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50-530: José María Cruz Novillo ( Cuenca , 1936) is a Spanish sculptor, engraver, painter and designer. Cruz Novillo began painting in his native town in 1950 and in 1958 moved to Madrid.. He designed many logos. Among them, that of the newspaper El Mundo , the version of the fist and rose used by the PSOE , radiochain COPE , Spanish post service , Endesa , Banco Pastor , Repsol , Fundación ONCE , Diario 16 , Antena 3 Radio ,

100-627: A "chronochromophonic" work that can be played for 3,392,732 years. En 2007, Cruz Novillo founded the studio Cruz más Cruz with his son Pepe (designer and architect). In November 2006 he joined the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando . In 1977, Cruz Novillo designed the new logo of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), a redesign of the emblem created by Marc Bonnet for the French Socialist Party in 1969, and shared by

150-683: A B., La escopeta nacional , Familia and others, mostly those produced by Elías Querejeta . He chaired the Spanish Association of Design Professionals ( Asociación Española de Profesionales del Diseño , AEPD). He is also an honor fellow of the Madrid association di_mad. As a sculptor, he has participated in the São Paulo Art Biennial , World Fair of New York and art fairs such as FIAC (art) , Basel Art , Art Cologne and since 1985 in most editions of ARCO . Cruz Novillo has focused since

200-429: A clock on one of its walls and a recording of bell chimes can be heard in the old town at certain times (every quarter of an hour). There are views from the near viewpoints over the river Jucar's gorge and the modern neighborhoods. Mangana can be reached on foot from Plaza Mayor. The Town Hall is a building in baroque style built up during the ruling period of King Carlos III and supported over three Roman arches. It

250-492: A low number of inhabitants. The area of the municipal territory (Spanish: término municipal ) usually ranges 2–40 km , but some municipalities span across a much larger area, up to the 1,750.33 km of Cáceres ', the largest municipality in the country. The average land area of a Spanish municipality is about 62.23 km (24.03 sq mi), while the average population is about 5,988 people. Municipalities were first created by decree on 23 May 1812 as part of

300-777: A number of parties around the world as well as by the Socialist International . His work was inspired by an earlier redesign by the Dutch Labour Party (PvdA). Cruz Novillo’s version was later picked up, without PSOE authorization, by the Socialist Party of Albania . The PSOE stated that it owned copyright on the Spanish version, although it was not clear if designer Cruz Novillo also maintained rights over it. Cuenca, Spain Cuenca ( Spanish: [ˈkweŋka] )

350-522: A result of this it was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. In recent years, new cultural infrastructure such as the municipal Concert Hall and the Science Museum saw Cuenca unsuccessfully apply for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Cuenca is located across a steep spur, whose slopes descend into deep gorges of the Júcar and Huécar rivers. It is divided into two separate settlements:

400-519: A result to reach 10,000 inhabitants. In 1874, during the Third Carlist War , Cuenca was taken over by Carlist troops, and the city suffered great damage once more. The 20th century began with the collapse of the Giraldo cathedral's tower in 1902, which affected also the façade. The first decades of the 20th century were as turbulent as in other regions of Spain . There was poverty in rural areas, and

450-412: A term often also used to refer to the municipal headquarters (city/town hall). The ayuntamiento is composed of the mayor (Spanish: alcalde ), the deputy mayors (Spanish: tenientes de alcalde ) and the deliberative assembly ( pleno ) of councillors ( concejales ). Another form of local government used in small municipalities is the concejo abierto (open council), in which the deliberative assembly

500-506: Is a city and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha . It is the capital of the province of Cuenca . Its name may derive from the Latin conca meaning "river basin", referring to the gorge of the rivers Júcar and Huécar . It may also be derived from the now-ruined Arab castle, Kunka. Other alternative original names have been suggested, including "Anitorgis", "Sucro" or "Concava". The city of Cuenca

