Misplaced Pages

#990009

57-562: Born on 2 August 1793, Joseph Sturge was the fourth child in the family of 12 of Joseph Sturge, a farmer in Elberton, Gloucestershire , and his wife Mary Marshall, who belonged to the Religious Society of Friends (commonly known as Quakers). His brothers included John Sturge, who became a manufacturer in Birmingham , and Edmund Sturge . The abolitionist and pacifist Sophia Sturge (1795–1845)

114-473: A landfill site. The expansion of the quarry in 1960s saw the demolition of a number of buildings, including the old vicarage. The landfill now serves as a source for biogas generation, producing 2.6MW for the national grid. From 1799 to 1802 the Welsh antiquarian Edward Davies was curate to the village. The organist and composer Basil Harwood composed a hymn tune named after the village. The tower of

171-406: A "cardio mode", where a target heart rate is defined and the speed and elevation (load) are controlled automatically until the subject is in a "heart rate steady state". So the treadmill is delivering mechanical energy to the human body based on the vital function (heart rate) of the subject. A medical treadmill used for ergometry and cardiopulmonary stress tests and performance diagnostics is always

228-416: A class IIb medical device either when used as a stand-alone device in a medical environment or when used in connection with an ECG, EMG, ergospirometry, or blood pressure monitoring device. On the running deck the subject moves, adapting to the adjustable speed of the belt. The running deck is usually mounted on damping elements, so the running deck has shock-absorbing characteristics. A lifting element raises

285-603: A consequence, the British Government moved the date for full emancipation forward to 1 August 1838. They abolished the 12-year intermediary apprenticeship scheme. For many English Nonconformists and African-Caribbean people, 1 August 1838, became recognised as the true date of abolition of slavery in the British Empire . In 1837, keen to act independently of the consensus in the Anti-Slavery Society , Sturge founded

342-528: A conveyor; however, tying the leash to the treadmill should be avoided as it can cause serious injury. Underwater treadmills are a type of treadmill encased in glass or plastic and filled with water to a point where the occupant is partially submerged. They are used for both humans and animals, often for physical therapy. Dog/pet and underwater pet treatment treadmills are available for both home and clinical use. A variety of makes and models are available, but key features of treadmills designed for pet use include

399-500: A horizontal axis, requiring the user to step upwards, like walking up an endless staircase. Those punished walked around the outside of the wheel holding a horizontal handrail for stability. By the Prison Act of 1865 every male prisoner over 16, sentenced to hard labour , had to spend three months at least of his sentence in the labour of first class, which consisted primarily of the treadmill. Punishment treadmills remained in use until

456-433: A large deck of up to 300 cm (120 in) in length and up to 100 cm (39 in) in width. With high physical exertion and an increased risk of falling, a fall-stop unit is required to prevent the subject or patient from falling. This fall-stop device usually takes the form of a safety arch to which a line is attached to an electrical switch. A harness bears the subject, preventing them from falling and shutting down

513-448: A longer running surface, open front and back entries and side rails to prevent the pet from falling off the treadmill. None are designed to be used without human supervision. Many veterinary and animal rehabilitation clinics also offer underwater treadmill therapy as part of their services provided to clients' pets. Advanced applications are so-called omnidirectional treadmills. They are designed to move in two dimensions and are intended as

570-614: A marble monument in a Baptist mission chapel in Falmouth , Jamaica. It was dedicated to "the Emancipated Sons of Africa". After legislation for the abolition of slavery in the British dominions was enacted in 1833, slave-owning planters in the West Indies lobbied to postpone freedom for adults for twelve years in a form of indenture. Enslaved children under the age of six were emancipated by

627-489: A running deck of up to 450 cm × 300 cm (180 in × 120 in). As a cardiovascular exercise: As an indoor activity: As a machine: As it is a conveyor belt , the treadmill can be used for activities other than running. If horses are being tested (especially in jockey racing) they will be put on a specially constructed treadmill. Large treadmills can also accommodate cars. Treadmills can also be used to exercise dogs that are accustomed to running on

SECTION 10

#1733085140991

684-503: A running deck with a rotating belt. Before and after the running deck, there are two shafts. The belt is stretched between the shafts and the running deck. Safety standards for treadmills are IEC EN 957-1 and IEC EN 957-6. For medical treadmills applicable norms, standards and guidelines include the Medical Device Directive (MDD), European Guideline 93/42 EEC, European Guideline 2007/47 EEC, IEC EN 60601-1, EN 62304, EN 14971 and

