licania apetala and Iryanthera ulei . Rivers such as

264-584: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in 1993. The limit in the southwest is northeast of the Carauari Arch, an ancient uplift zone. The ecoregion is in the low Amazon basin, with elevations from 20 to 60 metres (66 to 197 ft) above sea level. The terrain consists of flat, forest-covered plains cut by large, meandering rivers with many oxbow lakes and thousands of smaller watercourses, all of which flood each year. Major rivers include

297-464: The Brazilian state of Amazonas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Juru%C3%A1-Purus moist forests The Juruá–Purus moist forests (NT0133) is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil in the Amazon biome . The terrain is very flat and soils are poor. The rivers flood annually. There are no roads in the region, and the dense rainforest is relatively intact, although plans to extend

330-806: The Caatinga xeric shrublands of northeastern Brazil, the broad Cerrado grasslands and savannas of the Brazilian Plateau , and the Pantanal and Chaco grasslands. The diverse Atlantic forests of eastern Brazil are separated from the forests of Amazonia by the Caatinga and Cerrado, and are home to a distinct flora and fauna. North of the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador and Colombia, a series of accreted oceanic terranes (discrete allochthonous fragments) have developed that constitute

363-518: The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event altered local flora and fauna. Much later, about two to three million years ago, South America was joined with North America by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama , which allowed a biotic exchange between the two continents, the Great American Interchange . South American species like the ancestors of the Virginia opossum ( Didelphis virginiana ) and

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396-483: The Jutaí , mid-lower Juruá , Tefé , Tapauá and mid-lower Purus rivers. The sediments of the low Amazon basin were formed during the late Tertiary period, and are relatively young and easily eroded. For this reason the rivers are whitewater rivers that hold suspended mineral and organic sediments. Soils include sandy podzols and hydromorphic clay, typically acidic and low in nutrients. The Köppen climate classification

429-647: The Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. It is part of the Southwestern Amazon Moist Forests global ecoregion, which also includes the Southwest Amazon moist forests , Purus–Madeira moist forests , and Madeira–Tapajós moist forests . The ecoregion is almost completely covered in evergreen tropical rainforest. The forests have a high level of plant diversity. Thus there are over 60 species of trees in

462-578: The Trans-Amazonian Highway through the region would presumably cause widespread damage to the habitat. The Juruá–Purus moist forests ecoregion is in the state of Amazonas in northwest Brazil to the south of the Solimões , or upper Amazon River. It has an area of 24,268,188 hectares (59,968,000 acres). The ecoregion is bounded to the north, east and south by stretches of the Purus várzea ecoregion along

495-681: The Yucatán Peninsula and southern lowlands, and most of the east and west coastlines, including the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula are Neotropical. In the United States southern Florida and coastal Central Florida are considered Neotropical. The realm also includes temperate southern South America. In contrast, the Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead

528-547: The armadillo moved into North America, and North Americans like the ancestors of South America's camelids , including the llama ( Lama glama ), moved south. The long-term effect of the exchange was the extinction of many South American species, mostly by outcompetition by northern species. The Neotropical realm has 31 endemic bird families, which is over twice the number of any other realm. They include tanagers , rheas , tinamous , curassows , antbirds , ovenbirds , toucans , and seriemas . Bird families originally unique to

561-674: The temperate rain forests of the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregions, and the Juan Fernández Islands and Desventuradas Islands , are a refuge for the ancient Antarctic flora , which includes trees like the southern beech ( Nothofagus ), podocarps , the alerce ( Fitzroya cupressoides ), and Araucaria pines like the monkey-puzzle tree ( Araucaria araucana ). These rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing non-native pines and eucalyptus . South America

594-558: The white-throated toucan ( Ramphastos tucanus ), parrots (genus Amazona ) and macaws (genus Ara ). Non-migratory birds include tanagers (genera Tangara and Tachyphonus ), woodcreepers (genus Xiphorhynchus ), pavonine quetzal ( Pharomachrus pavoninus ), wattled curassow ( Crax globulosa ), nocturnal curassow ( Nothocrax urumutum ), razor-billed curassow ( Mitu tuberosum ) and tinamous (genera Crypturellus and Tinamus ). Endangered birds include wattled curassow ( Crax globulosa ). The World Wildlife Fund classes

627-584: The Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the Cordillera Occidental. The Orinoco is a region of humid forested broadleaf forest and wetland primarily comprising the drainage basin for the Orinoco River and other adjacent lowland forested areas. This region includes most of Venezuela and parts of Colombia, as well as Trinidad and Tobago . The temperate forest ecoregions of southwestern South America, including

660-452: The Neotropics include hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) and wrens (family Troglodytidae). Mammal groups originally unique to the Neotropics include: The Neotropical realm has 63 endemic fish families and subfamilies, which is more than any other realm. Neotropical fishes include more than 5,700 species, and represent at least 66 distinct lineages in continental freshwaters (Albert and Reis, 2011). The well-known red-bellied piranha

