José Zorrilla y Moral ( Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse θoˈriʎa] ) was a Spanish poet and dramatist , who became National Laureate.
59-624: Zorrilla was born in Valladolid to a magistrate in whom Ferdinand VII placed special confidence. He was educated by the Jesuits at the Real Seminario de Nobles in Madrid , wrote verses when he was twelve, became an enthusiastic admirer of Walter Scott and Chateaubriand , and took part in the school performances of plays by Lope de Vega and Calderón de la Barca . In 1833, he was sent to study law at
118-501: A no man's land as a buffer zone against further Moorish conquests. The area was captured from the Moors in the tenth century. In 1072 Alfonso VI of León and Castile gifted the Lordship of Valladolid to Count Pedro Ansúrez . Entrusted with the repopulation of the area, Ansúrez led the foundation of Valladolid along with his wife Eylo Alfónsez [ es ] . By 1084 the project for
177-440: A large degree of autonomy in their local affairs: many of the functions of the comarcas and provinces are municipal powers pooled together. All citizens of Spain are required to register in the municipality they live in, and after doing so, they are juridically considered "neighbors" (residents) of the municipality, a designation that grants them various rights and privileges, and which entail certain obligations as well, including
236-690: A pension of 30,000 reales, a gold medal of honor from the Spanish Academy, and, in 1889, the title of National Laureate. He died in Madrid on 23 January 1893. In his early years, Zorrilla was known as an extraordinarily fast writer. He claimed he wrote El Caballo del Rey Don Sancho in three weeks, and that he put together El Puñal del Godo in two days. This may account for some of the technical faults—redundancy and verbosity—in his works. His plays often appeal to Spanish patriotic pride, and actors and audiences have enjoyed his effective dramaturgy. Don Juan Tenorio
295-519: A population of three in 2022 ). Almost 40% of the Spanish population resides in just 62 municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. 84% (6,817) of municipalities have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Castile and León alone account for 28% of municipalities but they constitute less than 6% of the population of Spain. A European report said that one of the most important problems facing local governments in Spain
354-415: A small post, but the republican minister later abolished it. He was always poor, especially for the 12 years after 1871. The publication of his autobiography, Recuerdos del tiempo viejo in 1880, did nothing to alleviate his poverty. Though his plays were still being performed, he received no money from them. Finally, in his old age, critics began to reappraise his work, and brought him new fame. He received
413-541: A total of 8,131 municipalities in Spain, including the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla . In the Principality of Asturias , municipalities are officially named concejos (councils). The average population of a municipality is about 5,300, but this figure masks a huge range: the most populous Spanish municipality is the city of Madrid , with a population of 3,305,408 (2022) , while several rural municipalities have fewer than ten inhabitants ( Illán de Vacas , had
472-427: Is a 1960s reconstruction. As of 2019, the population of the city of Valladolid proper was 298,412, and the population of the entire urban area was estimated to be 406,923. The most important municipalities of the urban area are (after Valladolid itself) Laguna de Duero and Boecillo on the south, Arroyo de la Encomienda , Zaratán , Simancas and Villanubla on the west, Cigales and Santovenia de Pisuerga on
531-406: Is a combination of elements from Tirso de Molina 's Burlador de Sevilla and from Alexandre Dumas, père 's Don Juan de Marana (which itself derives from Les Âmes du purgatoire by Prosper Mérimée ). However, plays like Sancho García , El Rey loco , and El Alcalde Ronquillo are much more original. He considered his last play, Traidor, inconfeso y mártir (1845), to be his best play. Upon
590-501: Is a major economic center in Spain. The automotive industry is one of the major motors of the city's economy since the founding of FASA-Renault in 1953 for the assembling of Renault -branded vehicles, which would later become Renault España . Four years later, in 1957, Sava was founded and started producing commercial vehicles. Sava would later be absorbed by Pegaso and since 1990 by the Italian truck manufacturer Iveco . Together with
649-401: Is called ayuntamiento ( municipal council or corporation ), a term often also used to refer to the municipal headquarters (city/town hall). The ayuntamiento is composed of the mayor (Spanish: alcalde ), the deputy mayors (Spanish: tenientes de alcalde ) and the deliberative assembly ( pleno ) of councillors ( concejales ). Another form of local government used in small municipalities
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#1733086285553708-457: Is his best-known work. [REDACTED] Category Valladolid Valladolid ( Spanish: [baʎaðoˈlið] ) is a municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is also the capital of the province of Valladolid . It has a population of 295,639 people (2022 est.). The city
