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71-452: The census was seen as a way to prove that Jews were betraying the Fatherland by shirking military service. According to Amos Elon , "In October 1916, when almost three thousand Jews had already died on the battlefield and more than seven thousand had been decorated, War Minister Wild von Hohenborn saw fit to sanction the growing prejudices. He ordered a "Jew census" in the army to determine

142-524: A "statistical monstrosity", was a catalyst for intensified antisemitism. The episode also led increasing numbers of young German Jews to accept Zionism , as they realized that full assimilation into German society was unattainable. German Jewish writer Arnold Zweig , who had volunteered for the army and seen action in the rank of private in France, Hungary and Serbia, was stationed at the Western Front when

213-655: A grave breach of the Geneva Conventions and whether the settlements constitute war crimes . In 2015, over 800,000 Israelis resided outside the 1949 Armistice Lines, constituting nearly 13% of Israel's Jewish population. Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt in the 1967 Six-Day War . It established settlements along the Gulf of Aqaba and in the northeast portion, just below the Gaza Strip . It had plans to expand

284-679: A major attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip. On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a "total blockade" of the Gaza Strip . The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant , who declared: "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed." Al Haq , an independent Palestinian human rights organization based in Ramallah in

355-598: A naval base, and other installations by 1982, including the only oil resources under Israeli control. The evacuation of the civilian population, which took place in 1982, was done forcefully in some instances, such as the evacuation of Yamit. The settlements were demolished, as it was feared that settlers might try to return to their homes after the evacuation. Since 1982, the Sinai Peninsula has not been regarded as occupied territory. The Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon took place after Israel invaded Lebanon during

426-668: A speech to the Security Council on 1 May 1968. In March 1972, Syria "conditionally" accepted Resolution 242, and in May 1974, the Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria was signed. In the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Syria attempted to recapture the Golan Heights militarily, but the attempt was unsuccessful. Israel and Syria signed a ceasefire agreement in 1974 that left almost all

497-493: A treaty when it has undertaken an act expressing its consent thereto." The Treaty, which is substantially a codification of customary international law, also provides that a State "may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty" (Art. 27). The Israeli government maintains that according to international law the West Bank status is that of disputed territories . The question

568-399: Is holding the West Bank under "belligerent occupation" . However, successive Israeli governments have preferred the term "disputed territories" in the case of the West Bank, and Israel likewise maintains that the West Bank is disputed territory. Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip in 2005. The UN and a number of human rights organizations continue to consider Israel as

639-518: Is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for the Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences. This has led to considerable anxiety among Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted...The land between

710-495: The 1948 Arab–Israeli War . Today, Palestinians make up around half of Jordan's population. Jordan occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from 1948 to 1967, annexing it in 1950 and granting Jordanian citizenship to the residents in 1954 (the annexation claims and citizenship grants were rescinded in 1988 when Jordan acknowledged the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the sole representative of

781-660: The 1982 Lebanon War and subsequently retained its forces to support the Christian South Lebanon Army militia in Southern Lebanon. In 1982, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and allied Free Lebanon Army Christian militias seized large sections of Lebanon, including the capital of Beirut , amid the hostilities of the wider Lebanese Civil War . Later, Israel withdrew from parts of the occupied area between 1983 and 1985, but remained in partial control of

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852-600: The Armenian genocide . Elon was the author of nine books. He rose to international fame in the early 1970s after publishing The Israelis: Founders and Sons , described as "an affectionate but unsparing portrait of the early Zionists ". A frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books and The New York Times Magazine , he was widely regarded as one of Israel's leading journalists for many years. In 1975 he wrote an admiring if critical biography of Theodor Herzl ,

923-512: The Battle of Gaza (2007) and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza . Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli raids, such as Operation Hot Winter continued into 2008. A six month ceasefire was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving

994-620: The Fourth Geneva Convention . One of those obligations is to maintain the status quo until the signing of a peace treaty , the resolution of specific conditions outlined in a peace treaty, or the formation of a new civilian government. Israel disputes whether, and if so to what extent, it is an occupying power in relation to the Palestinian territories and as to whether Israeli settlements in these territories are in breach of Israel's obligations as an occupying power and constitute

