121-412: Maria Josefa (sister) Manuel (brother) Ana Maria (sister) Manuel (brother) Filomena (sister) Rosa Duarte (sister) Juana Bautista (sister) Manuel Amáralos María (brother) María Francisca (sister) [REDACTED] Dominican Army Juan Pablo Duarte y Díez (January 26, 1813 – July 15, 1876) was a Dominican military leader, writer, activist, and nationalist politician who
242-433: A body independent of the rest. It was conceived, therefore, as a chain of conspirators that converged in the first initiates: each of them had to create a cell with two more members and, in turn, each of these created other cells with the incorporation of two new adepts. But each member only had to know the members of the cells to which he belonged. Later, Duarte and others founded a society called La Filantrópica , which had
363-421: A careful education. She always paid special worship to patriotism, which neither the injustice of men nor the rigor of misfortune could mitigate in her. Rosa and her group of friends participated in plays performed at a building that used to be an old jail -- Cárcel Vieja --, located next to Borgellá Palace , in front of Parque Colon . From that strategic place, she and other activists would raise awareness about
484-563: A coup to overthrow José María Caminero. Duarte and Puello had the support of between 150 to 200 officers who had been former slaves. These freedman joined their entourage because they were convinced that their freedom was threatened by the Board after the Duartistas told them that supporters of the protectorate wanted to sell the country to the French and restore slavery. Duarte was in a position to carry out
605-528: A definite concept of the Dominican nation and its members. His conception of a republic was that of a republican , abolitionist , anticolonial , liberal and progressive patriot. At that time he drafted a constitution that clearly states that the Dominican flag can shelter all races, without excluding or giving predominance to any. In his project for the Constitution, Duarte wrote that National Independence
726-544: A diplomatic mission as Plenipotentiary Minister to request the support of the Government of Venezuelan President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón to the cause of the restoration of Dominican Independence. Duarte, although not very much in agreement with the mission, returned to Caracas and fulfilled as much as possible. After completing his diplomatic mission, he stayed to live in this country where he died in Caracas on July 15, 1876. Duarte
847-595: A government in which the liberals played an important role. The fight for independence in America, the support of Ferdinand VII for the return to absolutism and the invasion of the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis sponsored by the Holy Alliance , caused the collapse of the liberal government and the return to absolutism on October 1, 1823. The study of these events must have been very important for Duarte. As Duarte
968-604: A herd owner, had little military experience and for the first time had to face such a powerful army. He considered it imperative to obtain a resounding military success against the Haitians, and asked to be appointed to the southern front, where he was assigned as a general associated with Santana. Already in Baní, Duarte advocated an offensive tactic that was rejected by Santana, who was always characterized by adopting defensive military postures. Duarte's subordinate officers encouraged him to take
1089-532: A large part of the population. Many of his disciples began to feel a fervent attachment to him. In a short time the La Atarazana warehouse becomes the headquarters of a revolutionary junta. Duarte's word has penetrated the hearts of a group of young idealists and little by little the wills of all have merged into a common aspiration: that of separating the Dominican part of the island from the Haitian part. Duarte launched
1210-456: A mobilization of the Trinitarios and the Haitian liberals residing in the city hurled into the streets in repudiation of despotism and hailed Dominican triumph. The conservatives, however, were disturbed by this union, accusing Duarte of being "Colombian," alluding to the prior independence leader, José Núñez de Caceres. In response to this, Duarte strongly emphasized that independence was not what
1331-501: A more public presence, seeking to spread veiled ideas of liberation through theatrical stages. This group went by the motto Peace, Union, and Friendship. Some of their plays included: Free Rome by Italian playwright Vittorio Alfieri , La Viuda de Padilla by Francisco Martínez de la Rosa , A Day of the year 23 in Cádiz by Eugenio de Ochoa . The Haitian governor, Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carrié , at first, wasn't suspectuful, so he ignored
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#17330923603551452-529: A new republican government, once again free of foreign control, was established, and Independent Santo Domingo was officially renamed as the Dominican Republic . With the purpose of preparing the return of Duarte, a commission was formed, headed by Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo, in charge of bringing the patrician back to his homeland. Four days later, on March 15, 1844, Duarte entered the Port of Santo Domingo , where he
1573-455: A patriotic errand before Vicente Celestino Duarte, and there he learned of that Charles Rivière-Hérard , the new president of Haiti, had issued a national manhunt for the Trinitarios. Realizing that the life of his leader and best friend was in danger, he mounted his horse and left for the capital with the decision to save Duarte or die in that patriotic purpose, unmatched expression of human solidarity. This period solidified Sánchez's loyalty to
1694-487: A philosophy study group in 1842. However, Hernández had no responsibility in the patriotic and revolutionary leadership of the group of young people, since he was a supporter of the return of Spanish rule. On July 16, 1838, in the place of Arzobispo Nouel Street, (in front of the Church of Carmen), Duarte and others established a secret patriotic society called La Trinitaria , which helped undermine Haitian occupation. Named after
1815-655: A relatively low profile in the Venezuelan jungle, moving from city to city, though he gradually emerged from recluse by the early 1860s. However, he returned to Caracas in 1862 to raise funds and return to the Dominican Republic upon learning of the annexation to Spain. By the time of the outbreak of the Dominican Restoration War , he returned to his homeland but the restoring Government of Dominican President José Antonio Salcedo asked him to return to Venezuela on