693-1028: The Purus and Tapauá form barriers to movement of some species of primates and insects, with distinct subspecies on either side of the river. Many species are endemic to the eocregion. There are more than 170 species of mammals. Almost 120 species of mammals have been recorded at one location on the upper Urucu River . Mammals that move between flooded and terra firme forests include common squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ), white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ), brown woolly monkey ( Lagothrix lagotricha ) and collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ). Large mammals include silky anteater ( Cyclopes didactylus ), southern tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ), giant anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), brown-throated sloth ( Bradypus variegatus ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), cougar ( Puma concolor ), red brocket ( Mazama americana ), gray brocket ( Mazama gouazoubira ) and South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ). Species local to

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726-547: The Solimões and Purus rivers. The ecoregion contains the Juruá River , which has typical flora and fauna. Urban centers include Carauari , Tefé , Coari and Jutaí . The várzea , or flooded forest, extends along rivers within the ecoregion. To the west the Juruá–Purus moist forests adjoin the Southwest Amazon moist forests . The western boundary follows the boundary of "dense lowland ombrophilous Amazonian forest" defined by

759-502: The Southwestern Amazon Moist Forests include the short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ), Linnaeus's two-toed sloth ( Choloepus didactylus ), pygmy marmoset ( Cebuella pygmaea ), brown-mantled tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis ) and Goeldi's marmoset ( Callimico goeldii ). Endangered mammals include Peruvian spider monkey ( Ateles chamek ) and giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ). There are over 550 species of birds, including many endemic species. Seasonal migrant birds include

792-405: The ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact". No roads cross the ecoregion, which is relatively inaccessible, although both flora and fauna are affected by hunting and extractive logging. Petrobras has undertaken oil and natural gas exploration in the region for many years, creating deforested patches. A large area of forest near Tefé was cleared for an experimental agricultural project, but this

825-774: The family Sapotaceae . Near Carauari there are 250 tree species per hectare. There are many different timber species but no dense stands of timber. The canopy is usually dense and about 30 metres (98 ft) high, with emergent trees up to 45 metres (148 ft) high. In small patches the canopy is more open and the understory less dense. Trees generally have small diameters of less than 30 centimetres (12 in), and rarely have trunks larger than 40 to 70 centimetres (16 to 28 in) wide. A few giant trees have trunks up to 240 centimetres (94 in) wide such as Cariniana decandra , Osteophloem platyspermum , Piptadenia suaveolens , genus Brosimum , Eschweilera blanchetiana and Sclerobium paraense . As with other parts of

858-529: The municipality of Jutaí . It is the largest conservation unit in Amazonas and the largest sustainable development reserve in the world. Further downstream the river forms the boundary between the 275,533 hectares (680,860 acres) Rio Jutaí Extractive Reserve , created in 2002, to the southeast and the Jutaí-Solimões Ecological Station to the northwest. This article related to a river in

891-410: The near-exponential expansion of urbanization , roads, pastoralism and forest industries which encroach on their customary lands and environment. Nevertheless, amidst these declining circumstances this vast "reservoir" of human diversity continues to survive, albeit much depleted. In South America alone, some 350–400 indigenous languages and dialects are still living (down from an estimated 1,500 at

924-580: The realm are, according to Takhtajan (1978), Hymenophyllopsidaceae , Marcgraviaceae , Caryocaraceae , Pellicieraceae , Quiinaceae , Peridiscaceae , Bixaceae , Cochlospermaceae , Tovariaceae , Lissocarpaceae ( Lissocarpa ), Brunelliaceae , Dulongiaceae , Columelliaceae , Julianiaceae , Picrodendraceae , Goupiaceae , Desfontainiaceae , Plocospermataceae , Tropaeolaceae , Dialypetalanthaceae ( Dialypetalanthus ), Nolanaceae ( Nolana ), Calyceraceae , Heliconiaceae , Cannaceae , Thurniaceae and Cyclanthaceae . Plant families that originated in

957-683: The realm into bioregions , defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest , found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures. Tropical rainforest , tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests are highlight in Southern North America, Amazonia, Caribbean, Central America, Northern Andes and Central Andes. The Amazonia bioregion

990-478: The time of first European contact ), in about 37 distinct language families and a further number of unclassified and isolate languages . Many of these languages and their cultures are also endangered. Accordingly, conservation in the Neotropical realm is a hot political concern, and raises many arguments about development versus indigenous versus ecological rights and access to or ownership of natural resources . The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) subdivides

1023-462: The vast Amazon rainforest . These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. These rainforests are also home to a diverse array of indigenous peoples , who to varying degrees persist in their autonomous and traditional cultures and subsistence within this environment. The number of these peoples who are as yet relatively untouched by external influences continues to decline significantly, however, along with

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1056-567: Was abandoned and the area is now covered in secondary forest. Urban centers and small farming settlements along the rivers are surrounded by land cleared for houses, agriculture and livestock pasturage. The expansion of small-scale livestock production poses a threat. A planned extension of the Trans-Amazonian Highway from Lábrea on the Purus River to Tabatinga on border between Peru, Brazil and Colombia would cause widespread habitat destruction . Neotropical realm The Neotropical realm

1089-480: Was originally part of the supercontinent of Gondwana , which included Africa, Australia, India, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and the Neotropic shares many plant and animal lineages with these other continents, including marsupial mammals and the Antarctic flora . After the final breakup of the Gondwana about 110 million years ago, South America was separated from Africa and drifted north and west. 66 million years ago,

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