Misplaced Pages

#637362

80-520: Jumli Khas language uses the Devanagari script. Khas language is considered to be the parent language of Nepali. The language is considered to developed in Sinja Valley of Karnali province . On 17 August 2017, a draft regarding 'Jumli Khas language writing style' was proposed. The draft proposed 29 consonants and 6 vowels for writing the language. According to Ramanand Acharya, a linguist and editor of

160-777: A शिरोरेखा śirorekhā , that runs along the top of full letters. In a cursory look, the Devanāgarī script appears different from other Indic scripts , such as Bengali-Assamese or Gurmukhi , but a closer examination reveals they are very similar except for angles and structural emphasis. Among the languages using it as a primary or secondary script are Marathi , Pāḷi , Sanskrit , Hindi , Boro , Nepali , Sherpa , Prakrit , Apabhramsha , Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Braj Bhasha , Chhattisgarhi , Haryanvi , Magahi , Nagpuri , Rajasthani , Khandeshi , Bhili , Dogri , Kashmiri , Maithili , Konkani , Sindhi , Nepal Bhasa , Mundari , Angika , Bajjika and Santali . The Devanāgarī script

240-557: A host of auxiliary verbs and expressions, which can be added to verbs to add another degree of subtle variation. For extremely polite or formal situations, the pronoun is generally omitted. Similarly, adjectives are marked for politeness and formality. The adjective your has several forms with different tones of politeness: tum (casual and intimate), "tōhār" (polite and intimate), "t'hār" (formal yet intimate), rā'ur (polite and formal) and āpke (extremely formal). Although there are many tiers of politeness, Bhojpuri speakers mainly use

320-399: A sentence or half-verse may be marked with the " । " symbol (called a daṇḍa , meaning "bar", or called a pūrṇa virām , meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double- daṇḍa , a " ॥ " symbol. A comma (called an alpa virām , meaning "short stop/pause") is used to denote a natural pause in speech. Punctuation marks of Western origin, such as

400-510: Is a table for Hindi, one for Sanskrit and Prakrit, etc. WX is a Roman transliteration scheme for Indian languages, widely used among the natural language processing community in India. It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages. The salient features of this transliteration scheme are as follows. ISCII is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII ,

480-718: Is a variant of Awadhi and Bhojpuri spoken by the Indo-Fijians . Caribbean Hindustani , another variant of Bhojpuri is spoken by the Indo-Caribbean people . It has experienced lexical influence from Caribbean English in Trinidad and Tobago and in Guyana. In Suriname, languages that have lexically influenced it include Sranan Tongo Creole , Surinamese Dutch and English. Other dialects are spoken in Mauritius and South Africa, where its use

560-614: Is also known as Kharwari . Northern Bhojpuri is common in the western Tirhut division (east and west Champaran districts) in Bihar, and Gorakhpur division ( Deoria , Kushinagar , Gorakhpur , and Maharajganj districts) and Basti division ( Basti , Sidharthanagar , and Sant Kabir Nagar districts) in Uttar Pradesh. It is also spoken in Nepal. Western Bhojpuri is prevalent in the areas of Varanasi ( Varanasi , Chandauli , Jaunpur , and

640-611: Is an Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent . Also simply called Nāgari ( Sanskrit :  नागरि , Nāgari ), it is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental writing system ), based on the ancient Brāhmi script. It is one of the official scripts of the Republic of India and Nepal . It was developed and in regular use by the 8th century CE and achieved its modern form by 1000 CE. The Devanāgari script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants,

720-550: Is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Bhojpur - Purvanchal region of India and the Terai region of Nepal . It is chiefly spoken in eastern Uttar Pradesh , western Bihar , and northwestern Jharkhand in India, as well as western Madhesh , eastern Lumbini , southeastern Gandaki , and southwestern Bagmati in Nepal. Bhojpuri is also widely spoken by the diaspora of Indians descended from those who left as indentured laborers during

800-642: Is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts . The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor translates the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic languages). The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July 2001. It is similar to Velthuis system and was created by Avinash Chopde to help print various Indic scripts with personal computers. The disadvantage of

880-566: Is closely related to the Nandināgarī script commonly found in numerous ancient manuscripts of South India , and it is distantly related to a number of southeast Asian scripts. Devanāgarī is formed by the addition of the word deva ( देव ) to the word nāgarī ( नागरी ). Nāgarī is an adjective derived from nagara ( नगर ), a Sanskrit word meaning "town" or "city," and literally means "urban" or "urbane". The word Nāgarī (implicitly modifying lipi , "script")

