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58-635: In 2002, the World Monuments Fund (WMF) began a partnership with the Palace Museum to restore the Qianlong Garden. The first of the 27 pavilions to be restored was the Juanqinzhai, which was completed in 2008. Because of the huge success of this restoration, the partnership has been extended so that each of the other 26 buildings in the garden can be fully restored. Juanqinzhai was built as part of

116-509: A chantourné painting showing an easel holding a painting. Chantourné literally means 'cutout' and refers to a trompe-l'œil representation designed to stand away from a wall. The Dutch painter Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten was a master of the trompe-l'œil and theorized on the role of art as the lifelike imitation of nature in his 1678 book, the Introduction to the Academy of Painting, or

174-629: A Strategic Affiliation. The affiliation aims to create a more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable future for cultural heritage protection worldwide. WMF added GHF’s two active projects, Dali Village in Guizhou , China , and Ciudad Perdida in Colombia , to the WMF project portfolio. Trompe-l%27%C5%93il Trompe-l'œil ( French for 'deceive the eye'; / t r ɒ m p ˈ l ɔɪ / tromp- LOY ; French: [tʁɔ̃p lœj] )

232-424: A board, or a person might appear to be climbing out of the painting altogether—all in reference to the contest of Zeuxis and Parrhasius . Perspective theories in the 17th century allowed a more fully integrated approach to architectural illusion, which when used by painters to "open up" the space of a wall or ceiling is known as quadratura . Examples include Pietro da Cortona 's Allegory of Divine Providence in

290-513: A carver of inner skin bamboo was found to carve the deer in relief in the audience hall. The restoration of Juanqinzhai was lauded throughout China and the West as a milestone in the history of restoration, especially in the Forbidden City. The Chinese team even raised another $ 5 million to help with the restoration of the other 26 buildings of the Qianlong Garden. Though he never stayed in Juanqinzhai,

348-591: A deck of playing cards might appear to be sitting on the table. A particularly impressive example can be seen at Chatsworth House in Derbyshire , where one of the internal doors appears to have a violin and bow suspended from it, in a trompe-l'œil painted around 1723 by Jan van der Vaart . Another example can be found in the Painted Hall at the Old Royal Naval College , Greenwich, London. This Wren building

406-563: A perfect architectural trompe-l'œil is the illusionistic dome in the Jesuit church, Vienna, by Andrea Pozzo , which is only slightly curved, but gives the impression of true architecture. Trompe-l'œil paintings became very popular in Flemish and later in Dutch painting in the 17th century arising from the development of still life painting. The Flemish painter Cornelis Norbertus Gysbrechts created

464-563: A real wall. Then he runs towards what appears to be a hallway, but when he runs up this as well we realize that it is a large trompe-l'œil mural. More recently, Roy Andersson has made use of similar techniques in his feature films. Matte painting is a variant of trompe-l'œil , and is used in film production with elements of a scene are painted on glass panels mounted in front of the camera. Elsa Schiaparelli frequently made use of trompe-l'œil in her designs, most famously perhaps in her Bowknot Sweater , which some consider to be

522-754: A renaissance since around 1980. Significant artists in this field are the German muralist Rainer Maria Latzke , who invented, in the 1990s, a new method of producing illusion paintings, frescography , and the English artist Graham Rust . OK Go 's music video for " The Writing's on the Wall " uses a number of trompe-l'œil illusions alongside other optical illusions, captured through a one-shot take. Trompe-l'œil illusions have been used as gameplay mechanics in video games such as The Witness and Superliminal . Japanese filmmaker and animator Isao Takahata regarded achieving

580-633: A reputation for IFM. In Spain , the organization formed a Committee for Spain under the leadership of American diplomat and U.S. Ambassador to Spain in 1965–67 Angier Biddle Duke (1915–1995). At the invitation of UNESCO in the 1970s, IFM became involved in architectural conservation in Nepal , where the organization adopted the Mahadev temple complex in Gokarna , in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley . The 14th-century temple building

638-512: A sense of trompe-l'œil to be important for his work, stating that an animated world should feel as if it "existed right there" so that "people believe in a fantasy world and characters that no one has seen in reality." Tourist attractions employing large-scale illusory art allowing visitors to photograph themselves in fantastic scenes have opened in several Asian countries, such as the Trickeye Museum and Hong Kong 3D Museum . Recently