550-563: Is also known as the "Eagle's Nest" because of its precarious position on the edge of a gorge. When the Iberian peninsula was part of the Roman Empire , there were several important settlements in the province, such as Segobriga , Ercavica and Gran Valeria . However, the place where Cuenca is located today was uninhabited at that time. When the Muslims captured the area in 714, they soon realized

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600-463: Is circular inside, and it is located at Plaza del Trabuco. This church can be reached by going up along San Pedro Street from Plaza Mayor. The Church of Saint Michael ( Iglesia de San Miguel in Spanish) was erected during the 13th century, with only one nave and an apse. In the 15th century, a second nave at the north side was added. The dome was built by Esteban Jamete in the 16th century, and finally

650-501: Is dated around 1370, containing saints' relics ), paintings by El Greco , and handcrafted carpets from Cuenca's school, can be seen at the museum. El Castillo is the name for the remains of an ancient Arab fortress, representing the older structures of Cuenca. Only a tower, two stone blocks, the arch which allows to enter/leave the old town from the Barrio del Castillo and a fragment of the walls have been left. The arch ( arco de Bezudo )

700-479: Is extended to Spanish citizens living abroad. A Spaniard abroad, upon registering in a consulate , has the right to vote in the local elections of the last municipality they resided in. A Spanish citizen born abroad must choose between the last municipality his or her mother or father last lived in. As of 2022, there were a total of 8,131 municipalities in Spain, including the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla . In

750-451: Is formed by all the electors in the municipality. The operation of the municipalities is broadly outlined by the 1985 Local Government Act. The Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities also contain provisions and many sectorial laws from national and autonomous community government determine the functions and powers of ayuntamientos. In general, municipalities enjoy a large degree of autonomy in their local affairs: many of

800-631: Is named after Gutierre Rodriguez Bezudo , from Segovia , who fought the Arabs with King Alfonso VIII to conquer Cuenca. In the Muslim era, the historian Ibn Al-Abbar mentions that once upon a time, the imam of the mosque of the citadel of Cuenca was Ja’far bin Isa Al-Umawi (from Umayyad lineage), a distinguished scholar, poet and expert in the Arabic language who passed away in the year 460 A.H/1068 A.D. The castle

850-429: Is no implied hierarchy or primacy of one over the other. Instead the two entities are defined according to the authority or jurisdiction of each ( Spanish : competencias ). Some autonomous communities also group municipalities into entities known as comarcas (districts) or mancomunidades (commonwealths). The governing body in most municipalities is called ayuntamiento ( municipal council or corporation ),

900-528: The Basque Country and Catalonia , but also to other countries such as Germany. The city started to recover slowly from 1960 to 1970, and the town limits went far beyond the gorge to the flat surroundings. In recent decades the city has experienced a moderate growth in population and economy, the latter especially due to the growing tourism sector, and both of them fuelled by improvements in road and train communications. Cuenca has strongly bet on culture and as

950-486: The Principality of Asturias , municipalities are officially named concejos (councils). The average population of a municipality is about 5,300, but this figure masks a huge range: the most populous Spanish municipality is the city of Madrid , with a population of 3,305,408 (2022) , while several rural municipalities have fewer than ten inhabitants ( Illán de Vacas , had a population of three in 2022 ). Almost 40% of

1000-452: The "Unum ex septem" signs at some chapels. It is said that if one prays looking at these signs one would obtain a five-year forgiveness for one's sins, and seven years if one prays during the patron saint's day. With Romanesque origins, the church of St. Peter ( San Pedro in Spanish) was rebuilt by Jose Martin de la Aldehuela during the 18th century and displays since that time a Baroque façade. It shows an octagonal shape outdoors but it

1050-566: The "new" city is situated south-west of the old one, which is divided by the Huécar course. The climate of Cuenca is the typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate of Spain's "Meseta" (inner plateau). Winters are relatively cold, but summers are quite hot during the day with occasional cool nights. Spring and autumn seasons are short, with pleasant temperatures during the day but with rather cold nights due to its altitude from 956 m (3,136 ft) above sea level up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in