SECTION 10

#1732869706638

960-612: Is declining. Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi. The oldest presence of the word "Bhojpuri" is found as Bodjpooria in 1789 in the translator's preface of a book titled A Translation of the Sëir Mutaqherin , which is a translation of a Persian book written in 1780 by Ghulam Hussain Khan . The paragraph in which reads: "Don't make so much noise" said of

1040-409: Is indicated by diacritics . The vowel अ ( a ) combines with the consonant क् ( k ) to form क ( ka ) with halant removed. But the diacritic series of क , ख , ग , घ ( ka, kha, ga, gha , respectively) is without any added vowel sign, as the vowel अ ( a ) is inherent . The combinations of all Sanskrit consonants and vowels, each in alphabetical order, are laid out in

1120-499: Is not found in other languages of the same family like Magahi (dekhaït haï), Maithili (dekhaït achi) and Bengali (dekhechī). The Verbs forms of second person singular (dekh'be; you will see) is considered vulgar in Bhojpuri, plural form ( dekhab' ) is used in general. When it is desired to show respect the first person singular form ( dekhab ; I will see) is used instead of second person plural ( dekhab' ). To show plural number

1200-546: Is part of the Brahmic family of scripts of India , Nepal , Tibet , and Southeast Asia . It is a descendant of the 3rd century BCE Brāhmī script , which evolved into the Nagari script which in turn gave birth to Devanāgarī and Nandināgarī . Devanāgarī has been widely adopted across India and Nepal to write Sanskrit , Marathi , Hindi , Central Indo-Aryan languages , Konkani , Boro , and various Nepalese languages. Some of

1280-598: Is prevalent in the Shahabad district ( Buxar , Bhojpur , Rohtas , and Kaimur districts) and the Saran region ( Saran , Siwan and Gopalganj districts) in Bihar, the eastern Azamgarh ( Ballia and eastern Mau districts) and Varanasi (eastern part of Ghazipur district) regions in Uttar Pradesh, and in the Palamu division ( Palamu and Garhwa districts) in Jharkhand. The dialect

1360-670: Is similar to the Krutidev typing method, popular in Rajasthan. The 'itrans' method is useful for those who know English (and the English keyboard) well but are not familiar with typing in Devanāgarī. Thousands of manuscripts of ancient and medieval era Sanskrit texts in Devanāgarī have been discovered since the 19th century. Major catalogues and census include: Bhojpuri language Bhojpuri (IPA: / ˌ b oʊ dʒ ˈ p ʊər i / ; Devanagari : भोजपुरी , Kaithi : 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 )

1440-487: Is sometimes referred to as Sadari . A more specific classification recognises the dialects of Bhojpuri as Bhojpuri Domra, Madhesi, Musahari, Northern Standard Bhojpuri (Basti, Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria), Southern Standard Bhojpuri (Kharwari), Western Standard Bhojpuri (Benarsi, Purbi) and Nagpuriya Bhojpuri. Among the seven languages which are sociolinguistically often counted as Hindi dialects (Haryanvi, Braj, Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, and Kannauji), Bhojpuri has

1520-543: Is that: Suvansa pande of Prayag is the priest of the past Rājās, so I also made him my priest. Whosoever among the Ujjen (Rajputs) comes to Prayag should have regard for him. Year 1136 place Dawa (The old place of the Rajas of Bhojpur, now a village) samat 1785 (A.D. 1728) date 13th of the bright part of Baisakha, Wednesday Paragana Bhojpur, Gotra Sawanak, origin Ujen, caste Pawara. Suvans, who

1600-450: Is the best in terms of ligatures but, because it is designed for Vedic as well, requires so much vertical space that it is not well suited for the "user interface font" (though an excellent choice for the "original field" font). Santipur OT is a beautiful font reflecting a very early [medieval era] typesetting style for Devanagari. Sanskrit 2003 is a good all-around font and has more ligatures than most fonts, though students will probably find

1680-467: Is the fourth most widely adopted writing system in the world, being used for over 120 languages. The orthography of this script reflects the pronunciation of the language. Unlike the Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of letter case . It is written from left to right, has a strong preference for symmetrical rounded shapes within squared outlines, and is recognisable by a horizontal line, known as

SECTION 20

#1732869706638

1760-546: Is the priest of the past Rājās, him I also made my priest. Horil Siha (King of Bhojpur), Origin and Development of Bhojpuri, pp 218-219 In this period the British established themselves as the colonial power in India, and scholars from Britain conducted the first academic study of Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri folk literature was researched, and the Bhojpuri region was mapped for the first time. In this period Bhojpuri became an international language. Between 1838 and 1917 labourers from