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696-570: A small retreat. These small buildings were much different from the monumental buildings in the Outer Court and were much more intimate. However, these buildings remained as dignified and noble as the governmental buildings, as they would be still be the home and office of the Retired Qianlong Emperor. After the completion of the imperial residence, the emperor prepared to move into his new home. The Qianlong Emperor abdicated in 1796, leaving

754-449: A window, door, or hallway, intended to suggest a larger room. A version of an oft-told ancient Greek story concerns a contest between two renowned painters. Zeuxis (born around 464 BC) produced a still life painting so convincing that birds flew down to peck at the painted grapes. A rival, Parrhasius , asked Zeuxis to judge one of his paintings that was behind a pair of tattered curtains in his study. Parrhasius asked Zeuxis to pull back

812-454: Is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. Trompe-l'œil , which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving painted objects or spaces as real. Forced perspective is a related illusion in architecture. The phrase, which can also be spelled without the hyphen and ligature in English as trompe l'oeil , originates with

870-506: Is headquartered in New York , and has offices and affiliates around the world, including Cambodia , France , Peru , Portugal , Spain , and the United Kingdom . In addition to hands-on management, the affiliates identify, develop, and manage projects, negotiate local partnerships, and attract local support to complement funds provided by donors. The International Fund for Monuments (IFM)

928-1068: The Château de Chantilly in Chantilly, France; the ghost town of Craco , Italy; many structures in Rome , including the Temple of Hercules , Santa Maria Antiqua , and the House of Augustus ; several sites on Easter Island ; various sites at ancient Luxor in Egypt; Lalibela in Ethiopia; San Ignacio Miní in Argentina; the ancient Maya city of Naranjo, Guatemala ; the Segovia Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain; as well as 25 projects in Venice , Italy, over 20 years. WMF has also participated in projects in

986-482: The Old Summer Palace but in Juanqinzhai the murals were likely to have been painted by his assistant Wang Youxue. On the wall the bamboo fence is replicated in paint, and behind it stands a large pavilion with trees and birds. Mimicking the real bamboo fence, the mural also contains a circular "moon gate", where a crane stands watch. On the ceiling is a bamboo lattice motif, interlaced with vibrant grapevines. Here,

1044-609: The Palazzo Barberini and Andrea Pozzo 's Apotheosis of St Ignatius on the ceiling of the Roman church of Sant'Ignazio in Campo Marzio . The Mannerist and Baroque style interiors of Jesuit churches in the 16th and 17th centuries often included such trompe-l'œil ceiling paintings, which optically "open" the ceiling or dome to the heavens with a depiction of Jesus', Mary 's, or a saint's ascension or assumption. An example of

1102-689: The Forbidden City were locked and forgotten. In 2001, after years of neglect, the World Monuments Fund began a partnership with the Palace Museum in Beijing to restore the Qianlong Garden. The project, which cost 18 million, is slated to be finished in 2019, in time for the 600th anniversary of the construction of the Forbidden City (2020). Juanqinzhai's murals, which are the only large ensemble of eighteenth illusionist painting in China, were removed from their backing, and painstakingly cleaned. After much searching,

1160-522: The Palace of Tranquil Longevity in the Forbidden City. The Qianlong Emperor ruled from the Forbidden City in Beijing, where he presided over the zenith of the Qing Dynasty. Art and architecture flourished during his reign and China reached a new peak of wealth and culture. The Qianlong Emperor's passion for painting, sculpture and embroidery extended to his palaces. Even late in his reign, when the Qianlong Garden

1218-504: The Qianlong Emperor still planned the Palace of Tranquil Longevity as his personal retreat, filled with his favorite designs and motifs. From the eastern entrance, the emperor entered a large, two storied audience room, paneled with bamboo and silk screens. On the lower half of the screen is a carving of deer playing amongst pines and rocks, while the top half of each partition is decorated with an intricate, semitransparent silk screen. In

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1276-646: The Robert W. Wilson Challenge to Conserve Our Heritage, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation , and Tiffany & Co. The Samuel H. Kress Foundation's relationship with the organization dates almost to the inception of the International Fund for Monuments. In 2009, WMF agreed to share approximately 2,000 images of architecture, sites, and monuments from around the world to be made available by Artstor . WMF has partnered with Williamsburg High School for Architecture and Design ,

1334-797: The United States, including Ellis Island , Taos Pueblo , Mesa Verde National Park , the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society , and many sites in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast . Every two years WMF publishes the World Monuments Watch (formerly the World Monuments Watch List of 100 Most Endangered Sites ). Since the first list was compiled in 1996, this program has drawn international attention to cultural heritage sites around

