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38-598: The Julia Butler Hansen Bridge in Wahkiakum County , in the U.S. state of Washington , connects Cathlamet to Puget Island . It spans the Cathlamet Channel of the Columbia River . The Wahkiakum County Ferry connects Puget Island to Westport, Oregon . The bridge was named after former United States Congresswoman Julia Butler Hansen , who represented Washington from 1960 to 1974. This article about

76-485: A bridge in the U.S. state of Washington is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Wahkiakum County, Washington Wahkiakum County ( / w ə ˈ k aɪ . ə k ʌ m / wə- KY -ə-kum ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . As of the 2020 census , the population was 4,422, making it one of the least populous counties in Washington. The county seat and only incorporated town

114-479: A considerably large freshet due to Tropical Storm Agnes , resulting in flooding and increased sedimentation in Chesapeake Bay. At the peak of the flood on June 24, 1972, the instantaneous peak flow was greater than 32,000 cubic metres per second (1,100,000 cu ft/s), and at the mouth of the river, the concentration of suspended solids was greater than 10,000 milligrams per liter. In southwestern Japan

152-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 28.60% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.40% under the age of 18, 5.30% from 18 to 24, 22.20% from 25 to 44, 30.60% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

190-411: A large population of Chinese residents who worked in the fish canneries. The total population in 1912 was 5,283. Lacking roads, travel between early communities was by foot or by boat. Numerous areas of population disappeared in the years after roads began to replace water transportation. Settlers engaged in fishing, logging, farming, and trading. Salmon canning began in 1866, quickly followed by

228-513: A longer period of time and thus do not contribute to major flooding. Serious flooding from freshets in southern US states are more often related to rain storms of large tropical weather systems rolling in from the South Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico , to add their powerful heating capacity to lesser snow packs. Tropically induced rainfall influenced quick melts can also affect snow cover to latitudes as far north as southern Canada, so long as

266-466: A salting station in the region. In 1844, the first trading post was established in the area, near Skamokawa. It was succeeded by Birnie's Retreat, a trading post established in 1846 by James Birnie , who had previously worked for the Hudson's Bay Company. The influence of his wife, Charlotte Beaulieu Birnie, whose parents were a French voyageur and a Kootenay tribe member, helped protect Cathlamet during

304-730: Is Cathlamet . The county was formed out of Cowlitz County in April 1854 and is named for Chief Wahkiakum ("Tall Timber ") of the Chinook , who is buried in the Pioneer Cemetery in Cathlamet. The county operates the Wahkiakum County Ferry , which connects Cathlamet to Westport, Oregon , across the Columbia River . The region that became Wahkiakum County was home to the Wahkiakums, one of

342-428: Is land and 24 square miles (62 km ) (8.3%) is water. It is the smallest county of Washington by total area and the third-smallest by land area, after San Juan County and Island County , which are mostly water by area. Wahkiakum County has one of the lowest population of any county in Washington state. Its population of 4,422 is 0.2% the size of the population of Washington's largest county, King. The county has

380-660: Is rapid, flooding can be more intense. In areas where freshets dominate the hydrological regime , such as the Fraser River Basin in British Columbia , the timing of freshets is critical. In the Fraser River Basin, the annual freshet was observed 10 days earlier in 2006 compared to 1949. In these areas, earlier freshets can result in low flow conditions later in the summer or fall. Freshets may also occur due to rainfall events. Significant rainfall events can saturate

418-628: Is true under La Niña conditions. Runoff from freshets is a major contributor of nutrients to lakes. In La Niña conditions with stronger freshets, higher runoff, and high nutrient inputs, more positive ecological indicator species ( Arcellacea ) are present in lakes, indicating lower levels of ecological stress. In El Niño conditions, smaller freshets contribute less runoff and result in lower nutrient inputs to lakes and rivers. In these conditions, fewer positive ecological indicator species are present. Migratory fish, such as salmon and trout , are highly responsive to freshets. In low flows present at

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456-613: The Chinookan peoples . Archaeological investigation at Skamokawa indicated that the site, where the inhabitants engaged in fishing, hunting, wood-working, and tool manufacture, was approximately 2,300 years old. Merchant sea captain Robert Gray , on his Columbia River expedition in 1792, was the first American known to arrive in the area. During salmon season in the early 1800s, the Hudson's Bay Company ' s post at Fort George operated