1840-671: Is the standard keyboard layout for Devanāgarī as standardized by the Government of India. It is inbuilt in all modern major operating systems . Microsoft Windows supports the InScript layout, which can be used to input unicode Devanāgarī characters. InScript is also available in some touchscreen mobile phones. This layout was used on manual typewriters when computers were not available or were uncommon. For backward compatibility some typing tools like Indic IME still provide this layout. Such tools work on phonetic transliteration. The user writes in

1920-548: Is used for writing Bhojpuri. Kaithi is now rarely used for Bhojpuri. Kaithi script was used for administrative purposes in the Mughal era for writing Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Maithili, Magahi, and Hindustani from at least the 16th century up to the first decade of the 20th century. Government gazetteers report that Kaithi was used in a few districts of Bihar throughout the 1960s. Bhojpuri residents of India who moved to British colonies in Africa,

2000-460: Is used for writing languages other than Sanskrit, conjuncts are used mostly with Sanskrit words and loan words. Native words typically use the basic consonant and native speakers know to suppress the vowel when it is conventional to do so. For example, the native Hindi word karnā is written करना ( ka-ra-nā ). The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardised for

2080-485: Is visible in the Kutila inscription of Bareilly dated to VS  1049 (992 CE), which demonstrates the emergence of the horizontal bar to group letters belonging to a word. One of the oldest surviving Sanskrit texts from the early post- Maurya period consists of 1,413 Nāgarī pages of a commentary by Patanjali , with a composition date of about 150 BCE, the surviving copy transcribed about 14th century CE. In

2160-749: The Siddhaṃ matrika script (considered as the closest precursor to Nāgarī) was in use by Buddhists . Nāgarī has been the primus inter pares of the Indic scripts. It has long been used traditionally by religiously educated people in South Asia to record and transmit information, existing throughout the land in parallel with a wide variety of local scripts (such as Moḍī , Kaithi , and Mahajani ) used for administration, commerce, and other daily uses. Sharada remained in parallel use in Kashmir . An early version of Devanāgarī

2240-483: The bārākhaḍī ( बाराखडी ) or bārahkhaṛī ( बारहखड़ी ) table. In the following barakhadi table, the IAST transliteration of each combination will appear on mouseover: The following letter variants are also in use, particularly in older texts and in specific regions: As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join as a conjunct consonant or ligature . When Devanāgarī

2320-869: The Awadhi -speaking region to the west, the Nepali -speaking region to the north, the Magahi and Bajjika -speaking regions to the east and the Magahi and Bagheli -speaking regions to the south. In Nepal, Bhojpuri is a major language. There are a number of Bhojpuri-speaking Muslims that are part of the Muhajir community in Pakistan , as well as in Bangladesh , where they are referred to as Stranded Pakistanis due to them speaking Bhojpuri and Urdu as their native tongue and not Bengali as most Bangladeshis do. They migrated to Bangladesh there during

2400-619: The Caribbean . Bhojpuri is an Indo-European language and belongs to the Eastern Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Aryan languages . The Magahi and Maithili languages of Eastern Indo-Aryan group are closest living relatives of Bhojpuri. Odia , Bengali and Assamese are also closely related. Bhojpuri along with Magahi and Maithili, are grouped together as the Bihari languages . Together with

2480-502: The Copula . The bāṭ form provides for the tenses and the hokh or ho form provides for the modes, where as rah is the past of other three. Bhojpuri was historically written in Kaithi script, but since 1894 Devanagari has served as the primary script. Kaithi has variants as the locality changes, the three classified varianta are Tirhuti, Magahi and Bhojpuri variants. The Bhojpuri variant

Jumli language - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-498: The Government of India . A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brāhmic graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanāgarī-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, IAST . The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is the academic standard for