1936-534: A secret society that eventually led to the Dominican revolt and independence from Haitian rule in 1844 and the start of the Dominican War of Independence . Born into a middle-upper class family in 1813, his childhood was engulfed in several administrative changes in Santo Domingo. He was a toddler during the years of España Boba , which came to an end with the proclamation of José Núñez de Cáceres , who declared
2057-626: A tall, long-haired brunette man, was a store owner, woodcutter and cattle rancher who was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico ; one of Duarte's sisters was Rosa Protomártir Duarte (1820–1888), a performer who collaborated with him within the Independence movement. In 1801 the Duarte family migrated from Santo Domingo to Mayagüez, Puerto Rico . They were evading the unrest caused by the Haitian Revolution in
2178-448: Is he waiting for you? Sánchez, now full of joy, answers: "In the Plaza del Carmen, in front of my house!" Juan José stated in response: "At ten o'clock tonight, he will be with you." Then, Juan Pablo's father sends him the message with a young man who enjoyed the family trust, Joaquín Lluberes, so that he can meet his friend Sánchez at the agreed place and time; But, Lluberes returns and informs
2299-402: Is there, they say they do not know his whereabouts; But, Sánchez does not believe such a version, so he goes to the head of the family, Juan José Duarte Rodríguez, he asks him the question, and he remains silent. In the face of such silence, Sánchez unsheathes a sharp dagger, firmly tells the elderly man: Don Juan, I want to know where Juan Pablo is, because we are bound by a sacred oath and that
2420-452: Is to die together for the country; If you distrust me, I will prove to you that I am not one of the traitors, by launching myself with this dagger at those troops that surround his house. Finallg comvinced that his intentions were truly pure, Juan José responded to Sánchez: Save him, I do not distrust the son of the generous man who saved the lives of three Spaniards who a slander condemned to an infamous death; As proof of this, tell me, where
2541-416: Is what moved him to realize that within the population, there is a patriotic feeling that rejects the Haitian presence in the country. His merit, not only as a patriot, but also as a political organizer, lies fundamentally in the fact that he was well aware of the historic moment that accumulated in Dominican society at that time; the reluctance of its most decisive layers to accept Haitian rule, of which by now
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#17330923603552662-803: The Battle of Coplé in February 1860, after which his army disintegrated. After the Battle of Coplé, the Federal War transformed mainly into a successful guerrilla warfare, which ended in a victory for the Federalists in 1863, and the Treaty of Coche , which made him the new President of Venezuela. He served as the recognized president of Venezuela from 1863 to 1868, when the conservative Blue Revolution headed by General José Tadeo Monagas ended his term as president. Also, he
2783-532: The Cibao area. On 30 March 1844, the Battle of Santiago took place and after long hours of combat, the Dominicans led by José María Imbert , Achille Michell, Fernando Valerio , Francisco Caba, Bartolo Mejía and José Joaquín Puello , defeated the Haitian troops. Although Duarte was supported by many as a candidate for the presidency and Mella even declared him president, Duarte declined arguing that he would only accept
2904-561: The Cibao , which would earn him being declared "a traitor and unfaithful to the Homeland" and being expelled from the country by the then government presided over by the landowner Pedro Santana . Duarte lived in exile in Venezuela due to the political and military conflicts that existed in the Dominican Republic, which constituted a serious danger to his life. In Venezuela, he was received and welcomed making this land his second home. He maintained
3025-534: The Dominican War of Independence , he was immediately acquired into the new government. As a member of the Central Governing Board, he originally rejected a proposal to take the presidency by his followers. On June 9, 1844, he launched the 18 Dominican Brumaire against said institution that would dismiss most of its members, becoming, after that, the first inspector general of the national troops. He would accept being proclaimed president by his supporters in
3146-613: The Ephemeral Independence . The most prominent leader of the coup against Spanish colonial government was one of its former supporters, José Núñez de Cáceres . These individuals were tired of being ignored by the Crown, and some were also concerned with the new liberal turn in Madrid . Their deed was not an isolated event. The 1820s was a time of profound political changes throughout the entire Spanish Atlantic World , which affected directly
3267-473: The Haitian National Guard , furthering his military training, as well as studying the military tactics of occupying forces. He eventually reached the rank of colonel . He leads an intense social life that allows him to come into contact with many important sectors of the urban communities. He witnessed marriages, sponsors, baptisms and attended meetings of a cultural nature. This experience of society
3388-478: The Holy Trinity , this movement, as described by his sister Rosa, was referred as a youth movement, due to the fact that most of the members were very young. Some of its first members included Juan Isidro Pérez , Pedro Alejandro Pina , Jacinto de la Concha , Félix María Ruiz , José María Serra , Benito González , Felipe Alfau and Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo . La Trinitaria was an organization that had no precedent in
3509-410: The "Reformist Revolution" against Boyer in favor of Charles Rivière-Hérard . However, the new president issued a manhunt for Duarte, forcing him to flee the island. In the meantime, two of his most prominent followers, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella , continued the fight for independence, which had finally been achieved on February 27, 1844. Having returned in time to take part in
3630-410: The "repentant" Dominican traitor himself who reported to Duarte that a price had been put on his head. In the middle of the darkness of the night on August 2, 1843, a brig set sail for Saint Thomas , arriving on August 11, and then, seven days later, they left for La Guaira , and arrived at the capital, Caracas , where their maternal uncle Prudencio Díez receives them. Throughout the process to create
3751-608: The Armies of the Republic, but the Government appointed him Brigadier General and Member of the Central Government Junta. He began working on his project to develop a Constitution, which he left unfinished, to join the army and face the Haitians, in the Battle of Azua , on March 19, 1844. During the development of this battle, contradictions began between Santana and Duarte, since Santana, a very influential person due to his status as