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1100-649: The Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf . Alfonso signed a seven-year truce but when, in 1176 the Cuenca locals occupied some Christian lands in Huete and Uclés , Alfonso intervened at the head of a coalition including also Ferdinand II of León , Alfonso II of Aragon and the Military Orders of Calatrava , Santiago and Montegaudio , besieging Cuenca for months starting from 1177's Epiphany. The Cuenca's commander, Abu Bakr, again sought

1150-543: The Catholic Church was attacked, with monks, nuns, priests and a bishop of Cuenca, Cruz Laplana y Laguna , being murdered. During the Spanish Civil War Cuenca was part of the republican zone ( Zona roja or: "the red zone"). It was taken in 1938 by General Franco's troops. During the post-war period the area suffered a major economic decline, causing many people to migrate to more prosperous regions, mainly

1200-618: The Christian defeat at the battle of Sagrajas (1086), Cuenca was captured by the taifa king of Seville , Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad . However, when his lands were attacked by the Almoravids , he sent his daughter-in-law Zaida to Alfonso, offering him Cuenca in exchange for military support. The first Christian troops entered the city in 1093. However, the Almoravids captured it in 1108. Their governor in Cuenca declared independence in 1144, followed by

1250-566: The Parador Nacional de Turismo in Cuenca, a hotel which allows the visit to the convent as well as the access to the church. The cloister has an ornamental source of water, and the cafeteria is the old chapel. From the convent the old town can be reached easily by crossing St Paul bridge. The bishop's palace features, on three of its museums, the Diocese's Museum, which has a remarkable collection of religious art . It can be easily accessed from

1300-539: The Real Fábrica de Tapices (Royal Tapestry Factory), and Cuenca's economy declined, thus losing population dramatically (5,000 inhabitants). During the independence war against Napoleon 's troops the city suffered great destruction, and it made the crisis worse. The city lost population, with only around 6,000 inhabitants, and only the arrival of railroads in the 19th century, together with the timber industry , were able to boost Cuenca moderately, and population increased as

1350-417: The Spanish population resides in just 62 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. 84% (6,817) of municipalities have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Castile and León alone account for 28% of municipalities but they constitute less than 6% of the population of Spain. A European report said that one of the most important problems facing local governments in Spain is the very high number of little towns with

1400-539: The attacks by French soldiers during the Spanish War of Independence war – at the beginning of the 19th century – and having been hit previously by a thunderbolt in the 18th century, it became badly destroyed. Mangana Tower was rebuilt by Fernando Alcántara in Neomudejar style – inspired on Arab decorative motifs – in 1926. Finally, Victor Caballero gave Mangana its current look in a fortress-like style in 1968. It has

1450-468: The building project; Pedro worked on the convent and the cloister and Juan on the church. The church was finished in the 18th century, in rococo style . The convent was ruled by Dominican friars, but during the 19th century was handed over to the Pauline Fathers , who were based here until 1975, when they left due to the possible collapse of the building. In the 1990s the convent was restored to house

1500-598: The cathedral. The rooms where the collection is shown were remodeled by architect Fernando Barja Noguerol , and Gustavo Torner selected the art pieces from an inventory made by some priests of the Diocese in 1977. Some of the diocese's artistic patrimony was lost during the Peninsular War , the confiscation of ecclesiastical property by Juan Álvarez Mendizábal , and the Spanish Civil War . Masterpieces like The Byzantine Diptych (book-like silver work whose origin

1550-534: The city and its province. It is located at San Miguel street, next to Plaza Mayor. Saint Michael is accessed through a descending narrow passage which starts at Plaza Mayor left lateral (looking from the Town Hall). Built in Neo-Gothic style during the 18th century, with only one nave and a high tower. It shows a modest baroque façade and some remarkable baroque altars indoors. The door is however quite modern, added in