1065-798: The Israeli Military Governorate , and after the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt after the Egypt–Israel peace treaty , Israel effectively annexed the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem in 1980, and brought the rest of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip under the Israeli Civil Administration . The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the UN General Assembly , and the UN Security Council all regard Israel as

1136-749: The Jerusalem Embassy Act in 1995, stating that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999." As a result of the Embassy Act , official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Until May 2018, the law had never been implemented, because successive U.S. Presidents Clinton , Bush , and Obama exercised

1207-594: The Judenzählung census was undertaken. Zweig wrote in a letter to Martin Buber , dated February 15: "The Judenzählung was a reflection of unheard sadness for Germany's sin and our agony... If there was no antisemitism in the Army, the unbearable call to duty would be almost easy." Shaken by the experience, Zweig began to revise his views on the war and to realize that it pitted Jews against Jews. Later he described his experiences in

1278-551: The Middle East peace process . Syria wants the return of the Golan Heights, while Israel has maintained a policy of " land for peace " based on Resolution 242. The first high-level public talks aimed at a resolution of the Syria–Israel conflict were held at and after the multilateral Madrid Conference of 1991 . Throughout the 1990s several Israeli governments negotiated with Syria's president Hafez Al-Assad . While serious progress

1349-595: The Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of East Jerusalem. The Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 , but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the 1949 Armistice Agreements , the Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt . Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under

1420-522: The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) were deployed to the security belt (from the end of Operation Litani in 1978). The strip was a few kilometers wide, and consisted of about 10% of the total territory of Lebanon, which housed about 150,000 people who lived in 67 villages and towns made up of Shiites , Maronites , and Druze (most of whom lived in the town of Hasbaya ). In

1491-461: The West Bank by Jordan , while the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights are parts of Egypt and Syria , respectively. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights, where Israel had transferred its parts of population there and built large settlements , is the longest military occupation in modern history . From 1967 to 1981, the four areas were administered under

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1562-572: The 1 October 2006 and has since began an ongoing occupation of parts of southern Lebanon during the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War . A ceasefire was signed on 11 June 1967 and the Golan Heights came under Israeli military administration. Syria rejected UNSC Resolution 242 of 22 November 1967, which called for the return of Israeli-occupied State territories in exchange for peaceful relations. Israel had accepted Resolution 242 in

1633-592: The 1990s, Elon began to spend much of his time in Italy . In 2004 he moved there permanently, citing disillusionment with developments in Israel since 1967. Elon died of leukemia on May 25, 2009 in Borgo Buggiano in Tuscany , Italy, aged 82. In 2005, his daughter Danae produced a biographical film about him, entitled Another Road Home . Beginning in the 1950s, Elon served as a correspondent on European and American affairs for

1704-584: The Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns. On Feb 6, 2017, The Knesset passed the controversial Regulation Law , which aimed at retroactively legalizing 2,000 to 4,000 Israeli settlements in Area C . On June 9, 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court struck down the law as "infringing on

1775-497: The Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs maintains an office on "Occupied Palestinian Territory", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip. In his statement on the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict Richard Falk , United Nations Special Rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories " wrote that international humanitarian law applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in

1846-661: The Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority . A July 2004 opinion of the International Court of Justice treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a unilateral disengagement plan from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005. Under

1917-656: The Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the Philadelphi Route , which is a narrow strip adjacent to the Strip's border with Egypt , after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across

1988-722: The Golan Heights there is another area occupied by Israel, namely the Shebaa farms . Syria and Lebanon have claimed that the farms belong to Lebanon and in 2007 a UN cartographer came to the conclusion that the Shebaa farms do actually belong to Lebanon (contrary to the belief held by Israel). UN then said that Israel should relinquish the control of this area. Both of these territories were part of Mandate Palestine , and both have populations consisting primarily of Palestinians Arabs , including significant numbers of refugees who fled or were expelled from Israel and territory Israel controlled after

2059-630: The Heights under Israeli control, while returning a narrow demilitarized zone to Syrian control. A United Nations observation force was established in 1974 as a buffer between the sides. By Syrian formal acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 338 , which set out the cease-fire at the end of the Yom Kippur War, Syria also accepted Resolution 242. On 14 December 1981, Israel passed the Golan Heights Law , extending Israeli administration and law to