2640-1820: The Nath Saint composed literature in Bhojpuri. In this period, the Bhojpuri language altered and its regional boundaries were established. In this era, saints from different sects such as Kabir , Dharni Das , Kina Ram and Dariya Saheb used Bhojpuri as their language of discourse. In the same period Arabic and Persian words came into Bhojpuri. Folk songs are also said to have been composed in this era. Kaithi 𑂮𑂹𑂫𑂷𑂮𑂹𑂞𑂱 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂱 𑂩𑂱𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂠𑂶𑂞𑂹𑂨𑂢𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂉𑂢𑂵𑂞𑂹𑂨-𑂄𑂠𑂱 𑂥𑂱𑂥𑂱𑂡 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂠𑂫𑂪𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂧𑂰𑂢 𑂧𑂢𑂷𑂢𑂞 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲 𑂧𑂰𑂯𑂰𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰𑂡𑂱𑂩𑂰𑂔 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂰 𑂮𑂹𑂩𑂲-𑂔𑂱𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫 𑂠𑂵𑂫𑂰𑂢𑂰𑂧𑂹 𑂮𑂠𑂰 𑂮𑂧𑂩 𑂥𑂱𑂔𑂶𑂢𑂰𑃀 𑂄𑂏𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂄𑂏 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂄𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂍𑂆𑂪𑃀 𑂔𑂵 𑂍𑂵𑂇 𑂣𑂩𑂰-𑂃𑂏 𑂧𑂰𑂯 𑂄𑂫𑂵 𑂮𑂵 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂣𑂰𑂁𑂚𑂵 𑂍𑂵 𑂧𑂰𑂢𑂵, 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂢𑂰𑂫 𑃁𑃀 ११३६ 𑂮𑂰𑂪 𑂧𑂷𑂍𑂰𑂧 𑂠𑂰𑂫𑂰 𑂡𑂳𑂮 𑂮𑂧𑂞 १७८५ 𑂮𑂧𑂶 𑂢𑂰𑂧 𑂥𑂶𑂮𑂰𑂎 𑂮𑂳𑂠𑂱 𑂞𑂱𑂩𑂷𑂠𑂮𑂱 𑂩𑂷𑂔 𑂥𑂳𑂡𑃀 𑂣𑂹𑂩𑂏𑂢𑂵 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩 𑂏𑂷𑂞𑂩 𑂮𑂫𑂢𑂍 𑂧𑂳𑂪 𑂇𑂔𑂵𑂢 𑂔𑂰𑂞𑂱 𑂣𑂰𑂫𑂰𑂩 𑂮𑂳𑂫𑂁𑂮 𑂔𑂵 𑂣𑂰𑂓𑂱𑂪𑂰 𑂩𑂰𑂔𑂢𑂹𑂯 𑂍𑂵 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 𑂯𑂈𑂯𑂲 𑂮𑂵 𑂯𑂧𑂯𑂳 𑂍𑂆𑂪 𑂃𑂣𑂢 𑂇𑂣𑂩𑂷𑂯𑂱𑂞 Devnagari स्वोस्ति स्रि रिपुराज दैत्यनाराएनेत्य-आदि बिबिध बिरदवली बिराजमान मनोनत स्री माहाराजाधिराज राजा स्री-जिव देव देवानाम् सदा समर बिजैना। आगे सुवंस पांड़े परा-आग के उपरोहित पाछिल राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु आपन उपरोहित कईल। जे केउ परा-अग माह आवे से सुवंस पांड़े के माने, उजेन नाव ॥। ११३६ साल मोकाम दावा धुस समत १७८५ समै नाम बैसाख सुदि तिरोदसि रोज बुध। प्रगने भोजपुर गोतर सवनक मुल उजेन जाति पावार सुवंस जे पाछिला राजन्ह के उपरोहित हऊही से हमहु कईल अपन उपरोहित English Translation The statement

2720-508: The Partition of India when the area was part of East Pakistan , before gaining independence as Bangladesh. Bhojpuri is spoken by descendants of indentured labourers brought in the 19th and early 20th centuries for work in plantations in British colonies. These Bhojpuri speakers live in Mauritius , Fiji , South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , Jamaica , and other parts of

2800-683: The colon , semicolon , exclamation mark , dash , and question mark have been in use in Devanāgarī script since at least the 1900s, matching their use in European languages. A variety of Unicode fonts are in use for Devanāgarī. These include Akshar, Annapurna, Arial , CDAC-Gist Surekh, CDAC-Gist Yogesh, Chandas, Gargi, Gurumaa, Jaipur, Jana, Kalimati, Kanjirowa, Lohit Devanagari, Mangal, Kokila, ,Preeti, Raghu, Sanskrit2003, Santipur OT, Siddhanta, and Thyaka. The form of Devanāgarī fonts vary with function. According to Harvard College for Sanskrit studies: Uttara [companion to Chandas ]

2880-750: The 7th century, under the rule of Songtsen Gampo of the Tibetan Empire , Thonmi Sambhota was sent to Nepal to open marriage negotiations with a Nepali princess and to find a writing system suitable for the Tibetan language. He then invented the Tibetan script based on the Nāgarī used in Kashmir. He added 6 new characters for sounds that did not exist in Sanskrit. Other scripts closely related to Nāgarī (such as Siddhaṃ ) were introduced throughout East and Southeast Asia from

