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38-624: Hoop was born in Eschen on 14 December 1895 to Franz Josef Hoop , a farmer and deputy member of Parliament , and Berta Batliner; he was one of nine children. He attended high school in Feldkirch , Austria , and for a short time afterwards attended school in Zürich , Switzerland . After finishing his schooling there, Hoop took up post-secondary education at the University of Innsbruck , where he devoted himself to

76-421: A 2018 Supreme Court ruling. Depending on one's location, a background check may highlight not only convictions or plea bargains but also arrests, charges that were dropped or dismissed, and acquittals. A "not guilty" finding is generally considered an acquittal, but there is a subtle difference between the two. A defendant found "not guilty" is not legally answerable for the criminal charge filed. An acquittal

114-495: A defendant bribes a judge and obtains acquittal due to a bench trial, the acquittal is invalid because the defendant was never in jeopardy in the first place. Harry Aleman v. Judges of the Criminal Division, Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, et al. , 138 F.3d 302 (7th Cir. 1998). An acquittal, while conclusive as to the criminal law, does not necessarily bar private civil actions in tort or on some other grounds as

152-703: A letter by prime minister Gustav Schädler , as Liechtenstein's government had already agreed to be represented diplomatically by Switzerland. He became a member of the Historical Association for the Principality of Liechtenstein in 1921. From 1924 to 1928, he worked for the Swiss customs administration in Geneva and St. Gallen . Hoop was the third Prime Minister of Liechtenstein , from 4 August 1928 to 3 September 1945. Early elections were called after Johann II forced

190-512: A result of the facts alleged in the charge. For example, the City of Los Angeles was held liable in 1994 for the 1991 Rodney King beating despite state acquittals in 1992 of all of its four main LAPD defendants, and in 1997 O. J. Simpson was held civilly liable for wrongful death even after being tried and acquitted in 1995 of murder . An acquittal also does not bar prosecution for the same offenses under

228-476: A serious crime. Also, the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 permits a "tainted acquittal" to be set aside in circumstances where it is proved beyond reasonable doubt that an acquittal has been obtained by violence or threats of violence to a witness or juror/s. In modern England and Wales, and in all countries that substantially follow English criminal procedure, an acquittal normally results in

266-513: A statute of a different jurisdiction. For example, in the United States, someone acquitted of a state murder charge can be retried for the same actions on a federal charge of violating civil rights , and police acquitted of a state charge of felonious assault, as in the Rodney King case, can likewise be tried on federal civil rights charges. An acquittal does not mean the defendant is innocent of

304-602: A witness against the leaders of the German National Movement in Liechtenstein after they were charged for their 1939 coup attempt. Multiple members of Hoop's government were indicted for their actions during the Second World War, notably his former Deputy Alois Vogt, but Hoop was never charged of anything. After resigning as prime minister, Hoop soon went on to study law at the University of Zurich and then at

342-467: Is Tino Quaderer , since 2019. The headquarters of Novodent and ThyssenKrupp Presta are located in Eschen. USV Eschen/Mauren is the municipality's football club. [REDACTED] Media related to Eschen at Wikimedia Commons This Liechtenstein location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Acquittal In common law jurisdictions, an acquittal means that

380-405: Is when a judge or jury finds a defendant "not guilty" of the crime charged. "Not guilty" also refers to a type of plea in a criminal case. To avoid confusion, the term "acquittal" is often used in place of it to refer to the court judgment. When multiple charges are filed against a defendant, and a judge or jury finds the defendant not guilty of some charges but guilty of others, the defendant

418-534: The Landtag in its history. During Hoop's tenure as Prime Minister, he oversaw the building of a 23 km (14 mi) long inland canal to increase the percentage of arable land within the country and create job opportunities. The project was approved in 1930; construction began in 1931 and was completed in 1943. He had also given advice for businesses and industrial start-ups in Liechtenstein in order to bring employment. In January 1937, Carl Freiherr von Vogelsang ,

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456-535: The Patriotic Union called for his resignation over the issue, believing the search to be unconstitutional. It was decided that two special judges would determine the legal implications of the case. Eventually, in July 1937, it was concluded by both judges that Hoop had not acted unconstitutionally by ordering the search against Vogelsang, and Hoop was subsequently legally acquitted of any wrong-doing. In 1936, Hoop led

494-637: The University of Innsbruck in 1946, where he graduated and received a doctorate in 1948. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer in Vaduz . Hoop later served as a board member for the National Bank of Liechtenstein and president of the Liechtenstein Constitutional Court. He was also elected to the Landtag in the 1957 general election , where he served until his death in 1959. He was President of