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3872-505: The Army, and the other Trinitarios, including the heroes Francisco del Rosario Sánchez and Matías Ramón Mella, were named Division Generals or Brigadier Generals. The only one who was accepted for promotion was José Joaquín Puello, however some Seybanos along with the friends and supporters of Major General Santana, outraged by the requests, spoke out against it, causing the Board to postpone the Duartistas' request. On June 1, 1844, Duarte would rejoin
3993-599: The Constituent Assembly that had been held as a result of the triumph of La Reforma. The Levausser plan stipulated the appointment of a French governor as executive of the Dominican State, with which the country would remain in the status of French protectorate. It also stipulated the cession to France in perpetuity of the Samaná peninsula and active aid to France in the event that it decided to reconquer its former colony in
4114-517: The Dominican Republic are considered by the historian Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi as the "New Testament" of Dominican history . Rosa was one of the sisters of Juan Pablo Duarte , an activist politician and one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic . Following her older brother's steps, Rosa strongly supported the Dominican independent cause by actively participating in secret societies such as La Trinitaria and La Filantrópica . Duarte
4235-489: The Dominican state, Rosa Duarte was a permanent collaborator, but after the Republic was proclaimed, she suffered political persecution from the government of President Pedro Santana and was then expelled from the national territory with her family. The first to be exiled was Juan Pablo Duarte and several of the Trinitarios. In 1845, Rosa was condemned to leave her homeland and was deported along with her mother and siblings, thus leaving behind her fiancée, Tomás de la Concha, who
4356-634: The Dominicans would now have to rise up arms against the fierce might of the Haitians. Upon the success of this goal, the newly independent nation would be organized on the basis of the institutionalism of representative democracy. Having formalized these ideals, the enlightened Duarte returned to his homeland In 1833. From Barcelona he arrived in Puerto Rico , then to Saint Thomas , and from this island, to his native country. With his return, Duarte returned to his hometown of Santo Domingo, where he devotes himself to putting his newly formed ideals to test, while at
4477-468: The Duarte-Díez house, searches of Don Juan José's warehouse, the home of José Díez's maternal uncle, the tenacious persecutions against other patriots, created a true state of siege; In the midst of everything, Juan Pablo manages to survive, his life, his family, his companions in the patriotic cause are saved, until the favorable action of the Haitian officer Hipólito Franquil, Duarte's Freemason brother, and
4598-845: The Duartes and other native born on the Spanish side who did not accept Haitian dictatorship. Most scholars assume that the Duartes' first son, Vicente Celestino, was born here at this time on the eastern side of the Mona Passage. The family returned to Santo Domingo in 1809, however, after the Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo , led by governor- general Juan Sánchez Ramírez , that decisively crushed French rule in Santo Domingo, but returned to Spanish rule. In 1819, Duarte enrolled in Manuel Aybar's school where he learned reading, writing, grammar and arithmetic. He
4719-560: The English military occupation until in 1822 King John VI returned from Brazil and accepted a liberal constitution), Belgium (1795–1815 France occupies it; in 1815 unification with the United Provinces ; 1830 the secession of Holland and independence of the Belgian provinces ), and Italy ( political upheavals after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte ). Duarte was also curious to learn of
4840-496: The French consulate, as several later did. The Trinitarios had initiated the plan to overthrow the members of the Central Government Board, at the end of May 1844, because they understood that they endangered national sovereignty. As part of the project, on May 31, 1844, Juan Pablo Duarte and a group of his followers began a plan with the purpose of taking power in the nascent Dominican Republic, because it had fallen into
4961-461: The Haitian liberals and the Dominican liberals. On the occasion of the holding of elections for the designation of legislative representatives, three tendencies competed: the Dominican conservatives, the Dominican liberals and the Haitian liberals. Despite the little relationship that the Trinidadians had with the people, they triumphed in those elections because they embodied the desire for freedom of
Juan Pablo Duarte - Misplaced Pages Continue
5082-418: The Homeland. In them he says: “God has preserved my ability to think and remember and has also granted me the sacred right to protest against traitors to the Homeland. Rosa, aware of her brother's enemies, zealously took care of her brother, even if it meant withholding information from his trusted allies. One said example included when Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , who was sent to San José de los Llanos on
5203-470: The Junta, now headed by President José María Caminero , and signed the request for protection and recognition of independence by France. The new request for French protectorate no longer included the transfer of the Samaná peninsula in perpetuity, instead it was replaced by a provisional occupation by French forces of Samaná bay if necessary. Secretly, however, Duarte and Puello formed a conspiracy that would stage
5324-533: The Laws " by Montesquieu . In addition, American thinkers who inspired the United States Constitution of 1787 influenced the formation of Duarte's ideals, such as Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine . While these events were taking place, differences within the government continued to develop, as the group of conservatives continued their conspiracies for new protectorate plans. The Trinitarios, motivated by
5445-687: The Liberal Venezuelan Federalist Party, and had been exiled to Curaçao after te Conservative March Revolution of 1858 . At the outbreak of the Federal War , he returned to Venezuela as the supreme chief of the rebel movement in August 1859. When his military leader Ezequiel Zamora , was killed in January 1860, Falcón, also took over as head of the Federalist army. His suffered a crushing defeat in