2960-603: The 7th to the 10th centuries CE: notably in Indonesia, Vietnam, and Japan. Most of the Southeast Asian scripts have roots in Dravidian scripts, but a few found in south-central regions of Java and isolated parts of southeast Asia resemble Devanāgarī or its prototypes. The Kawi script in particular is similar to the Devanāgarī in many respects, though the morphology of the script has local changes. The earliest inscriptions in

3040-516: The 9th century copper plate inscription of Devapaladeva (Bengal) which is also in early Devanāgarī script. The term kawi in Kawi script is a loan word from kāvya (poetry). According to anthropologists and Asian studies scholars John Norman Miksic and Goh Geok Yian, the 8th century version of early Nāgarī or Devanāgarī script was adopted in Java, Bali , and Khmer around the 8th–9th centuries, as evidenced by

3120-459: The Bhojpuri region were taken to British Colonies like Fiji , Mauritius , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa , as well as the Dutch colony of Suriname as plantation workers. Music genres based on Bhojpuri folk music such as Chutney music , Baithak Gana , Geet Gawanai and Lok Geet arose in those countries. British scholars like Buchanan, Beames and George Abraham Grierson studied

3200-665: The Devanāgarī-like scripts are from around the 10th century CE, with many more between the 11th and 14th centuries. Some of the old-Devanāgarī inscriptions are found in Hindu temples of Java, such as the Prambanan temple. The Ligor and the Kalasan inscriptions of central Java, dated to the 8th century, are also in the Nāgarī script of north India. According to the epigraphist and Asian Studies scholar Lawrence Briggs, these may be related to

3280-627: The East Indo Aryan or Magadhan languages in to three sub-groups viz. Western, Central and Eastern. Bengali, Assamese, Odia belongs to Eastern Magadhan, Maithili and Magahi to Central and Bhojpuri to western. Bhojpuri is classified as Western Magadhan because it has some properties which are peculiar to itself and are not present in other Magadhan Languages. Some striking differences are: Bhojpuri has several dialects: Southern Standard Bhojpuri, Northern Standard Bhojpuri, Western Standard Bhojpuri, and Nagpuria Bhojpuri. Southern Standard Bhojpuri

Jumli language - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-573: The Eastern UP and Western Bihar, there were other names also for the language and people, at different places, the Bhojpuriya in Mughal armies were used to called Buxariya. In Bengal, they called Paschhimas (Westerners) and Bhojpuri people also called them Deshwali or Khoṭṭa, in upper provinces like Oudh they called Purabiya. Besides these, Banarasi , Chhaprahiya , and Bangarahi has also used for

3440-571: The Indian Ocean, and the Caribbean in the 19th and early 20th centuries used both Kaithi and Devanagari scripts. By 1894 both Kaithi and Devanagari became common scripts to write official texts in Bihar. At present almost all Bhojpuri texts are written in Devanagari, even in islands outside of India where Bhojpuri is spoken. In Mauritius, Kaithi script was historically considered informal, and Devanagari

3520-944: The Indic language Misplaced Pages and other wikiprojects, including Hindi, Bhojpuri, Marathi, and Nepali Misplaced Pages. While some people use InScript , the majority uses either Google phonetic transliteration or the input facility Universal Language Selector provided on Misplaced Pages. On Indic language wikiprojects, the phonetic facility provided initially was java-based, and was later supported by Narayam extension for phonetic input facility. Currently Indic language Wiki projects are supported by Universal Language Selector (ULS) , that offers both phonetic keyboard (Aksharantaran, Marathi: अक्षरांतरण , Hindi: लिप्यंतरण, बोलनागरी ) and InScript keyboard (Marathi: मराठी लिपी ). The Ubuntu Linux operating system supports several keyboard layouts for Devanāgarī, including Harvard-Kyoto, WX notation , Bolanagari and phonetic. The 'remington' typing method in Ubuntu IBUS

3600-582: The Jumli Khas dictionary, the proposed draft was prepared based on the Khas language and colloquial language and vernacular spoken in the then Karnali Khas Kingdom . However, on 15 August 2022, the Language Commission of Nepal finalized a phonology with 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters. Unlike Nepali, Jumli Khas only have 6 oral vowels. Affricate The standard record regarding the grammar and vocabulary

3680-561: The Latin alphabet and the IME automatically converts it into Devanāgarī. Some popular phonetic typing tools are Akruti, Baraha IME and Google IME . The Mac OS X operating system includes two different keyboard layouts for Devanāgarī: one resembles the INSCRIPT/KDE Linux, while the other is a phonetic layout called "Devanāgarī QWERTY". Any one of the Unicode fonts input systems is fine for