494-775: The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry was organized in 1901. The earliest periodicals in the area included the Cathlamet Gazette (1889), the Skamokawa Eagle (1891) which continues to be the county's official newspaper, and the Timberman (1899). According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 287 square miles (740 km ), of which 263 square miles (680 km )

532-577: The Puget Sound War . Wahkiakum County, with Cathlamet as the county seat, was created by the First Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Washington in 1854. Early settlers came from Great Britain and the eastern United States until around 1870, when they were followed by a large number of immigrants from Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Dalmatia . From 1870 to the early 1900s, there was

570-639: The poverty line , including 11.00% of those under age 18 and 2.70% of those age 65 or over. In the 2016 Presidential election, Donald Trump won the county over Hillary Clinton by a decisive margin – 55.3% to 34.3%. It is generally a swing county in presidential elections. From 1932 to 1996, it voted Democratic all but twice, but since 2000 it has voted Republican all but once. 46°17′N 123°26′W  /  46.29°N 123.43°W  / 46.29; -123.43 Freshet A spring freshet can sometimes last several weeks on large river systems, resulting in significant inundation of flood plains as

608-564: The snowpack melts in the river's watershed . Freshets can occur with differing strength and duration depending upon the depth of the snowpack and the local average rates of warming temperatures. Deeper snowpacks which melt quickly can result in more severe flooding . Late spring melts allow for faster flooding; this is because the relatively longer days and higher solar angle allow for average melting temperatures to be reached quickly, causing snow to melt rapidly. Snowpacks at higher altitudes and in mountainous areas remain cold and tend to melt over

646-404: The 1,737 households, 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.7% were non-families, and 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.69. The median age was 52.3 years. The median income for a household in

684-521: The Ohashi River runs between two brackish-water lagoons. In this river Ammonia "beccarii" forma 1 (a benthic foraminiferan) has been found to colonize these waters depending on seasonal changes in the ecosystem. These organisms have been studied prior and post freshet events, and have been found to recover even when their habitat has been diminished by physical disturbances. The freshets in winter or early spring cause rapid flooding. The water abundance due to

722-474: The century” in the areas impacted. The Fraser River in British Columbia experiences yearly freshets fed by snowmelt in the spring and early summer. The largest freshet ever experienced in the Fraser River occurred in 1894 and resulted in an estimated peak discharge of 17,000 cubic metres per second (600,000 cu ft/s) and a peak height of 11.75 metres (38.5 ft) at Hope, BC . However, due to

760-440: The county was $ 40,372 and the median income for a family was $ 47,266. Males had a median income of $ 44,779 versus $ 36,111 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 23,115. About 7.1% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 census , there were 3,824 people, 1,553 households, and 1,108 families living in

798-401: The county was 94.0% white, 1.3% American Indian, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.7% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 19.8% were Norwegian , 19.3% were German , 13.3% were English , 9.6% were American , 8.5% were Swedish , and 6.8% were Irish . Of

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836-415: The county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5.4 people/km ). There were 1,792 housing units at an average density of 7 units per square mile (2.7 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 93.46% White , 0.26% Black or African American , 1.57% Native American , 0.47% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 1.65% from other races , and 2.51% from two or more races. 2.56% of

874-479: The economy and agriculture of populated environments. The floods caused by high waters from the rivers have been documented to destroy historical monuments, destroy ecosystems as well as pose a great threat to any life living near the freshet event, including human life. The research of predicting the changes of water levels due to freshets have become a large topic in the scientific community due to prior and future catastrophic events. The 1997 Red River Valley Flood

912-518: The end of freshets, fish are more likely to ascend streams (move upstream). During high flows at the peak of a freshet, fish are more likely to descend streams. There are some species of fish that are less effected from freshets than others. Goby Pomatoschistus ssp for example, show similar patterns of migration and recover in population abundance and distribution after/during freshet conditions. The benthic-estuarine species seem to better cope with freshets, some have even showed an attraction effect due to

950-563: The establishment of multiple canneries. In 1872, Chinese laborers were brought in to work in the canneries. Salmon canning over the years was impacted by overfishing and habitat degradation, with declines observed by 1889. The last salmon pack in Wahkiakum County took place in 1947. As a densely wooded region, Wahkiakum County was an abundant source for logging companies. Logs were easily transported by water, although that transport relied on seasonal changes in freshets . When timber nearest

988-456: The extent of estuarine cues. Some species are affected by the consequences of freshets more than others. This is due to multiple factors, some include, but not limited to: differentiation in species biological anatomy, previous migration patterns, mating seasons, and feeding habits. Freshets are often associated with high levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in streams and rivers. During base flows , water entering streams comes from deep in