741-493: A vertical axis, driven by an ox or other animal walking in a circle and pushing the bar. Humans were also used to power these. The second design was a vertical wheel, a treadwheel , that was powered by climbing in place instead of walking in circles. This is similar to what we know today as the hamster wheel . The third design also required climbing but used a sloped, moving platform instead. Treadmills as muscle-powered engines originated roughly 4000 years ago. Their primary use

798-547: Is mostly a farming community, with a church, a village hall, and a garage . The name Elberton means the farmstead of a man called Æthelbeorht. The name dates back to at least 1086, when the village was listed in the Domesday Book . On 1 April 1935, the parish was abolished and merged with Aust. The earthworks of an Iron Age defended settlement , Elberton Camp, can be found in the Vineyards Brake woodland overlooking

855-555: The Freemasons' Hall, London , from 12 June 1840. Others were held in 1843 ( Brussels ) and 1849 ( Paris ). It attracted delegates from Europe, North America, South Africa and Caribbean countries, as well as the British dominions of Australia and Ireland. It included African-Caribbean delegates from Haiti and Jamaica (then representing Britain), women activists from the United States, and many Nonconformists . In 1841 Sturge travelled in

912-697: The Riot Act , Sturge held the police were responsible for the escalation of violence that led to the Bull Ring Riots, 1838 . In addition to his other commitments, Sturge joined the Anti-Corn Law League early in its existence. During 1842 he began a campaign for "complete suffrage", and had the support of the Christian Chartist pastor Arthur George O'Neill in Birmingham. His movement was based squarely on

969-576: The treadmill was used in prisons, and by 1840 changes had been made. While in Jamaica, Sturge worked with the Baptist chapels to found Free Villages , to create homes for freed slaves when they achieved full emancipation. They planned the communities to be outside the control of planters. He bought two plantations on the Caribbean island of Montserrat , Olveston , and Elberton to demonstrate that slavery

1026-491: The 1968 book, Aerobics by Kenneth H. Cooper . Cooper's book noted that individuals who ran for eight minutes four to five times a week would be in better physical condition. Staub noticed that there were no affordable household treadmills at the time and decided to develop one for his use during the late 1960s. He called his first treadmill the PaceMaster 600. Once finished, Staub sent his prototype treadmill to Cooper, who found

1083-575: The Central Negro Emancipation Committee. More significantly, in 1839, one year after abolition in the British dominions, Sturge led a small group who founded the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society to put an end to slavery worldwide. It continues today as Anti-Slavery International . The Society's first major activity was to organise the World's Anti-Slavery Convention . It was held at

1140-539: The Church of St John the Evangelist dates back to the 14th century, while the rest of the church was mostly rebuilt in 1858, and the spire refurbished in 2000. The graveyard includes a number of Grade II listed tombs. Treadmill A treadmill is a device generally used for walking, running , or climbing while staying in the same place. Treadmills were introduced before the development of powered machines to harness

1197-601: The Congress mentioned Jay's ideas positively, but laid more weight on those of William Ladd , who had died in 1841, proposing international institutions to keep the peace. Sturge was critical of the role of William Scholefield , the Mayor of Birmingham , in the suppression of a chartist meeting in the Bull Ring, Birmingham . Schofield had arrived with 60 officers of the newly formed Metropolitan Police , on 4 July 1839. After Schofield read

SECTION 20

#1733085140991

1254-557: The Sturge family included the leading abolitionists Joseph Sturge (1793-1859) and Sophia Sturge (1795-1845) who were both born in the village. Joseph Sturge purchased a sugar plantation in Montserrat and renamed it Elberton , hoping to demonstrate the commercial viability of a plantation built on free waged-labour, as opposed to slave labour. On the edge of the village lies the former Harn Hill quarry, which has since been filled in as

1311-565: The United States with the poet John Greenleaf Whittier to examine the slavery question there. On his return he published A Visit to the United States in 1841 (1842). On the same visit (22 May), he saw William Jay who was interested in forwarding the peace agenda, by international arbitration. The Peace Congress of June 1843 held in London resulted from proposal made by Sturge to the American Peace Society in 1841, intended to propagate

1368-724: The West Indies to study apprenticeship as defined by the British Emancipation Act of 1833 . He intended to open it to criticism as an intermediate stage en route to emancipation. He travelled throughout the West Indies and talked directly to apprentices, proprietors (planters), and others directly involved. Upon his return to Great Britain, he published Narrative of Events since the First of August 1834. In it he cited an African-Caribbean witness, to whom he referred as "James Williams" to protect him from reprisals. The original statement