3760-651: The above ASCII schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for TeX , loosely based on IAST, in which case is irrelevant. ALA-LC romanisation is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in North American libraries. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there

3840-404: The adoption of Nāgarī scripts. For example, the mid 8th-century Pattadakal pillar in Karnataka has text in both Siddha Matrika script, and an early Telugu-Kannada script; while, the Kangra Jawalamukhi inscription in Himachal Pradesh is written in both Sharada and Devanāgarī scripts. The Nāgarī script was in regular use by the 7th century CE, and it was fully developed by about

3920-461: The classifier gō and ṭhō , which emphasises the countability and totality both. To show inclusiveness and exclusiveness, Bhojpuri used the suffixes -o and -e as in ham āmo khāïb (I will eat mangoes too) verses ham āme khāïb (I will eat only mangoes). These suffixes can be added to any lexical category such as numerals, adjectives etc. The auxiliaries in Bhojpuri are formed on five bases viz. ha , ho , hokh , bāṭ , rah . These also act as

4000-447: The colonial era. It is an eastern Indo Aryan language and as of 2000 it is spoken by about 5% of India's population. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit and is related to Maithili , Magahi , Bangla , Odia , Assamese , and other eastern Indo-Aryan languages. It is also a minority language in Fiji , Guyana , Mauritius , South Africa , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago . Fiji Hindi , an official language of Fiji,

4080-557: The earliest epigraphic evidence attesting to the developing Sanskrit Nāgarī script in ancient India is from the 1st to 4th century CE inscriptions discovered in Gujarat . Variants of script called nāgarī , recognisably close to Devanāgarī, are first attested from the 1st century CE Rudradaman inscriptions in Sanskrit, while the modern standardised form of Devanāgarī was in use by about 1000 CE. Medieval inscriptions suggest widespread diffusion of Nāgarī-related scripts, with biscripts presenting local script along with

SECTION 50

#1732869706638

4160-517: The end of first millennium. The use of Sanskrit in Nāgarī script in medieval India is attested by numerous pillar and cave-temple inscriptions, including the 11th-century Udayagiri inscriptions in Madhya Pradesh , and an inscribed brick found in Uttar Pradesh , dated to be from 1217 CE, which is now held at the British Museum . The script's prototypes and related versions have been discovered with ancient relics outside India, in places such as Sri Lanka , Myanmar and Indonesia . In East Asia,

4240-458: The first Bhojpuri film, Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo was released and became the founding stone of the Bhojpuri film industry . Bhojpuri is listed as a potentially vulnerable language in the UNESCO world atlas of languages due to the influence of Hindi. Words like Bujhã are being replaced by Hindi words like Samjhã . The Bhojpuri-speaking region covers the area of 73,000 square kilometres approximately in India and Nepal and borders

4320-596: The first ever Jumli Khas Dictionary titled Khasiya Akhar . Khas means Khas people and Aakhar means word or a letter . As of 2019, he had collected around 25 thousands words. The collection process has been at a slow rate due to lack of funding. The Karnali Province government allocated funds for the process in the budget of the fiscal year 2077/2078 BS (2020/2021). Devanagari Devanagari ( / ˌ d eɪ v ə ˈ n ɑː ɡ ə r i / DAY -və- NAH -gə-ree ; देवनागरी , IAST : Devanāgarī , Sanskrit pronunciation: [deːʋɐˈnaːɡɐriː] )

4400-410: The grammar of Bhojpuri is simpler than other languages of the same family. Nouns in Bhojpuri have three forms: short, long and redundant. The adjectives of nouns do not change with genders. Plurals are made by adding either the suffix -na or ni with the nouns or adding the multitudes such as sabh (all) or lōg (people). Examples: Except few instances the Verb forms of Bhojpuri depend only on

4480-407: The keyboard. This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters that can be difficult to read in the middle of words. ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanāgarī into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet . It is an extension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. In ITRANS, the word devanāgarī is written "devanaagarii" or "devanAgarI". ITRANS

4560-448: The language and People. Rahul Sankrityayan has suggested two names for it i.e. Mallika or Malli (due to ancient tribe of Malla ) and Kashiki (due to ancient Kashi ). The Girmityas who were taken to British colonies called it simply Hindustani or Hindi and it became Fiji Hindi in Fiji and Caribbean Hindustani in the Caribbean region. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit which started taking shape during