1392-539: The Virgin in the Parma Cathedral . Similarly, Vittorio Carpaccio (1460–1525) and Jacopo de' Barbari (c. 1440 – before 1516) added small trompe-l'œil features to their paintings, playfully exploring the boundary between image and reality. For example, a painted fly might appear to be sitting on the painting's frame, or a curtain might appear to partly conceal the painting, a piece of paper might appear to be attached to

1450-507: The Visible World ( Inleyding tot de hooge schoole der schilderkonst: anders de zichtbaere werelt , Rotterdam, 1678). A fanciful form of architectural trompe-l'œil , quodlibet , features realistically rendered paintings of such items as paper knives, playing cards, ribbons, and scissors, apparently accidentally left lying around. Trompe-l'œil can also be found painted on tables and other items of furniture, on which, for example,

1508-539: The artist Louis-Léopold Boilly , who used it as the title of a painting he exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1800. Although the term gained currency only in the early 19th century, the illusionistic technique associated with trompe-l'œil dates much further back. It was (and is) often employed in murals . Instances from Greek and Roman times are known, for instance in Pompeii . A typical trompe-l'œil mural might depict

1566-474: The beautiful screens that decorate the reception room and the theater room. Each of the embroideries were carefully sewn by hand, even the unique double-sided transparent screens in the audience hall. Like the paper, a trial and error process was used to produce the brocade on the various thrones and tables. It took many tries to replicate the Qing dynasty "cloud brocade" which was used extensively in Juanqinzhai. Finally,

1624-416: The beginning of the 1980s when German artist Rainer Maria Latzke began to combine classical fresco art with contemporary content, trompe-l'œil became increasingly popular for interior murals. The Spanish painter Salvador Dalí utilized the technique for a number of his paintings. Trompe-l'œil , in the form of " forced perspective ", has long been used in stage-theater set design , so as to create

1682-621: The building's sides features the Chicago Board of Trade Building , intended as a reflection of the building located two miles south. Several contemporary artists use chalk on pavement or sidewalk to create trompe-l'œil works, a technique called street painting or "pavement art". These creations last only until washed away, and therefore must be photographed to be preserved. Practitioners of this form include Julian Beever , Edgar Mueller , Leon Keer , and Kurt Wenner . The Palazzo Salis of Tirano , Italy , has over centuries and throughout

1740-399: The center of lower level sits a formal throne, embroidered in imperial yellow and flanked by traditional Chinese couplets. Behind the partitions is an enfilade of rooms, filled with calligraphy, artworks, and mirrors. On both floors, the emperor had a set of private rooms and thrones, each filled with natural light, due to the semi-transparent silk screens, which also appear on both levels. On

1798-435: The conservators found a source of paper for the new backing. This paper was made using traditional materials rather than modern techniques, which is revolutionary for a Chinese restoration. In China, "historic preservation usually entails razing a structure and replacing it with a brightly painted replica." In Suzhou, the same city where the Qianlong Emperor himself ordered silks, dozens or workers labored extensively to produce

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1856-769: The curtains, but when Zeuxis tried, he could not, as the curtains were included in Parrhasius's painting—making Parrhasius the winner. A fascination with perspective drawing arose during the Renaissance . But Giotto had begun using perspective at the end of the 13th century with the cycle of Assisi in Saint Francis stories. Many Italian painters of the late Quattrocento , such as Andrea Mantegna (1431–1506) and Melozzo da Forlì (1438–1494), began painting illusionistic ceiling paintings , generally in fresco , that employed perspective and techniques such as foreshortening to create

1914-408: The emperor could entertain his passion for art, gardening, and theatre throughout the year. World Monuments Fund World Monuments Fund ( WMF ) is a private, international, non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of historic architecture and cultural heritage sites around the world through fieldwork, advocacy, grantmaking, education, and training. Founded in 1965, WMF

1972-430: The emperors. After the emperors death, an edict was produced ordering that no one could rebuild or change the designs of the garden, preserving it untouched. This edict is one of the main reasons that the original eighteenth century interiors remained in the Juanqinzhai and other buildings of the garden. When the last emperor was removed from the Forbidden City in 1924, the doors of the Qianlong Garden and many other halls of