1425-511: The city held a civic ceremony to formally rededicate the statue. Randal Brew, the Lord Mayor of Birmingham , unveiled an interpretation board giving details of Sturge's life. On the same day, a blue plaque (historic marker) was unveiled at the site of his home in Wheeleys Road, Edgbaston. Elberton, Gloucestershire Elberton is a small village and former civil parish , now in

1482-448: The company. The Sturges as a family became investors in railways and docks. Joseph from 1831 ceased to be an active partner, leaving operations to Charles, and concentrated on causes and public life. As an abolitionist , he was allied in 1831 with George Stephen in pressing Parliament for immediate legislation against slavery. The Reform Act 1832 , in his view, failed to address poverty, and he worked for radical electoral reform. Sturge

1539-672: The damage caused by the Royal Navy and French Navy gunboats , in attacks during the Crimean War. On this trip Sturge bought Robert Wilhelm Ekman 's painting Sunday Morning in a Farmhouse , which was shown in the exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1858. The painting was brought back to Finland in 1960. Sturge married, first, in 1834, Eliza Cropper, sister of John Cropper . After her death, in 1846 he married Hannah Dickinson , daughter of Barnard Dickinson and his wife Ann Darby, who

1596-582: The entire frame including the running deck and simulates a pitch angle for uphill running. Some treadmills can also reverse the running belt to simulate downhill loads. Most treadmills for professional use in the fitness area have table sizes of about 150 cm (59 in) long and 50 cm (20 in) width, a speed range of about 0–20 km/h (0–12 mph) and slope angle of 0–20%. Larger, more stable treadmills are required for athletes. With some weight relief, sprinters reach temporary speeds of up to 45 km/h (28 mph) and must therefore run on

1653-531: The ideas of William Jay. A preliminary meeting was held in London in 1842, and the decision was taken that the Peace Congress should follow directly on from the second Anti-Slavery Convention. Sturge ended up organising both, after the death of Nun Morgan Harry (1800–1842). The Peace Congress took place 22–24 June 1843, and formally was the responsibility of the London Peace Society . The resolution of

1710-667: The industrial conflicts of the Plug Riots had hardened his attitude and he began to see Sturge's broadly middle class support as a threat to his leadership position. Following a dispute over redrafting the People's Charter as a legislative bill, in December 1842 with William Sharman Crawford MP, Sturge walked out of a joint CSU-Chartist delegate conference in Birmingham. Crawford introduced their reform bill to "a small and bored House" in May 1843. The bill

1767-406: The labour of all former slaves above the age of six for 12 years. He worked for emancipation and abolition with African-Caribbean and English Baptists . In 1838, after full emancipation was authorised, Sturge laid the foundation stone to the "Emancipation School Rooms" in Birmingham. Attending were United Baptist Sunday School and Baptist ministers of the city. In 1839 his work was honoured by

Joseph Sturge - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-460: The machine's first customers, including sellers of fitness equipment. Staub began producing the first home treadmills at his plant in Clifton, New Jersey , before moving production to Little Falls, New Jersey . Treadmills as power sources originated in antiquity. These ancient machines had three major types of design. The first was a horizontal bar jutting out of a vertical shaft. It rotated around

1881-442: The machinery directive 2006/42/EC. Medical treadmills are class IIb active therapeutic devices and also active devices for diagnosis. With their very powerful (e.g. 3.3 kW = 4.5  HP) electric motor-powered drive system, treadmills deliver mechanical energy to the human body through the moving running belt of the treadmill. The subject does not change their horizontal position and is passively moved and forced to catch up with

1938-558: The middle classes. He envisaged a platform that could unite the League and the Chartist movement . The League would have nothing to do with it. Sturge had a measure of further Chartist and nonconformist support, but by the end of the year the Chartist leaders William Lovett and Feargus O'Connor had swung against him. O'Connor had supported Sturge's Complete Suffrage Union earlier in the year, before

1995-434: The motion, moving only when walkers push the belt with their feet. The latter are known as manual treadmills. Treadmills continue to be the biggest-selling exercise equipment category by a large margin. As a result, the treadmill industry has hundreds of manufacturers throughout the world. William Staub , a mechanical engineer, developed the first consumer treadmill for home use. Staub developed his treadmill after reading