767-506: Is however the service sector, which employs 111,988 people, representing 74.2% of Valladolid workers affiliated to Social Security. The construction sector employed 15,493 people in 2007, representing 10.3% of total workers. Finally, agriculture is a tiny sector in the city which only employs 2,355 people (1.5% of the total). The predominant crops are wheat, barley and sugar beet . Top 10 companies by turnover in 2013 in € million were: Renault (4 596), Michelin (2 670), IVECO (1 600),
826-408: Is influenced by the distance from the sea and its higher altitude. Valladolid is drier than Spain's northern coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation . Average annual precipitation is 433 mm (17.0 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 64%. The Vaccaei were a Celtic tribe , the first people documented as a stable presence on the sector of the middle valley of
885-644: Is located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central , at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15 km (9.3 mi) before they join the Duero , surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, and then by Romans themselves. The settlement was purportedly founded after 1072, growing in prominence within
944-577: Is no direct evidence for the origin of the modern name of Valladolid. It is mentioned as Valledolit in the Primera Crónica General ; earlier documented variants include Valledolidi , Valleolide (1092) and Valleolit , Valleoleti , Valleoliti (1095). One widely held etymological theory suggests that the modern name Valladolid derives from the Celtiberian language expression Vallis Tolitum , meaning "valley of waters", referring to
1003-525: Is one of the two fundamental territorial divisions in Spain , the other being the provinces . Although provinces are groupings of municipalities , there is no implied hierarchy or primacy of one over the other. Instead the two entities are defined according to the authority or jurisdiction of each ( Spanish : competencias ). Some autonomous communities also group municipalities into entities known as comarcas (districts) or mancomunidades (commonwealths). The governing body in most municipalities
1062-474: Is present in the belltowers of the churches of Santa María La Antigua and San Martín [ es ] . The School of San Gregorio has been highlighted as an outstanding example Late Gothic architecture ( Isabelline gothic ). The Gothic style is also present in the Church of San Pablo (featuring also Renaissance and plateresque elements). The late 15th century Palace of Santa Cruz (current seat of
1121-470: Is the concejo abierto (open council), in which the deliberative assembly is formed by all the electors in the municipality. The operation of the municipalities is broadly outlined by the 1985 Local Government Act. The Statutes of Autonomy of the various autonomous communities also contain provisions and many sectorial laws from national and autonomous community government determine the functions and powers of ayuntamientos. In general, municipalities enjoy
1180-419: Is the very high number of little towns with a low number of inhabitants. The area of the municipal territory (Spanish: término municipal ) usually ranges 2–40 km , but some municipalities span across a much larger area, up to the 1,750.33 km of Cáceres ', the largest municipality in the country. The average land area of a Spanish municipality is about 62.23 km (24.03 sq mi), while
1239-555: The Jewish quarter of the city, and agreed to restore Jewish autonomy. Converso poet Juan de Valladolid wrote poems criticizing treatment of Jews in Valladolid. Jewish life in Valladolid was nonexistent in the 16th century, after the expulsion of the Jews . Valladolid is a municipality , the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento de Valladolid is the body charged with
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#17330862855531298-555: The Prison of Villanubla [ es ] ) and El Rebollar (400 hectares). The city of Valladolid experiences a continentalized warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csb ) with influences of a cold semi-arid climate ( BSk ). Valladolid's climate features cool and windy winters due to altitude and the inland location of the city. Fog is very typical in the morning during winter. Winters experience occasional snow and low temperatures below freezing during cold fronts. Valladolid's climate
1357-585: The River Duero . Remains of Celtiberian and of a Roman camp have been excavated near the city. The nucleus of the city was originally located in the area of the current San Miguel y el Rosarillo square and was surrounded by a palisade . Proofs of the existence of three ancient lines of walls have been found. During the time of Muslim rule in Spain, the Christian kings moved the population of this region north into more easily defended areas and deliberately created
1416-610: The neobaroque new building for the university. The Francoist dictatorship left an example of "Imperial Architecture" of neo-herrerian (or escurialense ) style in the building for the Seminario Menor , clearly influenced by the Spanish capital's Ministry of the Air . The city preserves the residences of iconic city neighbors such as the Casa de Cervantes and the house of José Zorrilla . The Christopher Columbus House-Museum , by contrast,