4640-634: The language in details. Beames published the grammar of Bhojpuri for the first time in 1868. Grierson compiled and published the folksongs of Bhojpuri in 1884. He published the folklore of Bhojpuri and also made the dictionaries in Bhojpuri. He also conducted the Linguistic Survey of India . In the 19th century, notable works like Devakshara Charita , Badmash Darpan were published. In the 20th century, Bhikhari Thakur contributed significantly to Bhojpuri literature and theatre with his notable plays like Bidesiya , Beti Bechwa , Gabarghichor and novels like Bindia and Phulsunghi were published. In 1962,

4720-399: The many contemporaneous inscriptions of this period. The letter order of Devanāgarī, like nearly all Brāhmic scripts, is based on phonetic principles that consider both the manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. This arrangement is usually referred to as the varṇamālā (" garland of letters"). The format of Devanāgarī for Sanskrit serves as

4800-403: The most allophonic variations in vowels . Bhojpuri has 6 vowel phonemes and 10 vocoids . The higher vowels are relatively tense, and the lower vowels are relatively lax. The language has 31 consonant phonemes and 34 contoids (6 bilabial , 4 apico-dental, 5 apico-alveolar , 7 retroflex , 6 alveo-palatal , 5 dorso-velar , and 1 glottal ). Linguist Robert L. Trammell published

4880-424: The most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. The following are a number of rules: The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha . In the Rigveda , anudātta is written with a bar below the line ( ◌॒ ), svarita with a stroke above the line ( ◌॑ ) while udātta is unmarked. The end of

SECTION 60

#1732869706638

4960-420: The noun. For instance, moṭā is the feminine form of moṭī in Hindi. However, as with Bebgali, in Bhojpuri, only moṭ is used. The past and future tense in Bhojpuri is formed in same way as other Eastern Indo-Aryan Languages, by adding a suffix stating from -l a and -ba respectively to the verb. Form example, I shall See , in Bengali is dekh-bo and in Bhojpuri is dekh-ab . Some scholars has also divided

5040-512: The other branches of Eastern Indo-Aryan, the Bihari languages are considered to be direct descendants of the Magadhi Prakrit . Bhojpuri is classified as an Eastern Indo-Aryan Language because it has similar inflexion system to the other languages of the same family such as Bengali , Maithili and Odia . For example, the pronunciation of the vowel a is broad in Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, and sounds like o in Bengali, on moving westwards it becomes less broad but still can be differentiated from

5120-416: The phonology of Northern Standard Bhojpuri in 1971. According to him, the syllable system is peak type: every syllable has the vowel phoneme as the highest point of sonority . Codas may consist of one, two, or three consonants. Vowels occur as simple peaks or as peak nuclei in diphthongs . The intonation system involves 4 pitch levels and 3 terminal contours. According to George Abraham Grierson ,

5200-572: The prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages. The vowels and their arrangement are: The table below shows the consonant letters (in combination with inherent vowel a ) and their arrangement. To the right of the Devanāgarī letter it shows the Latin script transliteration using International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration , and the phonetic value ( IPA ) in Hindi . The table below shows consonants with common vowel diacritics and their ISO 15919 transliteration. Vowels in their independent form on

5280-568: The reign of the Vardhana dynasty . Bāṇabhaṭṭa , in his Harshacharita has mentioned two poets named Isānchandra and Benibhārata who used to write in local language instead of Prakrit and Sanskrit . The earliest form of Bhojpuri can be traced in the Siddha Sahitya and Charyapada as early as the 8th century A.D. . This period is also called as Siddha period. Between the 11th and 14th centuries A.D., much Bhojpuri folklore such as Lorikayan , Sorathi Birjabh , Vijaymal, Gopichand, Raja Bharthari ar came into existence. Alongside these,

5360-447: The romanisation of Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books, magazines, and electronic texts with Unicode fonts. It is based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912. The ISO 15919 standard of 2001 codified the transliteration convention to include an expanded standard for sister scripts of Devanāgarī. The National Library at Kolkata romanisation , intended for

5440-400: The romanisation of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST. Compared to IAST, Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains. It was designed to simplify the task of putting large amount of Sanskrit textual material into machine readable form, and the inventors stated that it reduces the effort needed in transliteration of Sanskrit texts on

5520-430: The sharp cut a in Middle Indo-Aryan. In Bhojpuri, the clear cut a and the drawled a, which sounds like aw in the word awl are present and the contrast between the two gives a different tone to the language. This drawled a is represented by Avagraha (ऽ), for instance, the word dekh'la , you see, is written as देेखऽलऽ. Other property of Eastern Indo Aryan languages is that the adjectives does not change with