2052-451: The new law on 1 August 1834, but older children and adults had to serve a period of bonded labour or "apprenticeship". Sturge led a campaign against this delaying mechanism. He was supported by William Allen , Lord Brougham , and others. In a speech to the House of Lords , Brougham acknowledged Sturge's central role at that time in rousing British anti-slavery opinion. In 1834 Sturge sailed to

2109-640: The parish of Aust , in the South Gloucestershire district, in the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire , England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 137. The village is located near the River Severn and the Severn Bridge , and is situated on the main road between the villages of Aust and Alveston . The nearest town is Thornbury and the nearest city is Bristol . Neighbouring villages also include Olveston and Littleton-upon-Severn . Elberton

2166-457: The poll: Richard Spooner [Cons] 2095, William Scholefield [Lib] 1735 and Sturge [Chartist] 346. In 1847 he stood once more, for Leeds , in the general election . There he was identified as "Bainesite" — a follower of Edward Baines — and was campaigning for schooling, with no state involvement, a divisive position in the British and Foreign School Society . Sturge took up the cause of peace and arbitration being pioneered by Henry Richard . He

2223-487: The power of animals or humans to do work, often a type of mill operated by a person or animal treading the steps of a treadwheel to grind grain. In later times, treadmills were used as punishment devices for people sentenced to hard labour in prisons. The terms treadmill and treadwheel were used interchangeably for the power and punishment mechanisms. More recently, treadmills have instead been used as exercise machines for running or walking in one place. Rather than

2280-504: The running belt if necessary. Motorized or manual treadmills can use a slat belt design instead of a traditional continuous treadmill belt. Slat belt treadmills have individual rubberized slats that support shod or unshod walking and running. In some offices, employees are provided with treadmill desks so that employees can walk while working on a computer or speaking on the phone. In treatment centers, treadmills are used with built-in seats left and right for therapists, for example, so

2337-582: The running belt underneath their feet. The subject can also be attached in a safety harness, unweighting system, various supports or even fixed in and moved with a robotic orthotic system utilizing the treadmill. Medical treadmills are also active measuring devices. When connected through an interface with ECG , ergospirometry , blood pressure monitor (BPM), or EMG , they become a new medical system (e.g., stress test system or cardiopulmonary rehabilitation system) and can also be equipped to measure VO₂ max and various other vital functions. Most treadmills have

Joseph Sturge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-399: The second half of the 19th century; they were typically twenty-foot (0,6 m) long paddle wheels with twenty-four steps around a six-foot (1,82 m) cylinder. Several prisoners stood side-by-side on a wheel and had to work six or more hours a day, effectively climbing 5,000 to 14,000 vertical feet (1500 to 4000 m). While the purpose was mainly punitive, the most infamous mill at Brixton Prison

2451-440: The therapists can move the legs of a stroke patient to simulate walking movements and help them learn to walk again. This is called manual locomotion therapy. Oversized treadmills are also used for cycling at speeds up to 80 km/h (50 mph), for wheelchair users and in special applications with sturdy running belts for cross-country skiing and biathlon, where athletes perform training and testing exercises with roller skis on

2508-513: The user powering a mill, the device provides a moving platform with a wide conveyor belt driven by an electric motor or a flywheel . The belt moves to the rear, requiring the user to walk or run at a speed matching the belt. The rate at which the belt moves is the rate of walking or running. Thus, the speed of running may be controlled and measured. The more expensive, heavy-duty versions are motor-driven (usually by an electric motor). The simpler, lighter, and less expensive versions passively resist

2565-561: The village. In 1654, in the wake of the English Civil War , the influential early Quaker preachers John Audland and John Camm held a meeting in the village of "1000 people". Elberton and neighbouring villages remained home to many Quaker families, such as the Goldney family who from 1674 owned Elberton Manor over multiple generations. The family later sold the manor to the Sturge family, who were also Quakers. Later generations of

2622-486: Was appointed an alderman in 1835. He opposed the building of the Birmingham Town Hall , to be used for performances, because of a conscientious objection to religious oratorios . He became interested in the island of Jamaica and the conditions of its enslaved workers. He visited it several times and witnessed firsthand the horrors of slavery , as well as the abuses under an apprenticeship system designed to control

2679-515: Was buried in the graveyard at the Friends Meeting House, in Birmingham, England. Rather than a grand public funeral, the family sought a modest event in keeping with their Quaker beliefs; but the mourning procession from the late Sturge's home included forty carriages of friends and family, led by the mayor, Sir John Ratcliff. The Joseph Sturge memorial by sculptor John Thomas was unveiled on 4 June 1862 at Five Ways . On 24 March 2007,