1475-671: The French tire manufacturer Michelin , Renault and Iveco form the most important industrial companies of the city. Besides the automotive and automotive auxiliary industries, other important industrial sectors are food processing (with local companies like Acor and Queserías Entrepinares and facilities of multinationals like Cadbury , Lactalis or Lesaffre), metallurgy (Lingotes Especiales, Saeta die Casting...), chemical and printing. In total 22 013 people were employed in 2007 in industrial workplaces, representing 14.0% of total workers. The main economic sector of Valladolid in terms of employment
1534-568: The Ministry of Education of the Government of Castile and León , the department responsible for the education at the regional level, both at the university and non-university level. The University of Valladolid (UVA) was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world. It has four campuses around the city (Huerta del Rey, Centro, Río Esgueva and Miguel Delibes) as well as another three campuses scattered around
1593-602: The Polytechnic School. It has later expanded its campus with a new facility doubling the area devoted to teaching and research. It also has a dental clinic and a library. Lycée Français de Castilla y León , a French international school, is near Valladolid, in Laguna de Duero . San Juán Bautista de La Salle School , a High Private College in Valladolid. Integral and Superior Education. Integrates Kindergarten, Primary School and High School. 12th century romanesque architecture
1652-534: The Protestant sects took place in 1559 in Valladolid. A catastrophic fire in 1561 destroyed a portion of the city. During 1550–1551 the town held the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of the indigenous people by conquerors. Valladolid was granted the status of city in 1596, also becoming a bishopric . In the midst of the reign of Philip III , Valladolid briefly served as
1711-654: The Valladolid-based supermarket chain Grupo El Árbol (849), cheese processing Queserías Entrepinares (204), sugar processing Acor (201), service group Grupo Norte (174), automobile auxiliary company Faurecia -Asientos de Castilla y León (143), Sada (129) and Hipereco (108). Municipalities of Spain The municipality ( Spanish : municipio , IPA: [muniˈθipjo] , Catalan : municipi , Galician : concello , Basque : udalerria , Asturian : conceyu )
1770-477: The arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century. The old town is made up of a variety of historic houses, palaces, churches, plazas, avenues and parks, and includes the National Museum of Sculpture as well as the houses of Zorrilla and Cervantes which are open as museums. Notably, the city's Plaza Mayor was the first of its kind in Spain, dating back to
1829-431: The average population is about 5,988 people. Municipalities were first created by decree on 23 May 1812 as part of the liberal reforms associated with the new Spanish Constitution of 1812 and based on similar actions in revolutionary France. The idea was to rationalise and homogenise territorial organisation, do away with the prior feudal system and provide equality before the law of all citizens. Between 1812 and 1931,
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1888-574: The capital of the Hispanic Monarchy between 1601 and 1606 under the auspice of the Duke of Lerma , valido of Philip III . Lerma and his network had bought plots in Valladolid before in order to sell those to the Crown. Promoted by Lerma, the decision on moving the capital from Madrid to Valladolid has been portrayed as case of a (double) real estate speculative scheme, as Lerma had bought housing in Madrid as
1947-492: The church de la Vera Cruz built in 1581 broke down, causing dust to encircle the whole city. This accident was supposedly due to renovation works. Historically, a Jewish community existed in Valladolid. There was most likely Jewish life in Valladolid during the Arab period, but the first documentation where Jews are mentioned as living in the city dates to 1221. In 1288, Sancho IV prohibited Jews from acquiring land in Valladolid and
2006-535: The condition of regional capital, competing with other cities, most notably creating a sense of antagonism with Burgos . Although the capital was not explicitly enshrined in the region's statute of autonomy [ es ] from 1983, Valladolid was designated in 1987 as the de jure seat of the executive and legislative institutions (the Junta of Castile and León and the Cortes of Castile and León ). June 25th 2024,
2065-546: The confluence of rivers in the area. Another theory suggests that the name derives from the Arabic expression ( Arabic : بلد الوليد , Balad al-Walid ), which is the Arabic exonym currently used and means 'city of al-Walid', referring to Al-Walid I . Yet a third claims that it derives from Vallis Olivetum , meaning 'valley of the olives '; however, no olive trees are found in that terrain. Instead, innumerable pine trees abound in
2124-493: The context of the Crown of Castile , being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University (1241), Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. Valladolid was the location of Europe's first moral debate on the treatment of indigenous people and is the city in which Christopher Columbus died. It was briefly the capital of Habsburg Spain between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until