1026-602: The generally colder air mass is not blocking northward movement of low pressure systems. In the eastern part of the continent , annual freshets occur from the Canadian Taiga ranging along both sides of the Great Lakes then down through the heavily forested Appalachian mountain chain and St. Lawrence valley from Northern Maine and New Brunswick into barrier ranges in North Carolina and Tennessee . In

1064-434: The ground and lead to rapid inundation of streams, as well as contributing to snowmelt by delivering energy to snowpacks through advection . In the tropics, tropical storms and cyclones can lead to freshet events. The magnitude of freshets depends on snow accumulation and temperature. Smaller freshets have been associated with El Niño conditions, where the milder conditions lead to lower snow accumulations. The opposite

1102-496: The low population this flood had a minor impact compared to the second largest flood in 1948, which had a peak discharge of 15,200 cubic metres per second (540,000 cu ft/s) and a peak height of 10.97 metres (36.0 ft) at Hope, BC. The 1948 flood caused extensive damage in the lower Fraser Valley and cost 20 million dollars at the time. In 1972, the Susquehanna River which flows into Chesapeake Bay experienced

1140-511: The most intense conditions of freshets they have decreased oxygen levels. Artificial freshets have also been correlated with changes in migration patterns of adult Atlantic salmon. A study was conducted in southern Norway which showed significant alterations in migration distances. Comparing the data from pre-freshet, during freshet, and post-freshet the mean migration distances per hour of the salmon showed significant differences. Freshets may cause catastrophic changes to society, specifically in

1178-429: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.7% were of German , 13.1% Norwegian , 10.6% United States or American, 9.1% English , 7.7% Irish , 6.5% Swedish , and 5.9% Finnish ancestry. 96.7% spoke English and 2.5% Spanish as a first language. There were 1,553 households, out of which 26.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.40% were married couples living together, 6.30% had

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1216-401: The second highest divorce rate of any Washington county, behind Lincoln County . As of the 2010 census , there were 3,978 people, 1,737 households, and 1,187 families living in the county. The population density was 15.1 people per square mile (5.8 people/km ). There were 2,067 housing units at an average density of 7.8 units per square mile (3.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of

1254-492: The soil where carbon contents are lower due to microbial digestion. During a freshet, water is more likely to run overland, where it dissolves the abundant, less degraded carbon present in the uppermost soil layers before entering streams. High dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels lead to a decrease in the net primary productivity of the stream by enhancing heterotrophic microbial growth. Freshets have also been linked to compressing salinity gradients, increasing turbidity, and in

1292-495: The water had been felled, loggers had to rely on oxen, and then on railroads. The first logging train began operating in 1892, established by Simon Benson . Many trees were also felled by immigrants to clear land for farming. By 1912, there were approximately 140 farms in the region, primarily dairy farms. The first cooperative creamery on the west coast was organized in 1898 in Skamokawa. The first chapter in Wahkiakum County of

1330-511: The western part of the continent, freshets occur throughout the generally much higher elevations of the various west coast mountain ranges that extend southward down from Alaska even into the northern parts of Arizona and New Mexico . Freshets are the result of the mass delivery of water to the landscape, either by snowmelt , heavy rains, or a combination of the two. Specifically, freshets occur when this water enters streams and results in flooding and high flow conditions. When freshets occur in

1368-526: The winter or early spring, the frozen ground can contribute to rapid flooding. This is because the meltwaters cannot easily infiltrate the frozen surface and instead run overland into rivers and streams, leading to a rapid flooding response. Deeper snow packs with large snow water equivalents (SWE) are capable of delivering larger quantities of water to rivers and streams, compared to smaller snowpacks , given that they reach adequate melting temperatures. When melting temperatures are reached quickly and snowmelt

1406-416: Was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.10 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 39,444, and the median income for a family was $ 47,604. Males had a median income of $ 37,123 versus $ 27,938 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 19,063. About 5.90% of families and 8.10% of the population were below

1444-478: Was the result of an exceptionally large freshet fed by large snow accumulations which melted due to rapidly warming temperatures, producing large volumes of meltwater which inundated the frozen ground. At the peak of the flood, the Red River reached a depth of 16.46 metres (54.0 ft) and a maximum discharge of 4,000 cubic metres per second (140,000 cu ft/s). This event has been referred to as “the flood of

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