2736-507: Was granddaughter of Abraham Darby III ; and they had five children, one being the peace campaigner Sophia Sturge (1849–1936). Fellow Quaker Stephen Henry Hobhouse wrote a biography in 1919 titled Joseph Sturge, his life and work . Joseph Sturge was a cousin of whaling shipowner, industrialist and philanthropist Thomas Sturge . Sturge died suddenly at his home on Wheeley's Road, in Edgbaston , Birmingham , on 14 May 1859 of heart disease. He

2793-604: Was his sister, and Charles Gilpin was a nephew. After a year at school in Thornbury , Sturge boarded for three years at the Quaker Sidcot School . He then farmed with his father, and on his own account. Of pacifist views, he refused in 1813 to serve in the militia. Failing at first to earn a living as a corn factor , at Bewdley from 1814, Sturge moved to Birmingham in 1822. There he became an importer of grain. Successful in business, with his brother Charles, he built up

2850-411: Was installed in 1821 and used to grind grain to supplement an existing windmill which Cubitt had previously installed nearby. It gained notoriety for the cruelty with which it was used, which then became a popular satirical metaphor for early-19th century prisons. The machines could also pump water or power ventilators in mines. The first US patent for a treadmill "training machine" (#1,064,968)

2907-640: Was instrumental in the founding of the Morning Star in 1855 as a newspaper through which to promote the Peace Society and his other social ideas. In 1854 Sturge and two other Quakers, Robert Charleton and Henry Pease , travelled to Saint Petersburg to see Tzar Nicholas I , trying to prevent the outbreak of the Crimean War . In 1856 Sturge and Thomas Harvey visited the Grand Duchy of Finland to investigate

SECTION 50

#1733085140991

2964-915: Was issued on June 17, 1913. The forerunner of the exercise treadmill was designed to diagnose heart and lung diseases, and was invented by Robert Bruce and Wayne Quinton at the University of Washington in 1952. Kenneth H. Cooper 's research on the benefits of aerobic exercise, published in 1968, provided a medical argument to support the commercial development of the home treadmill and exercise bike. Among users of treadmills today are medical facilities (hospitals, rehabilitation centers, medical and physiotherapy clinics, institutes of higher education), sports clubs, biomechanics institutes, orthopedic shoe shops, running shops, Olympic training centers, universities, fire-training centers, NASA, test facilities, police forces and armies, gyms and even home users. Treadmill ergometers are now mainly motor driven. Most treadmills have

3021-442: Was lost by 101 to 32. In the years 1842–7 Sturge ran three times for Parliament, on his "complete suffrage" platform, without success. In August 1842 he was parliamentary candidate for Nottingham , in a by-election. He was defeated by John Walter , the proprietor of The Times . In Nottingham he visited a Sunday School run by Samuel Fox . The idea of teaching not only scripture, but also basic skills such as reading and writing,

3078-406: Was signed by two free African-Caribbeans and six apprentices, and was authenticated by an English Baptist minister Thomas Price of Hackney , who wrote the introduction. Following another trip and further study, Sturge published The West Indies in 1837 . Both books highlighted the cruelty and injustice of the system of indentured apprenticeship. They reported on the abuse of apprentices, and the way

3135-444: Was taken up by Sturge, who opened a similar school around 1845. In that year he started an Adult School movement, in Birmingham, and took steps in 1847 to spread Sunday (First-Day) Schools among Quakers. Sturge then contested Birmingham in 1844 as a Chartist candidate, in a by-election caused by the death of Joshua Scholefield . He was strongly supported at the election hustings , split the liberal vote, but ultimately came bottom of

3192-537: Was to lift buckets of water. This same technology was later adapted to create rotary grain mills and the treadwheel crane . It was also used to pump water and power dough-kneading machines and bellows. Treadmills for punishment were introduced in 1818 by an English engineer named Sir William Cubitt , who was the son of a miller. Noting idle prisoners at Bury St Edmunds gaol , he proposed using their muscle power to both cure their idleness and produce useful work. Cubitt's treadmills for punishment usually rotated around

3249-500: Was unnecessary. As a result of Sturge's single-minded campaign, in which he publicised details of the brutality of apprenticeship to shame the British Government, a major row broke out amongst abolitionists. The more radical element were pitted against the government. Although both had the same ends in sight, Sturge and the Baptists, with mainly Nonconformist support, led a successful popular movement for immediate and full emancipation. As

#990009