5566-526: The Parish of the Santa Iglesia Catedral de Santo Domingo on July 8, 1820, then she was barely ten days old. Her baptismal certificate says: In the city of Santo Domingo, July eight, one thousand eight hundred and twenty years, I, the undersigned Lieutenant Priest of this Holy Church Cathedral, solemnly baptized, placed holy oil and chrism on Rosa Protomártir, who was born on the twenty-eighth of June next,
5687-532: The Trinitarios continued to try to gather greater support from various sectors and did not renounce unity, as long as the objective of a fully independent State was maintained. Duarte himself, in the work of the Popular Board, managed to incorporate the brothers Ramón and Pedro Santana, two of the most influential landowners in the eastern region, recognized for their opposition to the Haitian yoke. Duarte spoke with Ramón Santana, of patriotic inclinations, who declined
5808-541: The Trinitarios, commanding two battalions that accompanied him from the city of Port-au-Prince. During the month of July 1843, the military forces of the Haitian Government intensified the persecution against the Trinitarios. On July 24, 1843, the residence of the family of Juan Pablo Duarte and that of his uncle José Díez, were raided by Haitian soldiers who were trying to locate the Trinitarian leader. The requisition
5929-572: The acts of the Courts, the Civil Registry and public notaries throughout the island. Struggles between Boyer and the old colonial helped produce a migration of planters and elite. Following the bourgeoisie custom of sending promising sons abroad for education, the Duartes sent Juan Pablo to the United States and Europe in 1828 . For his trip, Duarte was accompanied by Pablo Pujols, a Catalan merchant who
6050-459: The cause, and to Duarte. He threw himself into the Ozama River ferociously maneuvering through the waters as the authorities were in hot pursuit. Upon arriving at the family home, he was horrified to discover that Haitian soldiers have the house under siege. Sánchez, somehow, managed to elude the soldiers and enter the house, where he meets Rosa and her sister Francisca. He inquires where Juan Pablo
6171-565: The city known today as the Big Apple . In New York he studied English , a language Mr. Groot had introduced him to in Santo Domingo. In addition, as noted by Rosa Duarte in Notes , he began to study Universal Geography with Mr. W. Davis, who gave him classes at his own residence. According to historian, Pedro Troncoso Sánchez, while in England , specifically Southampton , from where Duarte would go to London
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#17330923603556292-419: The city of Cape Haitian in the north practically destroyed and that it equally affected Santiago and other northern cities in the eastern part. Nearly 5,000 deaths were recorded in said earthquake and accusations of incapacity and insensitivity of the authorities in handling said natural event that influenced the beginning of its political deterioration that had already begun before. Added as a catastrophe, there
6413-469: The conservative sector headed by Tomás Bobadilla and Buenaventura Báez, resulting in the Manifesto of January 16, 1844. All of this, along with the help of many who wanted to get rid of the Haitians who ruled over the Dominicans, triumphed, as the Dominicans successfully expelled the Haitians out of the country, leading to the proclamation of independence on February 27, 1844. In accordance to Duarte's wishes,
6534-585: The conspiracy led by deposed liberal deputies in Les Cayes and other parts of the South, he arranged for Matías Ramón Mella to move to that region and reach agreements with Boyer's enemies. Mella fulfilled his duty, and after a brief visit, he returned to Santo Domingo a day before the insurrection that began of January 27, 1843. After military operations, Boyer resigned on March 13, 1843. Nearly two weeks later, news reached Santo Domingo about Boyer's fall. Following this,
6655-446: The country's incorporation into the Republic of Haiti. Thus, when Boyer arrived in the city at the head of his troops, the Spanish traders sent him a letter in which they adhered to the new order that was implemented. However, Duarte's father was the one of the Spanish merchants in the city who refused to sign the document and, according to several documents, he chose to get involved in separatist conspiracies that tried to take shape during
6776-423: The country: the first revolutionary group animated by a political doctrine, with a program and an organizational system. Its raison d'etre lay in realizing the objective that Duarte had preached: overthrowing Haitian rule to found an independent State. As can be read in the oath, the entity was organized around fidelity to the person of Duarte. The teachings of the founding father summarized the doctrine and program of
6897-403: The coup, since Brigadier General Ramón Santana, who was feared by Puello's supporters, was in a critical state of health, and in addition, the French warship Naiade was absent. Rosa Duarte Rosa Duarte ( Rosa Protomártir Duarte y Díez ) (June 28, 1820 – October 26, 1888) was a Dominican revolutionary dedicated to the patriotic cause towards Dominican independence. Her contributions to
7018-465: The crown in Spain. Many others in Santo Domingo wanted independence from Spain for reasons much closer to home. Inspired by the revolution and independence on the island, Dominicans mounted a number of different movements and conspiracies in the period from 1809 to 1821 against slavery and colonialism. The Cáceres provisional government requested support from Simón Bolivar's new government, but their petition
7139-485: The death of General Riego in 1823 by hanging, as presumed, were discussed when Duarte arrived in Spain in 1828 and must have captured his attention in a decisive manner. Also upon Duarte's arrival in Spain, the events of the Liberal Triennium (1820–1823) were very fresh, when on March 9, 1820, General del Riego led a military movement that forced King Ferdinand VII to swear an oath on July 9, as constitutional king,
7260-555: The era of romanticism , liberalism , nationalism and utopian socialism , it was engulfed with revolutionary atmospheres at the time. Numerous political and social events that shook several European nations in the second and third decades of the 19th century. Such events included those in Portugal ( expulsion in 1811 of the French troops by the British under the command of the Duke of Wellington ;
7381-571: The events iin Argentina , Colombia , Ecuador , Venezuela and Mexico , among other nations, after Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808, further influencing his liberal ideals towards his own country. Presumably, Duarte knew that General Rafael del Riego , a Spanish soldier and politician, fought against the occupation of Spain by France in 1808, a general who introduced Masonic principles into military barracks, Masonic principles that both attracted Duarte throughout his life. The Spanish events of 1808 and