2130-631: The Israeli army. The Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip. Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Tzipi Livni stated in January, 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement." Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state. Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, "the legal status of

2201-526: The Palestinian mission to the U.N. has argued that: it is of no relevance whether a State has a monist or a dualist approach to the incorporation of international law into domestic law. A position dependent upon such considerations contradicts Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 which states that: "a state is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purposes of

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2272-522: The Palestinian people). Egypt administered the Gaza Strip from 1948 to 1967 but did not annex it or make Gazans Egyptian citizens. The West Bank was allotted to the Arab state under United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 , but the West Bank was occupied by Transjordan after the 1948 war. In April 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank, but this was recognized only by the United Kingdom and Pakistan. (see 1949 Armistice Agreements , Green Line ) In 1967,

2343-519: The West Bank and an affiliate of the International Commission of Jurists , has asserted that "As noted in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 'a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty'. As such, Israeli reliance on local law does not justify its violations of its international legal obligations". Further,

2414-525: The West Bank and another 200,000 live in East Jerusalem. The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel, restricted access to water sources, and economic effects. Regarding the violation of freedom of Palestinians, in a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that:[47] ...it

2485-423: The West Bank and partly along the 1949 Armistice line , or "Green Line" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank. 12% of the West Bank area is on the Israel side of the barrier. In 2004, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion stating that the barrier violates international law . It claimed that "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude

2556-475: The West Bank came under Israeli military administration. Israel retained the mukhtar ( mayoral ) system of government inherited from Jordan, and subsequent governments began developing infrastructure in Arab villages under its control. (see Palestinians and Israeli law , International legal issues of the conflict , Palestinian economy ). As a result of " Enclave law ", large portions of Israeli civil law are applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli residents in

2627-536: The West Bank for the PLO. In 2000, the Israeli government started to construct the Israeli West Bank barrier , within the West Bank , separating Israel and several of its settlements, as well as a significant number of Palestinians, from the remainder of the West Bank. State of Israel cabinet approved a route to construct separation barrier whose total length will be approximately 760 km (472 mi) built mainly in

2698-513: The actual number of Jews on the front lines as opposed to those serving in the rear. Ignoring protests in the Reichstag and the press, he proceeded with his head count. The results were not made public, ostensibly to "spare Jewish feelings." The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80 percent served on the front lines." The official position was that the census was intended to discredit growing anti-semitic sentiments and rumors. However,

2769-795: The area into the Jerusalem Municipality. In 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law , which was declared a Basic Law , which declared Jerusalem to be the "complete and united" capital of Israel. However, United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared this action to be "null and void", and that it "must be rescinded forthwith". The international community does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and considers it an occupied territory. UN Security Council Resolution 478 also called upon countries which held their diplomatic delegations to Israel in Jerusalem, to move them outside

2840-660: The areas of Judea and Samaria in belligerent occupation, since 1967. The court also held that the normative provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation are applicable. The Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 were both cited. About 500,000 Israeli settlers live in

2911-464: The areas slated for evacuation has not changed." Human Rights Watch also contested that this ended the occupation. The United Nations , Human Rights Watch and many other international bodies and NGOs continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea. The United Nations Office for

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2982-563: The army and any records of the census were most likely lost when the German military archives were destroyed during the allied bombing campaigns of Berlin and Potsdam . The episode marked a shocking moment for the Jewish community, which had passionately backed the War effort and displayed great patriotism ; many Jews saw it as an opportunity to prove their commitment to the German homeland. Estimates vary on

3053-538: The authority to approve one of the stages, changing the system operating for the last 27 years. In its first six months, construction of 13,000 housing units in settlements, almost triple the number advanced in the whole of 2022. Jerusalem has created additional issues in relation to the question of whether or not it is occupied territory. The 1947 UN Partition Plan had contemplated that all of Jerusalem would be an international city within an international area that included Bethlehem for at least ten years, after which