532-603: The German press and from domestic sources, such as the Liechtenstein Homeland Service . These were bolstered by the fact that Franz I 's wife, Princess Elsa of Liechtenstein , was of Jewish descent. The 1933 Rotter kidnapping was designed to be an impetus for the formation of an organized Liechtenstein Nazi group, but it instead held back efforts for a time. Hoop personally attempted to temper relations with Germany through

570-415: The Landtag of Liechtenstein from 1958 to 1959. Hoop married Emilie Gstöhl (27 February 1898 – 11 February 1997) in 1920; they had no children. His niece, Emma Eigenmann was the first female to serve in the Landtag of Liechtenstein; she served from 1986 to 1993. Hoop, a habitual smoker throughout his adult life, died on 19 October 1959 due to heart failure following a surgery, at the age of 63 years. He

608-417: The Landtag of Liechtenstein, described him as "one of the finest men to serve within Liechtenstein, for his long-term service in the country". Josef Hoop was portrayed by French actor Pierre Vaneck in the film Vent d'est , released in 1993. * Italics denote Acting Eschen Eschen ( German pronunciation: [ˈɛʃn̩] ; High Alemannic : Escha ) is a municipality in

646-460: The Swiss national supply. Hoop did not consider the reformation of the Liechtenstein Army to avoid provocation. During the war, he worked closely with Franz Joseph II. In September 1945, after seventeen years as Prime Minister, Hoop formally resigned due to a worsening heart condition and his desire to move on from the role. He also remarked that Franz Joseph II had pressured him to do so, as

684-484: The United States cannot appeal an acquittal because of constitutional prohibitions against double jeopardy . The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled: It was decided in Fong Foo v. United States , 369 U.S. 141 (1962) that the prosecution cannot appeal a judgment of acquittal by a jury. In United States v. Jenkins , 420 U.S. 358 (1975), this was held applicable to bench trials . In Arizona v. Rumsey , 467 U.S. 203 (1984), it

722-545: The accused has interfered with or intimidated a juror or witness. Scots law has two acquittal verdicts: not guilty and not proven . However, a verdict of "not proven" does not give rise to the double jeopardy rule. In England and Wales, which share a common legal system, the Criminal Justice Act 2003 creates an exception to the double jeopardy rule , by providing that retrials may be ordered if "new and compelling evidence" comes to light after an acquittal for

760-459: The accused. The effect of an acquittal on criminal proceedings is the same whether it results from a jury verdict or results from the operation of some other rule that discharges the accused. In other countries, like Australia and the UK, the prosecuting authority may appeal an acquittal similar to how a defendant may appeal a conviction — but usually only if new and compelling evidence comes to light or

798-512: The charge presented—only that the prosecutor failed to prove that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt . The charge may remain on the defendant's criminal record in the United States even after an acquittal, depending on the state regulations. A federal criminal record may include acquittals, case dismissals, and convictions. In the UK, police forces can reveal whether individuals have been acquitted of criminal charges when issuing information for enhanced record checks, according to

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836-470: The editor of Liechtensteiner Vaterland and a founding member of the Liechtenstein Homeland Service , denounced Jews living in Liechtenstein in his publications and in letters sent to Nazi German officials. As a result, Hoop ordered a search of the offices of the Vaterland for any incriminating letters; Vogelsang promptly left the country. A majority of the Landtag approved of Hoop's actions, but members of

874-611: The government of Gustav Schädler to resign in June 1928 as the result of an embezzlement scandal at the National Bank of Liechtenstein . The 1928 Liechtenstein parliamentary election resulted with a win for the Progressive Citizens' Party and Hoop was appointed to serve as prime minister. As a result of the 1930 Liechtenstein by-election , the Progressive Citizens' Party became the first party to hold an absolute majority in

912-405: The immediate liberation of the defendant from custody, assuming no other charges against the defendant remain to be tried. However, until 1774, a defendant acquitted by an English or Welsh court would be remanded to jail until he had paid the jailer for the costs of his confinement. It was known for acquitted persons to die in jail for lack of jailer's fees. With one exception, the prosecution in

950-508: The low wages of the legation's staff, stating that it was not sufficient for them to properly feed and clothe themselves. The Liechtenstein legation in Vienna was closed in 1923. Hoop had resisted the closure of the legation, as he believed it would negatively affect relations with Austria. He visited Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs Alfred Grünberger regarding the closure, who had also privately opposed it. This led to Hoop being criticized in