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#17330923603557502-460: The expenses of the emissaries who would be sent to carry out missions to different parts of the country Rosa Duarte was able to keep important notes about the life of Juan Pablo Duarte and his contributions to the cultural and political development of the young people of his time. It stands out that during the fight to create the Republic, Father Gaspar Hernández taught philosophy to the young people and Juan Pablo Duarte, languages. She describes how
7623-437: The faithful, pure and consistent friends Pedro Alejandro Pina and Juan Isidro Pérez also participating. These events occurred in the first fortnight of July 1843, the situation experienced by Duarte and his companions could not have been more difficult, continuous changes of hiding places under the darkness of the night, constant information that places were being discovered, many times traveling without knowing with certainty
7744-503: The fear that this situation caused them, requested that Duarte be appointed General in Chief of the Army, as well as other important positions for some Trinitarios. Thanks to the conservative hegemony in the Central Government Board, on March 8 that body had taken the resolution to partially adopt a plan that had been outlined in the capital of Haiti by the consul general of France and several Dominican representatives when they were participating in
7865-435: The final destination, he even took refuge in front of the Duarte-Díez family home, where Eusebio Puello 's family resided. In relation to Juan Pablo's stay in this place, Rosa Duarte specifies: "The days he spent there were not so bitter, because, although his parents and family were unaware that he was there, he enjoyed contemplating them at times and their sight mitigated the regret of his hazardous situation." The raids on
7986-399: The first independence of Santo Domingo in 1821. Not long after this, Haitian president Jean-Pierre Boyer invaded the country, establishing a military occupation that would last for 22 years . This period was ravaged with economic and social repression. Duarte's desire for knowledge and his dreams of improvement led him to Europe, where he strengthened his liberal ideas. These ideas formulated
8107-596: The hands of the conservative groups represented by the President of the Central Government Board, Tomás Bobadilla, who favored the idea that the Nation would become a protectorate of France. That same day, Duarte and a group of followers met with the garrison of the Ozama Fortress , and managed to get 56 active officers to sign a document addressed to the Central Government Board, to request that Duarte be named General in Chief of
8228-486: The idea and it was enthusiastically received by those of his disciples who had stood out the most for their fervor for the principles he preached and those who testified to his most self-sacrificing fidelity. But what could have been a traditionalist reaction in those young people, thanks to Duarte, was headed towards the formation of a democratic-revolutionary nucleus. Perhaps the key was in the fact that they were all young. The repudiation of oppression, without commitment to
8349-487: The independent cause. With these plays, this group of people would collect resources in order to buy ammunition and cover the expenses for the Dominican independent cause. In the preparations for the proclamation of Independence, Rosa Duarte, together with other women, manufactured a large quantity of the bullets used by the movement. These representations, in addition to keeping the public spirit raised, also served to obtain resources in order to purchase ammunition and cover
8470-458: The initial years of Haitian domination, though it never materialized. On January 6, 1823, Boyer decreed that all young men between the ages of 16 and 25 would be drafted into the Haitian army. This measure caused the University of Santo Domingo to lose its students and consequently had to close its doors. On November 14, 1824, Boyer established French as the official, sole and obligatory language in
8591-403: The island for Curaçao due to his insurgent behavior, where he was surprised by the news of his father's death on 25 November of that year. Then, Duarte tells his mother to sell the family business to finance the separatist revolution, to which his mother is opposed at first. In his absence, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez had to take the reins of the separatist movement and make an alliance with
8712-604: The island), were going through exhaustive social movements, namely, the French Revolution and the Haitian Revolution . In occupying the Spanish side of the island L'Ouverture was using as a pretext the previous agreements between the governments of France and Spain in the Peace of Basel signed in 1795, which had given the Spanish area to France. Louverture wanted to convert the old Spanish institutions to French and re-establish
8833-450: The island. Many Dominican families left the island during this period. Toussaint Louverture , governor of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti ), a former colony of France located on the western third of Hispaniola, arrived to the capital of Santo Domingo, located on the island's eastern two-thirds, the previous year and proclaimed the end of slavery (although the changes were not permanent). At the time, France and Saint-Domingue (the western third of
8954-629: The law- -All Dominican power is and should always be limited by law and this by justice, which consists of giving each one what rightfully belongs to them- Another very important part is the one that refers to the Powers of the State, whose division he conceives, in tripartite form in three parts, putting the Municipal Power, together with the Legislative, judicial and Executive powers. This disposition reveals
9075-403: The legitimate daughter of Dn. Juan José Duarte y Da. Manuela Díez, natives and our parishioners were her godparents Mr. Manuel Ferrer and his wife Vicenta de la Cuebas to whom I warned of their obligations and spiritual kinship: Tgos. Dn. Ramón López and Dn. Andrés Rozon. That I attest to. Influenced by her brother's ideals, Rosa devoted her life to his patriotic cause, becoming an active member of
9196-803: The lives of middle-class like the Duartes. It began with the conflictive period between Spanish royalists and liberals in the Iberian Peninsula , which is known today as the Trienio Liberal . American patriots in arms, like Simón Bolívar in South America, immediately reaped the fruits of Spain's destabilization, and began pushing back colonial troops. Even conservative elites in New Spain (like Agustín de Iturbide in Mexico ), who had no intention of being ruled by Spanish anticlericals, moved to break ties with