2183-581: The death of his mother in 1847, Zorrilla left Spain. He resided for a while at Bordeaux , and settled in Paris, where his incomplete poem Granada was published in 1852. In a fit of depression, he emigrated to America three years later, hoping, he claimed, that yellow fever or smallpox would kill him. During eleven years in Mexico he wrote very little. He returned to Spain in 1866, to find himself half-forgotten and considered old-fashioned. Friends helped Zorilla obtain
2242-429: The façades of the plaza served as template for a number of buildings in nearby streets. The unfinished Cathedral of Valladolid , initially projected by Juan de Herrera in the 16th century (intending to follow a Mannerist style ) experienced protracted building works owing to financial problems and its main body was not opened until 1668. Decades later, in 1730, Alberto de Churriguera [ es ] finished
2301-478: The foundation of the settlement was already underway. Ansúrez built a palace (now lost) and La Antigua church. Eylo founded three hospitals and the Churches of San Sebastián and San Nicolás. Both co-founded the church of Santa María. Valladolid was repopulated by people from the lands of Carrión and Saldaña . In the 12th and 13th centuries, Valladolid grew rapidly, favoured by the commercial privileges granted by
2360-547: The kings Alfonso VIII and Alfonso X . In 1469, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon were married in the city; by the 15th century Valladolid was the residence of the kings of Castile . In 1506, Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid "still convinced that he had reached the Indies" in a house that is now a museum dedicated to him. From 1554 to 1559, Joanna of Austria , sister of Philip II , served as regent , establishing herself in Valladolid, with
2419-404: The late 19th to early 20th century, with a good number of his buildings still standing. Standout examples of Eclectic architecture from the late 19th and early 20th century in the city include the neoplateresque City Hall [ es ] , the cavalry academy [ es ] , Palace of Correos y Telégrafos [ es ] (defaced in a revamp undergone in the 1960s), and
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2478-583: The latter becoming the political center of the Hispanic Monarchy by that time. She favoured the Ebolist Party , one of the two leading factions of the Court of Philip II, in competition with the albistas . The Reformation took hold in some parts of the city where Protestant circles appeared presumably around the leading figure of Augustino de Cazalla , an adviser of Joanna. Ensuing autos de fe against
2537-406: The leading men of letters. In 1837 he published a book of verses, mostly imitations of Alphonse de Lamartine and Victor Hugo , which was so favourably received that he printed six more volumes within three years. After collaborating with Antonio García Gutiérrez on the play Juán Dondolo (1839), Zorrilla began his individual career as a dramatist with Cada cual con su razón (1840), and during
2596-401: The municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 27 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor . The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. Since 2015, Óscar Puente ( PSOE ) serves as Mayor. He renewed his spell for a second mandate following the 2019 election. Education management and policing in Valladolid depends on
2655-718: The next five years he wrote 22 plays, many of them extremely successful. His Cantos del trovador (1841), a collection of national legends written in verse, made Zorilla second only to José de Espronceda in popular esteem. National legends also supply the themes of his dramas, which Zorilla often constructed by adapting older plays that had fallen out of fashion. For example, in El Zapatero y el Rey he recasts El montanés Juan Pascual by Juan de la Hoz y Mota; in La mejor Talon la espada he borrows from Agustín Moreto y Cavana 's Travesuras del estudiante Pa-atoja . His famous play Don Juan Tenorio
2714-406: The north, and Tudela de Duero and Cistérniga on the east. After new neighbourhoods developed in recent decades (one example would be Covaresa ), the high prices in the municipality led young people to buy properties in towns around the city, so the population has fallen in Valladolid but is growing fast in other peri-urban areas (for example, Arroyo de la Encomienda or Zaratán ). Valladolid
2773-534: The other administrative services mainly related to international relations, or CTI (Center for Information Technology), both located in the basement of the University Residence Alfonso VIII, next to the old Faculty of Science. The Miguel de Cervantes European University ( Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes ; UEMC) is a private university with roughly 1,500 students. It is spread over three faculties: Social Sciences, Law and Economics, Health and
2832-552: The prices plummeted when the capital was moved from the city. After a plague in Valladolid, Lerma suggested the King to go back to Madrid, earning a hefty profit when the royal court returned and prices went up again. The city was again damaged by a flood of the rivers Pisuerga and Esgueva. From 1950 onwards Valladolid became an important industrial centre. This was the context in which companies such as ENDASA (1950), FASA (1954), TECNAUTO (1956) and SAVA (1957) were created. The city