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1600-613: The early 1990s on the development of the "Diafragma" concept. Under this concept many of his works combine a variable number of monochrome, sound, photographic or tri-dimensional elements. In 2008 he finished the "Diafragma Decafónico de Dígitos" ("Decaphonic Diaphragm of Digits") for the façade of the main building of the National Institute of Statistics of Spain, in Madrid, after its reform by Ruiz-Larrea y Asociados. This work adds sound to produce synesthesia . In ARCO'10 he presented "Diafragma dodecafónico 8.916.100.448.256, opus 14" ,

1650-702: The first logo of Antena 3 TV , El Economista , Renfe railways, Spanish police Cuerpo Nacional de Policía , Tesoro Público . He designed a series of peseta bills. He also co-authored the coat of arms and the flag of the Comunidad de Madrid , with Santiago Amón Hortelano. His studio won the contest for the new institutional identity of the Government of Spain He also designed film posters for Barrio , Los lunes al Sol , El Sur , El Espíritu de la Colmena , Pascual Duarte , El Año de las Luces , Mamá Cumple 100 Años, Hay que matar

1700-495: The functions of the comarcas and provinces are municipal powers pooled together. All citizens of Spain are required to register in the municipality they live in, and after doing so, they are juridically considered "neighbors" (residents) of the municipality, a designation that grants them various rights and privileges, and which entail certain obligations as well, including the right to vote or be elected for public office in said municipality. The right to vote in municipal elections

1750-476: The late 1990s. The famous religious procession "Las Turbas", held on Good Friday morning, starts at this location, since the image of "Jesús el Nazareno", which is at the forefront of the procession, is kept within "El Salvador". The bridge of Saint Paul ( Puente de San Pablo ) was built from 1533 to 1589, a construction driven by the canon Juan del Pozo, over the gorge of the River Huecar, aiming at connecting

1800-404: The old town with St Paul convent. The original bridge collapsed, and the current one was built in 1902, made of wood and iron according to the style dominating at the beginning of the 20th century. It is up to 40 metres high and supported by the remains of the old bridge. The Seminary (Seminario), a rectangular building stretching from Plaza de la Merced to Mangana Square, was established under

1850-522: The old town. Cuenca Cathedral was built from 1182 to 1270. The façade was rebuilt after it crumbled down in 1902. It is the first gothic style Cathedral in Spain (together with Avila's), because of the influence of Queen Eleanor , the wife of Alfonso VIII and daughter of King Henry II of England and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine , who introduced the Anglo-Norman style. From that date the cathedral has undergone some changes. An apse-aisle (doble girola)

1900-489: The rule of José Flores y Osorio, the Bishop of Cuenca (1738–1759), and built by Vicente Sevill, around 1745. The Baroque façade at Plaza de la Merced was erected in 1748. It holds a library with numerous ancient books, some of them incunabula (previous to 1501). There is also a Rococo meeting room inside and a Gothic altarpiece at the chapel, but visits are not allowed. In 2004 some books from this library were stolen, but

1950-639: The support of Yaqub Yusuf, but the latter was in Africa and did not send any help. After an unsuccessful sortie against the Christian besiegers' camp on 27 July, Cuenca was conquered by Alfonso's troops on 21 September 1177, while the Muslim garrison took refuge in the citadel. The latter fell in October, putting an end to Arab domination. Cuenca was given a set of laws, the Fuero , written in Latin, that ruled Cuenca's citizens, and it

2000-556: The suspect of the robbery was caught and the books recovered before entering on an auction process. Now an average of 10–15 future priests are trained there, according to statistics of the Spanish Episcopal Conference.[1] The convent of Saint Paul was built in the 16th century by command of the canon priest Juan del Pozo , a monk belonging to the Dominican Order . Brothers Juan and Pedro de Alviz were in charge of