9317-457: The main streets in Santo Domingo is called Rosa Duarte in her honor. The street goes from Bolívar Avenue until 27 de Febrero Avenue. There is also a metro station in Santo Domingo named after her. Juan Cris%C3%B3stomo Falc%C3%B3n Juan Crisóstomo Falcón Zavarce (27 January 1820 – 29 April 1870) was the president of Venezuela from 1863 to 1868. Falcón was a member of
9438-415: The most conscious sectors of the Dominican population. Additionally, days before the request had been sent to the Haitian authorities that the official documents be written in Spanish, since the Dominicans could not be treated as a conquered people. This alerted Haitian liberals about what the Dominicans were after. Despite the struggle between liberals and conservatives, some of the latter understood that it
9559-422: The movement of the former. This alliance of purposes, however, did not last long. The true motives of Duarte had reached the ears of Charles Rivière-Hérard , who responded with the call of repression of the revolutionaries on the eastern side of the island. The fights started as a result of these differences produced the reaction of the new Haitian government and under the command of Hérard, he launched it against
9680-467: The offensive on his own, ignoring Santana's position, but he preferred to follow the instructions of the Government Board. Given the disagreements with Santana, on April 4 the Board summoned him back to Santo Domingo, in obvious disapproval of his position. Despite that, Santana defeated the Haitians in the development of this battle. News reached the capital city that the Haitians were advancing towards
9801-435: The other side, sought to make the Spanish part of the island take the opportunity to gain independence. There were coincidences and differences in purposes. For Duarte, he felt that a shudder was needed, since the Trinitarios could not manage to transfer its influence from the circle of young people to the upper urban sector. This allowed them to move to shift their attentions towards a new movement: La Reforma. Upon learning of
9922-466: The outline for establishing an independent Dominican state. Upon returning, he voluntarily dedicated himself to teaching in the streets, improvising a school in his father's business, determined that the people of his era assimilate his ideals of revolutionary enlightenment. In 1834, Duarte became an officer in the Haitian National Guard, rising to the rank of colonel. In 1843 he participated in
10043-427: The past, made them receptive to Duarte's preachings. The conglomerate of friends, united under his guidance in the activity of study and intellectual reflection, was the antecedent of the revolutionary organization formed years later. These activities were strengthened upon the arrival to the country of Peruvian priest Gaspar Hernández, appointed parish priest of San Carlos, with high intellectual training, who organized
10164-413: The patios of neighboring residences until they reached the house of Mr. Teodoro Ariza. They later moved to Pajarito, (present day Villa Duarte, Santo Domingo Este ), where they took refuge in the house of Spanish citizen Pascual C. López. They left there at 10 p.m. that same day. Eventually, Duarte had received information from one of his "repentant persecutors" that his head had a price and for this reason,
10285-458: The people enjoyed these activities and at the same time, learned through the representation of theatrical works they directed. They staged the struggle of a people to free themselves from an oppressive government. The years 1842-1843 are defining for the creation of propitious conditions that culminated with the moment for Dominican independence. Catastrophic natural phenomena such as the earthquake that affected Haiti on 7 May 1842 and that it left
10406-450: The performances. But the public flocked to the theater with such enthusiasm and the actors caused such delirium in the audience that Alexis Carrié was alerted by his spies. The first impulse of the occupation authorities was to suspend the activities of the movement and close the theater. After several failed attempts, the unsatisfied Trinitarios founded La Dramática. In this new society, all the members devoted themselves to acting . Many of
10527-541: The person who gave him the confidence suggested that he leave Santo Domingo. According to the informant, the Haitian government gave three thousand pesos and the colonel's epaulette "for the leader of the revolution," but many believed that the amount of the offer was low. Duarte and Pedro Alejandrino Pina left the Pedro Cote residence, in the company of Juan Alejandro Acosta and another friend that Rosa Duarte does not identify. Finally, on August 2, 1843, Duarte decided to leave
10648-547: The plantation economy on both sides of the island. Upon arrival in Santo Domingo Norte, L'Ouverture immediately sought to abolish slavery in Dominican territory, even lthough though slavery was abolished in 1821 per Spanish Haiti constitution. Puerto Rico was still a Spanish colony, and Mayagüez, being so close to Hispaniola, just across the Mona Passage , had become a refuge for wealthy migrants from Santo Domingo like
10769-679: The pleasure of witnessing the new regimes of liberty and rights that had arisen after the French Revolution; He was intrigued by the new changes produced in Germany and France, but none was caught his interest more that that of Spain, of which reforms introduced by Cortes of Cádiz . He would remain in Barcelona for the rest of his travels, where it is believed that he studied law. According to military historian, Rafael Percival Peña, Duarte also acquired some military training during his time in Spain. It
10890-447: The political and military, independentist secret society called La Trinitaria . Her contributions towards the Dominican nation are considered by the historian Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi as the "New Testament" of the Dominican history. She was a woman of natural talent and outstanding virtues who preserved her state of purity until the end of her days, preserving all the noble and delicate feelings that her parents instilled in her with
11011-429: The position if the majority election of the Dominicans voted in his flavored. Instead, Tomas Bobadilla took office. Duarte was supported by many as a candidate for the presidency of the new-born Republic. Mella wanted Duarte to simply declare himself president. Duarte never giving up on the principles of democracy and fairness by which he lived, would only accept if voted in by a majority of the Dominican people. Duarte had
11132-646: The practical and organizational resources necessary to achieve its objectives. You can associate La Trinitaria with the Masonic tradition and the libertarian organizations of the Mediterranean countries that advocated the implementation of liberal regimes, such as the Carbonarians of Italy. Its main distinguishing feature was the secrecy that was to guide the activities. It was equipped with a cellular organization, according to which each nucleus of conspirators had to exist as