3124-595: The border region known as the South Lebanon Security Belt , initially in coordination with the self-proclaimed Free Lebanon State , which executed a limited authority over portions of southern Lebanon until 1984, and later with the South Lebanon security belt administration and its South Lebanon Army (transformed from Free Lebanon Army), until the year 2000. Israel's stated purpose for the Security Belt

3195-433: The border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by

3266-645: The central zone of the Strip was the Maronite town Marjayoun , which was the capital of the security belt. Residents remaining in the security zone had many contacts with Israel, many of whom have worked there and received various services from Israel. Before the Israeli election in May 1999 , the Prime Minister of Israel , Ehud Barak , promised that within a year all Israeli forces would withdraw from Lebanon. When negotiation efforts failed between Israel and Syria—the goal of

3337-469: The city. Most nations with embassies in Jerusalem complied, and relocated their embassies to Tel Aviv or other Israeli cities prior to the adoption of Resolution 478. Following the withdrawals of Costa Rica and El Salvador in August 2006, no country maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until 2018, although Bolivia and Paraguay once had theirs in nearby Mevaseret Zion . The United States Congress passed

3408-423: The evidence indicated that the government's intention was the opposite: to acquire confirmation of the purported ill deeds. There was a long history of Jews in Germany being discriminated against, oppressed, and denied rank within the military and other government institutions. This fact disproves the "less than eager to serve" attitude of Jews in Germany. The results of the census were never officially released by

3479-417: The founder of Zionism, but later grew disillusioned. In 2004 he sold his home in Jerusalem and moved to Tuscany. In an interview that year with Ari Shavit he stated that Zionism had "exhausted itself" and that he had come to consider it "perhaps the least successful attempt at colonialism that I can think of. This is the crappiest colonial regime that I can think of in the modern age." In 2007–2008, Elon

3550-440: The jurisdiction of the All-Palestine Government until in 1959 it was merged into the United Arab Republic , de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship. Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the Egypt–Israel peace treaty . Since the Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition of 1993,

3621-482: The law's presidential waiver, citing national security interests. On 14 May 2018, the U.S. opened its embassy in Jerusalem. East Jerusalem residents are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society, in terms of education, citizenship, national service and in other aspects. Recent surveys show that, if given the option of having East Jerusalem transferred today from Israeli rule to the Palestinian National Authority , most East Jerusalem Palestinians would oppose

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3692-399: The negotiations was to bring a peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon as well, due to Syrian occupation of Lebanon until 2005—Barak led the withdrawal of the IDF to the Israeli border on 24 May 2000. No soldiers were killed or wounded during the redeployment to the internationally recognized border of Blue Line . Israel occupied parts of Lebanon again during the 2006 Lebanon War until

3763-437: The newspaper Haaretz . He took a leave of absence from Haaretz in 1971 and resumed in 1978. Elon retired from Haaretz in 2001. Elon was an early advocate for the creation of a Palestinian state and withdrawal from the territories occupied by Israel in 1967. Elon also spoke out against Armenian genocide denial and Yad Vashem 's boycott of the 1982 International Conference on Holocaust and Genocide over its inclusion of

3834-455: The occupied territories. Since the Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition of 1993, most of the Palestinian population and cities came under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority , and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has frequently redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration in various parts of the two territories. On July 31, 1988, Jordan renounced its claims to

3905-404: The occupying power for the territories. The ICJ in 2024 ruled that Israel's occupation was illegal and called for Israel to end its "unlawful presence ... as rapidly as possible" and to make reparations to the people of the occupied territories. UN Special Rapporteur Richard Falk called Israel's occupation "an affront to international law". The Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that Israel

3976-437: The occupying power of the Gaza Strip due to its blockade of the territory ; Israel rejects this characterization. The significance of the designation of these territories as occupied territory is that certain legal obligations fall on the occupying power under international law. Under international law there are certain laws of war governing military occupation , including the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 and

4047-465: The plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000 Israeli settlers (most of them in the Gush Katif settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of

4118-470: The property rights of Palestinian residents." In February 2023, the new Israeli government under Benjamin Netanyahu approved the legalization of nine illegal settler outposts in the West Bank. Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich took charge of most of the Civil Administration , obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank. In June 2023, Israel shortened the procedure of approving settlement construction and gave Finance Minister Smotrich