2891-456: The rectorate of the University of Valladolid) has been noted as a pioneer example of Renaissance art in Spain . The monumental Plaza Mayor , considered the first in its genre in Spain, was projected by Francisco de Salamanca [ es ] by 1561–62, following the great fire of 1561. The porticoed plaza distinctly employs stone columns with wooden footings and lintels. The design of
2950-441: The right to vote or be elected for public office in said municipality. The right to vote in municipal elections is extended to Spanish citizens living abroad. A Spaniard abroad, upon registering in a consulate , has the right to vote in the local elections of the last municipality they resided in. A Spanish citizen born abroad must choose between the last municipality his or her mother or father last lived in. As of 2022, there were
3009-594: The service of Joan of Arc , known as La Pucelle . Another theory is that Pucela comes from the fact that Pozzolana cement was sold there, the only city in Spain that sold it. Valladolid is located at roughly 735 metres above sea level, at the centre of the Meseta Norte , the plateau drained by the Duero river basin covering a major part of the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula . The primitive urban core
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#17330862855533068-492: The south part of the city. The gastronomy reflects the importance of the piñón (pine nut) as a local product, rather than olives. In texts from the Middle Ages the town is called Vallisoletum , meaning 'sunny valley', and inhabitants are still called today Vallisoletano (male) and Vallisoletana (female). The city is also popularly called Pucela , a nickname whose origin is not clear, but may refer to knights in
3127-620: The surrounding area. In 1322, Christians were prohibited from being treated by Jewish doctors, and could not attend Jewish or Moorish weddings. Furthermore, Jews were barred from positions of public office. In the early 15th century, the Laws of Valladolid were passed, a series of anti-Jewish legislation. These laws stripped the Jews of Valladolid of their autonomy, which included the right to have their own court system. Additionally, Jews and Moors were prohibited from leaving Castille. In 1432, however, officials in Valladolid met with Don Abraham Benveniste in
3186-679: The thirteenth century. It was eventually used as a model for similar plazas such as Plaza Mayor in Madrid . Among the events that are held each year in the city are the famous Holy Week , the World Jigsaw Puzzle Championships , and the Valladolid International Film Festival ( Seminci ). In 2019, Valladolid was recognised as a City of Film as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . Together with another 15 surrounding municipalities, it belongs to an urban community of around 404,000 inhabitants. There
3245-598: The university of Toledo , but after a year of idleness, he fled to Madrid, where he horrified the friends of his absolutist father by making violent speeches and by founding a newspaper that promptly was suppressed by the government. He narrowly escaped transportation to the Philippines, and spent the next few years in poverty. The death of the satirist Mariano José de Larra brought Zorrilla into notice. His elegiac poem, read at Larra's funeral in February 1837, introduced him to
3304-519: The wider region of Castile and León ( Palencia , Soria and Segovia ). Spread over 25 colleges and their associated centers, about 2000 teachers give classes to more than 23,800 students enrolled in 2011. It also features the 25 centers, a number of administrative buildings such as the Palacio de Santa Cruz, where the rector, and the Museum of the University of Valladolid (MUVa), The House of Students, featuring
3363-443: The work on the main front. The Teatro Lope de Vega is a theater built in the classical style in 1861 and now very run-down. There has been recent controversy over whether the city should pay to restore it. The Campo Grande , a large public park located in the heart of the city, dates back to 1787. Architect Modesto Coloma Palenzuela [ es ] left a key imprint in the city's outline, authoring many housing projects in
3422-552: Was built ex novo in the 11th century on a small elevation near the confluence of the Esgueva with the Pisuerga , on the left-bank of the latter river. The city of Valladolid currently lies on both banks of the Pisuerga, a major right-bank tributary of the Douro. Besides the main territory on which the city lies, the municipality also includes two exclaves: Navabuena (5,129 hectares , hosting
3481-477: Was declared as a Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") in 1964. During the 1960 and early 1970s the city attracted many immigrants, chiefly coming from the province of Valladolid and neighbouring provinces. The city started to expand across the western bank of the Pisuerga in the early 1960s. In the context of the fraught process for the creation of the autonomous community of Castile and León (completed in 1983), Valladolid vied for
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