11253-452: The proposal to be named colonel because he understood that this position should correspond to his brother Pedro, with a vocation for command. Duarte later sent Sánchez to ratify the agreement, as he was a personal friend of the Santana brothers. This episode, undoubtedly true, shows that, despite the dispute between Trinitarians and French people, agreements were made between some of the latter and
11374-557: The resolution to fight for Dominican Independence. He then assured the captain that he would not rest until his people were free. Duarte left the country for the first time for Spain as a teenager. Before coming to Europe, where he would go to study, he spent a brief time in the United States . Although it is believed that he entered North America through New York , another version indicates that he did so through Providence , Rhode Island , on July 2, 1829, and that from there he went to
11495-579: The same time, working in his father's business. According to historian Orlando Inoa, backed by records from the lodge named Constante Union No. 8, a lodge that was chartered through the Grand Oriente of Haiti, Duarte became a freemason at the legal age of 21. He was said to have been appointed as the Architect Decorator of this lodge. (It is believed by some historians that some of his key collaboraters were also members of this lodge). He had even joined
11616-442: The society. The Trinitarian movement, said his sister Rosa Duarte, was known as the “boys' revolution” because of the youth of almost everyone. Conservatives viewed them with distrust and ridicule for their disinterested idealism. They coined the derogatory neologism “filorios”, a word that came from philosophers, which meant to denote that they were romantics lacking realism. Contrary to this vision, Duarte provided La Trinitaria with
11737-436: The south, causing Carrié to resign from office. Étienne Desgrotte, the leader of the Haitian liberals in Santo Domingo, was appointed governor. After this, a popular board was formed by Alcius Ponthieux, who assigned Duarte, in addition to Pedro Alejandro Piña and Manuel Jiménes , as members to the board. Duarte was entrusted with the mission of expanding the work to the localities from the east. Divergences soon emerged between
11858-530: The spirit of good sense and justice that always accompanied Duarte. It was intended to prevent rulers from making use of unlimited power, which could harm majorities. The constitutional ideas embodied in his Draft Constitution reflect the influence received by Duarte from the European ideologies of the 18th and 19th centuries. The conceptions expressed in this project allude that Duarte knew the works " The Social Contract ," by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and " The Spirit of
11979-523: The stage of struggle of the Trinitarios and the difficulties they faced. (They were published by the Duartiano Institute in 1970). Her notes, a contribution of incalculable value to our country, are considered by Emilio Rodríguez Demorizi as the "New Testament" of the history of the Dominican Republic, since through this document the details of those years of conspiracy and work for the liberation of
12100-403: The west of the island. The justification for this resolution was based on the Haitian military threat. In the months of March to May, the conservative leaders placed all their expectations on French aid. Francisco del Rosario Sánchez foresaw that several of the conservatives could lose their lives in the movement and warned them of the scope of the plan so that they would have time to seek asylum in
12221-420: The worried father that both María ia Baltasara de los Reyes and her son, Juan Alejandro Acosta , would not let him leave, since dozens of men were hidden outside the house ready to prevent Duarte from leaving risk leaving or risk leaving or being taken away by his Haitian persecutors. However, in the end, after overcoming numerous obstacles, Duarte and Sánchez meet and have a meeting at the latter's house, with
12342-448: The young people accepted Duarte as their leader, since he acted without prejudice and without discriminating for social, racial or economic reasons. In the notes Rosa indicates that Juan Pablo acted with a patriotic spirit and all the young people who attended his classes “he taught with pleasure without making distinctions of class or color, which attracted him undeniable popularity.” Rosa Duarte's notes constitute an important source to know
12463-495: Was Dominican, the captain harshly boasted that the Dominicans were cowards for submitting to Haitian yoke, and therefore, was undeserving of an identity, expressing the following words: "You have no name, because neither you nor your parents deserve to have one, because, cowardly and servile, they bow their heads under the time of their slaves." This moment completely moved the still teenaged Duarte, who would readdres years later that these humiliating words led him at that very moment to
12584-588: Was a disciple of Dr. Juan Vicente Moscoso from whom he obtained his higher education in Latin, philosophy and law, due to the closure of the university by the Haitian authorities. After the exile of Dr. Moscoso to Cuba, his role was continued by the priest Gaspar Hernández . In December 1821, when Duarte was eight years old, members of a Creole elite of Santo Domingo's capital proclaimed its independence from Spanish rule, calling themselves Haití Español . Historians today call this elite's brief courtship with sovereignty
12705-505: Was a fire in Port-au-Prince that left it in ruins in January 1843, and a political unrest that had been gaining ground was combined with shortages and the economic-commercial crisis that accompanied it. The political attrition of Jean-Pierre Boyer produces ruptures within Haiti and also in the eastern part of the island with separatist movements that sought to overthrow Boyer on one side, and on
12826-515: Was acclaimed by the people. With him, he brought weapons and war materials that he was able to obtain on a trip to Curaçao. His presence caused great joy among his followers and he was received by a procession that paid him the honors of a head of state. Archbishop Tomás Portes Infante greeted the Patrician with these effusive words: " Save the Father of the Nation! " Duarte was proclaimed General in Chief of
12947-489: Was also a family friend of the Duartes. Pujols had lived in the country for some time, and for the trip, he agreed to be the tutor for the young Duarte. However, as Duarte boarded the ship, the captain reproached the two travelers due to the fact that the inhabitants of the Spanish part of the island were now living under Haitian domination. He even asserted that he would only board him unless Duarte told him that he felt no shame in being "Haitian." Although Duarte responded that he