2030-497: The fake tunnel. This is usually followed by the coyote's foolishly trying to run through the tunnel after the road runner, only to smash into the hard rock-face. This sight gag was employed in Who Framed Roger Rabbit . In Chicago 's Near North Side , Richard Haas used a 16-story 1929 apartment hotel converted into a 1981 apartment building for trompe-l'œil murals in homage to Chicago school architecture . One of

2088-456: The first use of trompe-l'œil in fashion. The Tears Dress , which she did in collaboration with Salvador Dalí , features both appliqué tears on the veil and trompe-l'œil tears on the dress itself. Fictional trompe-l'œil appears in many Looney Tunes , such as the Road Runner cartoons, where, for example, Wile E. Coyote paints a tunnel on a rock wall, and Road Runner then races through

2146-591: The former ADGB Trade Union School in Germany, which was inscribed as part of the Bauhaus World Heritage Site in July 2017. Each year, the World Monuments Fund's Hadrian Gala honours "Champions of Conservation" for their passionate commitment and extraordinary contributions to preserving and protecting the world's shared cultural heritage. Some of WMF's long-term partners have included American Express , Knoll ,

2204-672: The history of the Citadelle , which was used for educational purposes in the United States. Through donations and matching funds, WMF has worked with local community and government partners worldwide to safeguard and conserve places of historic value for future generations. To date, WMF has worked at more than 500 sites in 91 countries, including many UNESCO World Heritage Sites . WMF has worked at internationally famous tourist attractions, as well as lesser-known sites. Among highly prominent projects, starting in 1990, are many temples at Angkor , Cambodia , including Preah Khan and Phnom Bakheng ;

2262-635: The illusion of a much deeper space than the existing stage. A famous early example is the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza , with Vincenzo Scamozzi 's seven forced-perspective "streets" (1585), which appear to recede into the distance. Trompe-l'œil is employed in Donald O'Connor 's famous "Running up the wall" scene in the film Singin' in the Rain (1952). During the finale of his "Make 'em Laugh" number he first runs up

2320-572: The impression of greater space for the viewer below. This type of trompe-l'œil illusionism as specifically applied to ceiling paintings is known as di sotto in sù , meaning "from below, upward" in Italian. The elements above the viewer are rendered as if viewed from true vanishing point perspective. Well-known examples are the Camera degli Sposi in Mantua and Antonio da Correggio 's (1489–1534) Assumption of

2378-462: The long-term protection of the ancient city. In 2006, with the support of the Knoll furniture company, WMF launched "Modernism at Risk", an advocacy and conservation program for Modernist architecture . Through this initiative, the biennial World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism Prize was established in 2008. The inaugural prize was awarded to Brenne Gesellschaft von Architekten for the restoration of

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2436-476: The many threats to Iraq's cultural heritage resulting from the occupation and from a long period of political isolation and conflict. At the ancient city of Babylon , WMF has launched a program with the support of the United States Department of State to develop a comprehensive site management plan, help local officials prepare a nomination for World Heritage listing, and establish site boundaries for

2494-593: The only high school in the United States with a four-year comprehensive historic preservation curriculum. In May 2022, WMF announced a collaboration of digital work for the 2024 reopening of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's African, ancient American, and Oceanic art galleries. The digital project "aims to bolster the understanding of several historic sites in sub-Saharan Africa", in particular sites that have been minimally explored by Western museums. In 2023, World Monuments Fund and Global Heritage Fund announced

2552-479: The palace used trompe-l'œil in place of more expensive real masonry, doors, staircases, balconies, and draperies to create an illusion of sumptuousness and opulence. Trompe-l'œil in the form of illusion architecture and Lüftlmalerei is common on façades in the Alpine region. Trompe-l'œil, in the form of "illusion painting", is also used in contemporary interior design, where illusionary wall paintings experienced

2610-432: The room has a warm and informal feel, the ideals of the Forbidden City are still present in the room. Like the columns in the main halls in the Outer Court, the faux bamboo is made of a rare nanmu tree, painted to look like bamboo. Despite this expensive touch, the pièce de résistance of the room are the floor-to-ceiling trompe-l'œil murals hung here. Such trompe-l'œil murals were introduced by Giuseppe Castiglione in

2668-566: The sites that make up the list. In 2010 the panelists were Christina Cameron , Alfredo Conti, Pierre-André Lablaude, Jeanne Marie Teutonico, and Christopher Young. WMF also operates a number of special initiatives that transcend individual projects at specific sites and address broader themes in heritage preservation. Following the Iraq War , WMF created the Iraq Cultural Heritage Conservation Initiative to address