2050-461: The upper part of them. In the early 1990s modern coloured windows were installed, and in 2006 one of the two old baroque organs from Julián de la Orden was recovered. The other organ has also been restored, and on 4 April 2009 an inauguration ceremony was held. The naves do not follow exactly a straight line. The San Julián altar, dedicated to Saint Julian of Cuenca , at the apse-aisle, consists of columns made of green marble. Another curiosity are

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2100-452: The value of this strategic location and they built a fortress (called Kunka ) between two gorges dug between the Júcar and Huécar rivers, surrounded by a 1 km-long wall. Cuenca's economy soon became dominated by agriculture and textile manufacturing , enjoying growing prosperity. In the early 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba broke into several rump states ( taifas ). Cuenca

2150-464: The whole of Murcia the following year. In 1147 Muhammad ibn Mardanis became King of Cuenca, Murcia and Valencia. He defended his lands from the Almohad invasion until his death in 1172, after which his son had to sign a pact of tributes with the newcomers. A 17-year-old Alfonso VIII of Castile tried to conquer the place, but after five months of siege, he had to retreat after the arrival of troops sent by

2200-481: The wooden ceiling of the two naves was replaced with stone vaults during the 18th century. Saint Michael was restored in the 20th century, and its management was transferred to Cuenca's municipality from Cuenca's diocese, so that this church could be used to hold classical music concerts. In fact, Saint Michael is home of the Religious Music Week ( Semana de Musica Religiosa ) together with other places within

2250-624: Was a Sephardic Jewish community in Cuenca first recorded in 1177 until the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Inquisition continued to prosecute the descendants of the conversos of Cuenca. The last trial took place from 1718-1725, where hundreds of crypto-Jews were cruelly persecuted under Philip V of Spain . During the 18th century the textile industry declined, especially when Carlos IV forbade this activity in Cuenca in order to prevent competition with

2300-517: Was added in the 15th century, while the Renaissance Esteban Jamete's Arch was erected in the 16th century. The main altar was redesigned during the 18th century by famous architect Ventura Rodríguez: it features a precious iron-work gate. The façade was rebuilt in 1902 from ruins due to the collapse of the bell tower , the Giraldo, by Vicente Lámperez, with two new twin towers at both ends of the façade, which have remained unfinished without

2350-575: Was considered one of the most perfectly written at that time. The Diocese of Cuenca was established in 1183; its second bishop was St. Julian of Cuenca , who became patron saint of the city. Alfonso X granted Cuenca the title of 'city' ( ciudad ) in 1257. During the next few centuries Cuenca enjoyed prosperity, thanks to textile manufacturing and livestock exploitation. The cathedral started to be built at that time, in an Anglo-Norman style, with many French workers, since Alfonso VIII's wife, Eleanor , had French cultural affinity. Historically, there

2400-478: Was finished in 1762, as it can be read on the façade. Nevertheless, in the 18th century Mateo Lopez was the architect in charge of the extension of the building since it was necessary to amply the building for the oratory as well as the archive. The central arch is the only one giving access to vehicles to Plaza Mayor. Municipalities in Spain Although provinces are groupings of municipalities , there

2450-515: Was home of the Holy Inquisition after 1583, and it was finally destroyed during the 19th century by French soldiers during the Spanish War of Independence. Nearby are the small chapel and cemetery of San Isidro . The origins of the Mangana Tower remain unclear. In 1565 it was painted by Anton van den Wyngaerde , which indicates that at that time Mangana had already been built up, and after

2500-513: Was ruled by the taifa of Toledo —possibly the largest one—whose jurisdiction roughly spanned across the bulk of the Middle March of Al-Andalus . In 1076, Cuenca was besieged by Sancho Ramírez of Aragon, who failed to conquer the place. In 1080 King Yahya al-Qadir of Toledo lost his taifa, and his vizier signed in Cuenca a treaty with Alfonso VI of León and Castile by which he ceded him some fortresses in exchange for military help. Following

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