4189-494: The proposal. According to Middle East expert David Pollock, in the hypothesis that a final agreement was reached between Israel and the Palestinians with the establishment of a two-state solution , 48% of East Jerusalem Arabs would prefer being citizens of Israel, while 42% of them would prefer the State of Palestine . 9% would prefer Jordanian citizenship. In May 2021, clashes occurred between Palestinians and Israeli police over further anticipated Palestinian evictions in

4260-425: The request of a Palestinian delegation, and although the annexation was recognized by only two countries, it was not condemned by the UNSC. The British did not recognize the territory as sovereign to Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan in the 1967 Six-Day War . On June 27, Israel extended its laws, jurisdiction, and administration to East Jerusalem and several nearby towns and villages, and incorporated

4331-415: The requirements of the laws of war." In a 2009 interview on Democracy Now Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the Israel Project , a pro-Israel media group, contests that characterization. In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in

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4402-400: The residents would be allowed to conduct a referendum and the issue could be re-examined by the Trusteeship Council. However, after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , Jordan captured East Jerusalem and the Old City , and Israel captured and annexed the western part of Jerusalem . Jordan bilaterally annexed East Jerusalem along with the rest of the West Bank in 1950 as a temporary trustee at

4473-489: The settlement of Yamit into a city with a population of 200,000, though the actual population of Yamit did not exceed 3,000. The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in stages beginning in 1979 as part of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty . As required by the treaty, Israel evacuated Israeli military installations and civilian settlements prior to the establishment of "normal and friendly relations" between it and Egypt. Israel dismantled eighteen settlements, two air force bases,

4544-473: The short story Judenzählung vor Verdun and became an active pacifist . Amos Elon Amos Elon ( Hebrew : עמוס אילון , July 4, 1926 – May 25, 2009) was an Israeli journalist and author. Heinrich Sternbach (later Amos Elon) was born in Vienna . He immigrated to Mandate Palestine as a child in 1933. He studied law and history in Israel and England. He married Beth Drexler, a New York-born literary agent, with whom he had one daughter, Danae . In

4615-441: The terms. At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the Gaza War that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead. In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched

4686-474: The territory. Israel has expressly avoided using the term " annexation " to describe the change of status. However, the UN Security Council has rejected the de facto annexation in UNSC Resolution 497 , which declared it as "null and void and without international legal effect", and consequently continuing to regard the Golan Heights as Israeli-occupied territory. The measure has also been criticized by other countries, either as illegal or as not being helpful to

4757-399: The total numbers but between 62,515 and 100,000 had served in the Army; 12,000 perished in battle, while another 35,000 were decorated for bravery . That their fellow countrymen could turn on them was a source of major dismay for most German Jews, and the moment marked a point of rapid decline in what some historians called "Jewish-German symbiosis." Judenzählung, denounced by German Jews as

4828-432: The wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". However, Israel government derived its justification for constructing this barrier with Prime Minister Ehud Barak stating that it is "essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel". The Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, stated that Israel has been holding

4899-423: Was a fellow at the Center for Law and Security at New York University School of Law. Israeli-occupied territories Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War of 1967. It previously occupied the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon as well. Prior to 1967, the Palestinian territories was split between the Gaza Strip controlled by Egypt and

4970-487: Was made, they were unsuccessful. In 2004, there were 34 settlements in the Golan Heights, populated by around 18,000 people. Today, an estimated 20,000 Israeli settlers and 20,000 Syrians live in the territory. All inhabitants are entitled to Israeli citizenship , which would entitle them to an Israeli driver's license and enable them to travel freely in Israel. The non-Jewish residents, who are mostly Druze , have nearly all declined to take Israeli citizenship. In

5041-441: Was to create a space separating its northern border towns from terrorists residing in Lebanon. During the stay in the security belt, the IDF held many positions and supported the SLA. The SLA took over daily life in the security zone, initially as the official force of the Free Lebanon State and later as an allied militia. Notably, the South Lebanon Army controlled the prison in Khiam. In addition, United Nations (UN) forces and

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