5600-446: The spacing of the CDAC-Gist Surekh font makes for quicker comprehension and reading. The Google Fonts project has a number of Unicode fonts for Devanāgarī in a variety of typefaces in serif, sans-serif, display and handwriting categories. There are several methods of Romanisation or transliteration from Devanāgarī to the Roman script . The Hunterian system is the national system of romanisation in India , officially adopted by

5680-399: The subject and the object has no effect on it. Unlike other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages , Bhojpuri has a different verb form for the present tense, which corresponds to the Future forms of Nepali . It is formed by adding the suffix -lā to the present subjunctive. Therefore, for the verb to see the Bhojpuri verb is dekhe and the present form is dhekhelā , which is peculiar to itself and

5760-501: The suffix -sa' or -ja is also used with the 2nd and third person forms, thus dekhe-la'-sa is they see . The present perfect form is made by adding ha' to the past form. Thus, ham dekh'li (I saw) is the past from and its present perfect form is ham dekh'li ha' (I have seen). Past perfect in regular verbs are made by adding the suffix -al to the verb (dekh - dekhal), but in some cases it has irregular forms like kar (kail) , mar (mual) etc. Numerals of Bhojpuri take

5840-585: The them in his Bhojpooria idiom, "we go to-day with the Frenghees, but we all are servant to Chëyt Singh , and may come back tomorrow with him and then question will not be about your roots, but about your wives and daughters." The word Bhojpuri is derived from Bhojpur . After the conquest of Chero and Ujjainiya Rajputs in 12th century, who were the descendants of Raja Bhoj from Ujjain , Malwa , Madhya Pradesh captured Shahabad and named their capital Bhojpur (City of Raja Bhoj). The seat of their government

5920-449: The top and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant ' k ' on the bottom. ' ka ' is without any added vowel sign, where the vowel ' a ' is inherent . A vowel combines with a consonant in their diacritic form. For example, the vowel आ ( ā ) combines with the consonant क् ( k ) to form the syllabic letter का ( kā ), with halant (cancel sign) removed and added vowel sign which

6000-642: The upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific. It has been designed for representing not only Devanāgarī but also various other Indic scripts as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts. ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has, however, attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks. The Unicode Standard defines four blocks for Devanāgarī: Devanagari (U+0900–U+097F), Devanagari Extended (U+A8E0–U+A8FF), Devanagari Extended-A (U+11B00–11B5F), and Vedic Extensions (U+1CD0–U+1CFF). InScript

6080-513: The western part of Ghazipur district), Azamgarh ( Azamgarh district , western part of Mau district ) and Mirzapur , Sonbhadra , Sant Ravidas Nagar , and Bhadohi districts) in Uttar Pradesh. Banarasi is a local name for Bhojpuri, named after Banaras . Nagpuria Bhojpuri is the southernmost popular dialect, found in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand , particularly parts of Palamu , South Chotanagpur and Kolhan divisions. It

6160-622: Was Bhojpur village which was near Dumraon in Buxar . Two villages named Chhotka Bhojpur and Barka Bhojpur still exist in Buxar, where the ruins of their Navratna Fortress can still be seen. Slowly the word Bhojpur became the synonyms of the Shahabad or Arrah region (Today's Bhojpur district , Buxar , Kaimur and Rohtas ) and the adjective Bhojpuri or Bhojpuriya extended to mean the language or people of Bhojpur and even beyond it. Apart from Bhojpuri in

6240-562: Was not collected and standardized as of 2022. On 15 August 2022, at the initiative of the local government, the Language Commission started the process of documenting and archiving the language. According to proposal, 24 vowels and 41 consonant characters were finalized for developing writing system of the language. In 2020, twenty-eight schools in Tatopani Rural Municipality of Jumla District started teaching in Jumli Khas language. In 2008, Ramanand Acharya started compiling

6320-452: Was sometimes spelled as Devanagri . In modern Mauritius, the major script is Devanagari. Bhojpuri syntax and vocabulary reflects a three-tier system of politeness. Any verb can be conjugated through these tiers. The verb to come in Bhojpuri is aail and the verb to speak is bolal . The imperatives come! and speak! can be conjugated in five ways, each marking subtle variation in politeness and propriety. These permutations exclude

6400-409: Was used on its own to refer to a North Indian script, or perhaps a number of such scripts, as Al-Biruni attests in the 11th century; the form Devanāgarī is attested later, at least by the 18th century. The name of the Nandināgarī script is also formed by adding a prefix to the generic script name nāgarī . The precise origin and significance of the prefix deva remains unclear. Devanāgarī

#637362