13068-456: Was becoming more despotic and unruly. His ideas found greater echo within the middle class. While cultivating his spirit, Duarte did not stop transmitting the knowledge he acquired to the youth of his native city. For four consecutive years, from 1834 to 1838, he offered language and mathematics classes to a group of humble young people who went every afternoon to the warehouse located on La Atarazana street. The young master's popularity grew among
13189-557: Was born in the city of Santo Domingo , more precisely, in a neighborhood called Santa Bárbara, on June 28, 1820. She was the daughter of Juan José Duarte , a Spaniard from Vejer de la Frontera in Southern Spain, and Manuela Díez Jiménez , a white Dominican or Criollo woman from El Seibo . Her elder brother, Juan Pablo Duarte , is today remembered as the Father of Nation of the Dominican Republic. She received baptismal waters in
13310-421: Was born on January 26, 1813 in Santo Domingo , Captaincy General of Santo Domingo during the period commonly called España Boba . In his memoirs, La Trinitaria member José María Serra de Castro [ es ] described Duarte as a man with a rosy complexion, sharp features, blue eyes , and a golden hair that contrasted with his thick, dark moustache. Duarte was born into a middle-class family that
13431-444: Was dedicated to maritime trade and hardware in the port area of Santo Domingo. His father was Juan José Duarte Rodríguez , a Peninsular from Vejer de la Frontera , Kingdom of Seville , Spain, and his mother was Manuela Díez Jiménez from El Seibo , Captaincy General of Santo Domingo; three of Duarte's grandparents were Europeans. Duarte had 9 siblings: his eldest brother, Vicente Celestino Duarte [ es ] (1802–1865),
13552-527: Was executed in 1855 together with the soldier Antonio Duverge . After her brother's death in 1876, she wanted to return to the country, but although in 1883 the Dominican state offered facilities for the return of the Duarte family, her brother Manuel refused to return to the land from which they had been expelled without any consideration. On October 26, 1888, Rosa died in Caracas, Venezuela , due to dysentery . Her siblings died two years after she did. One of
13673-532: Was his gateway to Europe, he would study philosophy, history, law, political science and geography. His continued on to France, where he arrived at Le Havre and then touched Paris . It was there that he perfected his French , a language he had studied in Santo Domingo by Monsieur Bruat. While attending a banquet in Hamburg, through a lodge called Oriente, he was introduced to Freemasonry , absorbing ideals of liberty , equality and fraternity . In Europe, convulsed in
13794-514: Was ignored given the internal conflicts of the Gran Colombia . Meanwhile, a plan for unification with Haiti grew stronger. Haitian politicians wanted to keep the island out of the hands of European imperial powers and thus a way to safeguard the Haitian Revolution . Haiti's President Jean-Pierre Boyer sent an army that took over the eastern portion of Hispaniola. The Spaniards residing in Santo Domingo, especially those of Catalan origin, welcomed
13915-611: Was in Spain, the events of the July Revolution of 1830 occurred in Paris, where the figure of the Spanish liberal José de Espronceda moved incessantly in the trenches to allow liberalism in France to achieve victory against the conservatives who advocated that the Bourbons will continue with the absolutist regime. Having thrown himself into these scenes of European radicalism, Duarte himself had
14036-468: Was led by the Haitian commander Hipólito Franquil, who, according to Rosa Duarte, "was accompanied by a large troop of which one part surrounded the block and the other entered the house divided into two rows of two in background; a line of armed soldiers entered through the main bedroom into the inner rooms; and the other extended from the street through the room to the corrals." That day, Duarte and several of his companions managed to escape by jumping through
14157-404: Was necessary to reach an agreement with the Trinitarios, since they alone lacked the strength to achieve a break with Haiti. To this end, meetings were held between Duarte and conservative personalities, in search of unity of action. The conservatives demanded concessions contrary to Dominican sovereignty that Duarte considered inadmissible, which is why the negotiations reached a stalemate. However,
14278-691: Was sought at that time, but the Reformation. (Duarte, who wanted to carry out his plan discrete, alluded this for the purpose of not publicly speaking of the true conditions of proclamation for independence). Meanwhile, the Haitian authorities of the city, headed by Governor Carrié, opposed the popular movement and a shootout occurred in the Plaza de Armas (today Parque Colón) when the crowd approached his residence to demand his resignation. Many protesters hid, while others, like Duarte, marched towards San Cristóbal , where important conspirators were located. In that town, they received reinforcements from other places in
14399-405: Was the foremost of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic and bears the title of Father of the Nation . As one of the most celebrated figures in Dominican history , Duarte is considered a folk hero and revolutionary visionary in the modern Dominican Republic, who along with military generals Ramón Matías Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , organized and promoted La Trinitaria ,
14520-409: Was the source of liberties and raised the need for Dominicans to have a fundamental law, in order to govern. The constitutional thought of Duarte expressed his most advanced conception regarding the organization of the State as a supreme organ of power. One of the most important provisions contained in its draft Constitution says, among other things: -No power on earth is unlimited, not even that of
14641-627: Was then that his political ideology began to take shape, in which nationalism and liberalism merged on a romantic background: Duarte understood that the Dominican people had their own identity and had the absolute right to bring about political independence. Since the beginning of the 16th century, the Dominicans, despite the economic disadvantages, have a history of rebelling and triumphing battles against Dutch , British , French, and Spanish forces, (the latter two of which in recent decades, were expelled from Santo Domingo by Dominican rebels in 1809 and 1821 respectively). This time, Duarte firmly believed that
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