988-507: The north of Liechtenstein . It has a population of 4,629 as of 2023, and covers an area of 10.3 square kilometres (4.0 square miles). It is the fourth-largest town in Liechtenstein by population. The municipality includes the village of Nendeln , which has a train station on the Feldkirch-Buchs line . Eschen is locally administered by the mayor and a 11-person municipal council, elected every four years since 1975. The incumbent mayor

1026-437: The prince believed that post-war Liechtenstein required a change in leadership. This belief stemmed from an ongoing diplomatic crisis involving the pro-Axis First Russian National Army led by General Boris Smyslovsky , which had taken refuge in Liechtenstein a few months prior. This de facto dismissal of Hoop angered many within the Progressive Citizens' Party . He was succeeded by Alexander Frick . In 1946, Hoop testified as

1064-460: The prosecution has failed to prove that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the charge presented. It certifies that the accused is free from the charge of an offense, as far as criminal law is concerned. The finality of an acquittal is dependent on the jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, an acquittal prohibits the retrial of the accused for the same offense, even if new evidence surfaces that further implicates

1102-654: The secretary of Patriotic Union, was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister of Liechtenstein , replacing Anton Frommelt . Hoop rejected the fascist tendencies of the Liechtenstein Homeland Service, which was one the merger parties of the Patriotic Union; the party later faced suspicion after the German National Movement in Liechtenstein attempted a coup in 1939. Starting from 1938, the Hoop government

1140-476: The signature of an extradition treaty being signed between Liechtenstein and the United States . After the rise of Nazi Germany in 1933 and the introduction of anti-Jewish laws in the country, Liechtenstein experienced a large rise in Jewish immigrants from Central and Western Europe. Hoop's government supported the naturalization of the refugees under a new citizenship law. In doing so, Liechtenstein faced attacks from

1178-503: The study of Oriental languages . He graduated in 1920 with a doctorate in philosophy . He was fluent in Arabic . Hoop served as the attaché and chargé d'affaires at the Liechtenstein legation in Vienna , headed by Prince Eduard of Liechtenstein , from 1920 to 1923. He worked towards the removal of visa requirements for Austrian citizens in Liechtenstein in 1922. He also raised concerns over

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1216-469: The use of private contacts and actively downplayed the threat of national socialism within Liechtenstein. In the wake of the Anschluss of Austria , Hoop and the Progressive Citizens' Party participated in the coalition government formed alongside the Patriotic Union , with the goal of preventing government deadlock and retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality. Franz Joseph II oversaw the coalition. Alois Vogt ,

1254-461: The visit, stating that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place in order to "flatter Hitler's ego". In 1940, during a lecture in Stuttgart , Hoop showed respect for the German armies. At the same time, he tied the country as closely as possible to Switzerland during the war in hopes of retaining Liechtenstein's neutrality. He achieved the de facto inclusion of Liechtenstein into

1292-423: Was based on the judge's incorrect interpretation of the law, the finding of life imprisonment in the original case constituted an acquittal of the death penalty. Thus, death could not be imposed upon a subsequent trial. Even though the acquittal of the death penalty was erroneous in that case, the acquittal must stand. The only exception to an acquittal being final is if the defendant was never in actual jeopardy. If

1330-586: Was buried in his home-town of Eschen and his funeral was attended by both Franz Joseph II and Princess Gina of Liechtenstein . A street in Eschen is named after him. Hoop was regarded highly by Franz Joseph II due to his efforts to protect Liechtenstein's independence during World War II . He once said in retrospect that "Hoop saved the country". Martin Risch , a member of the Liechtenstein Historical Association and Hoop's successor as President of

1368-583: Was faced with Swiss pressure to transfer the Ellhorn mountain to Switzerland. Though Hoop was supportive of the transfer, he argued that Liechtenstein should be fairly compensated for the loss of territory, such as through the transfer of Swiss land elsewhere or greater banking cooperation between the two countries. The proposition faced resistance from the residents in Balzers , and was not approved by Franz Joseph II. Also facing unofficial objections from Nazi Germany, Hoop

1406-506: Was forced to end the negotiations with Switzerland. Throughout World War II , Hoop considered friendly, non-binding, non-provocative diplomacy to be appropriate towards Nazi Germany, supplemented by courtesy gestures. In March 1939, he, along with Franz Joseph II, made an official visit to Berlin , where they met Adolf Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop . They discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations. Franz Joseph II later reminisced on

1444-401: Was ruled that in a bench trial, when a judge was holding a separate hearing after the jury trial, to decide if the defendant should be sentenced to death or life imprisonment , the judge decided that the circumstances of the case did not permit death to be imposed. On appeal, the judge's ruling was found to be erroneous. However, even though the decision to impose a life sentence instead of death

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