2726-558: The subsequent expulsion of foreigners from Ethiopia. After Ethiopia, Gray's interests shifted to Easter Island (Rapa Nui) in Chile . Gray formed the "Easter Island Committee", with Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl (1914–2002) as its honorary chairman. Gray arranged to have one of the monolithic human figures known as moai exhibited in the United States. With the help of anthropologist William Mulloy (1917–1978), Gray selected an 8-foot-tall (2.4 m), five-ton head, which

2784-532: The throne to his son, who would reign as the Jiaqing Emperor . However, between 1796 and 1799, the Qianlong Emperor continued to effectively rule China behind the scenes, and the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name only. Despite the creation of the beautiful gardens and buildings of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity, the Qianlong Emperor never moved into his new suite, and remained in the traditional residence of

2842-423: The western half of Juanqinzhai is the "Theater Room". In this section, a small pavilion equipped with a stage is surrounded by a bamboo fence and is faced by another two-floored viewing platform, from which the emperor could watch theatrical performances. The pavilion and fence bring to mind the outdoors, and the warm colors of the bamboo and the light from the windows bring the feeling of summer into this room. Though

2900-847: The world threatened by neglect, vandalism, armed conflict, commercial development, natural disasters, and climate change. Through the World Monuments Watch , WMF fosters community support for the protection of endangered sites, and attracts technical and financial support for the sites. A detailed list of each event is available in the corresponding year: 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 , and 2020 . The sites are nominated by international and local preservation groups and professionals, including local authorities. Sites of all types, including secular and religious architecture, archaeological sites, landscapes and townscapes, and dating from all time periods, from ancient to contemporary, are eligible. An independent panel of international experts reviews and selects

2958-613: The young organization to participate in the conservation of the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia . In 1966 Gray secured the support of philanthropist Lila Acheson Wallace (1889–1984), who offered $ 150,000 to the International Fund for Monuments and UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) for this project. The project continued until the Communist overthrow of Haile Selassie I and

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3016-461: Was an organization created by Colonel James A. Gray (1909–1994) after his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1960. Gray had conceived of a visionary project to arrest the settlement of the Leaning Tower of Pisa by freezing the soil underneath, and he formed the organization in 1965 as a vehicle for the implementation of this idea. Even though this project did not materialize, an opportunity arose for

3074-466: Was being built, the emperor's passion for art was displayed in the beautiful decoration of the pavilions and halls there. The Qianlong Emperor's grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor , had such a long and impressive reign that intimidated the Qianlong Emperor so much that he refused to out-reign his grandfather. In 1772, in anticipation of his planned retirement, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the construction of

3132-656: Was exhibited in front of the Seagram Building in New York and in the Pan American Union Building in Washington, D.C. An important chapter for the organization started with its involvement in the broad international effort led by UNESCO for the protection of the city of Venice , Italy from catastrophic flooding. After the extremely high tide of 4 November 1966, the city, including the historic Piazza San Marco ,

3190-458: Was inundated for more than 24 hours. The International Fund for Monuments set up a "Venice Committee", with Professor John McAndrew (1904–1978) of Wellesley College as chairman and Gray as executive secretary. On the part of the committee, appeals were made to the American public, and local chapters set up in American cities. This early initiative led to the formation of the independent organization Save Venice in 1971. These efforts helped establish

3248-424: Was painted by Sir James Thornhill , the first British born painter to be knighted and is a classic example of the Baroque style popular in the early 18th century. The American 19th-century still-life painter William Harnett specialized in trompe-l'œil . In the 20th century, from the 1960s on, the American Richard Haas and many others painted large trompe-l'œil murals on the sides of city buildings. From

3306-401: Was surveyed, rotten timbers were replaced, and the foundations were strengthened. Sculpted wooden architectural elements were painstakingly cleaned of layers of a motor oil coating that had been applied annually for protection. Also at the request of UNESCO, IFM launched a project for the preservation of the Citadelle Laferrière , a large mountaintop fortress near Milot , Haiti . The site

3364-408: Was the keystone of a defensive system constructed in the early period of Haitian independence to protect the young state from French attempts to reclaim it as a colony. Local artisans reconstructed wooden and tile roofs over the grand gallery and batteries using traditional carpentry methods, and consolidated the stone galleries of the fortress. IFM also sponsored a traveling exhibition and a film about

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