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34-776: Fernández Alvarez was born in Santiago de Cuba , where he studied his first and second education. In 1947 he graduated from the Cadet School of Cuba and also from the Artillery School as well as from other courses of the General Staff in Cuba and at Fort Sill in the USA. From March 10, 1952, he took part in different conspiracy activities and movements against Fulgencio Batista 's tyranny with different military and political groups, until 1956 when he

68-774: A Cuban poet, writer, and national hero, is buried in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in this city. Santiago was the home of the 20th-century revolutionary hero Frank País . On 26 July 1953, the Cuban Revolution began with an ill-prepared armed attack on the Moncada Barracks by a small contingent of rebels led by Fidel Castro . Shortly after this disastrous incident, País began talking with students and young working people informally, drawing around him what became an extremely effective urban revolutionary alliance. He and his followers developed highly organized cells, coordinating

102-863: A Substitute Member of the Political Bureau. Fernandez was a deputy to the National Assembly from 1976 until his death and a Member of the Council of State from 1981 until 1993. Fernández chaired the Organizing Committee of the XIV Central American and Caribbean Games , held in Havana in 1982, and the Organizing Committee of the XI Pan American Games in Havana in 1991. He was also the chairman of

136-500: A bay connected to the Caribbean Sea and an important sea port . In the 2022, the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 507,167 people. Santiago de Cuba was the seventh village founded by Spanish conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar on 25 July 1515. The settlement was destroyed by fire in 1516, and was immediately rebuilt. This was the starting point of the expeditions led by Juan de Grijalba and Hernán Cortés to

170-454: A huge influx of French and British immigrants in the late-18th and early-19th centuries. Some eighteen thousand Saint Dominican refugees, both ethnic French whites and free people of color, and African freedmen , came from Saint-Domingue in the summer of 1803 during the last days of the Haitian slave revolt, which had started in 1791 . Other refugees had emigrated from Saint-Domingue earlier in

204-490: A large-scale urban resistance that became instrumental in the success of the Cuban Revolution. País' group prepared carefully, accruing weapons, collecting money and medical supplies. They published a cheap newsletter that reported news critical of the government, attempting to counter Batista's censorship of the mainline press. In the summer of 1955, País's organization merged with Castro's 26 July Movement. País became

238-648: Is completed. The main tertiary education institution is the University of Santiago de Cuba ( Universidad de Oriente – Santiago de Cuba , UO). Santiago de Cuba is twinned with: Daiquir%C3%AD Daiquirí ( Spanish pronunciation: [dajkiˈɾi] ) is a small village, 14 miles east of Santiago de Cuba . It became a focal point of the United States invasion of Cuba in the Spanish–American War . Spanish General Arsenio Linares y Pombo ordered

272-600: Is named in his honor. The mural relief portrait on the building façade depicts Juan Almeida Bosque , a commander of insurgent forces in the Cuban Revolution. It is the birthplace of the world-famous Bacardi brand, which was started by Facundo Bacardi Masso in 1862. It now houses a museum that displays the extensive art collection of the Bacardí family. Santiago de Cuba is well known for its cultural life. Some of Cuba's most famous musicians, including Compay Segundo , Ibrahim Ferrer and Eliades Ochoa (all of whom participated in

306-508: Is the most populated municipality of Cuba. The city has developed at the foot of the bay and is surrounded on land by the Sierra Maestra . It has a hot and humid climate. The landscapes includes the complexity of urban elements, and natural greenery and marine settings, all at the same time. It has an irregular offset to the bay, which contributed to the development of an urban setting where the avenues and streets are steep or descend. Under

340-486: The Köppen climate classification , Santiago de Cuba has a tropical savanna climate with no significant wet and dry periods through the year. In the 2012 population census the city of Santiago de Cuba recorded a population of 431,272 people. Santiago is served by Antonio Maceo Airport . Cubana de Aviación connects the city with Havana , Port Au Prince , and Santo Domingo , with other airlines connecting to other cities in

374-413: The 300 or so Spanish troops there. Some 16,000 U.S. soldiers waded ashore in the surf as the diversion at Cabañas proved highly effective. Other troops landed at Siboney, but Daiquirí continued as a storage area until U.S. forces took Santiago. The alcoholic cocktail, the daiquiri , was supposedly named for the area. There is an iron mine near Daiquirí, which is a word of Taíno origin. The cocktail

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408-614: The Cadet School of the Rebel Army; Chief of the Direction of Combat Preparation of the General Staff of FAR (initials for Revolutionary Armed Forces in Spanish) until 1968; Deputy Minister of FAR until 1970; First Deputy Minister of Education until 1972; Minister of Education from 1972 until 1990 and vice-president of the Council of Ministers from 1978 to March 2012. He represented the Cuban government at

442-555: The Caribbean and North America. The public transport in the city, as in Havana, is carried out by two divisions, Omnibus Metropolitanos (OM) and Metrobus. The Metrobus serves the inner-city urban area, with a maximum distance of 20 km (12 mi). Omnibus Metropolitanos (OM) connects the adjacent towns and municipalities in the metropolitan area with the city center, with a maximum distance of 40 km (25 mi). Ferrocarriles de Cuba railways and ASTRO inter-city buses connect

476-506: The Cuban Revolution both in Cuba and abroad. At the time of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana. He was sometimes referred to as ' El Gallego ' like his colleague Manuel Piñeiro . Before dawn that day, Fidel Castro ordered him to command the many battalions of militia and regular army troops engaged in fighting the invading forces of Brigade 2506 . Late on 19 April 1961, he

510-404: The Cuban capital of Havana . The municipality extends over 1,023.8 km (395.3 sq mi), and contains the communities of Antonio Maceo, Bravo, Castillo Duany, Daiquirí , El Caney , El Cobre , El Cristo, Guilera, Leyte Vidal, Moncada and Siboney . Historically Santiago de Cuba was the second-most important city on the island after Havana, and remains the second-largest. It is on

544-850: The Organizing Committee of the VI Athletics World Cup that took place in Havana in 1992. From 1997 until 2018 he was the President of the Cuban Olympic Committee . He was the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific–Academic Conference "Giron, 40 years later", which took place in March 2001 and of the International Conference "The Missile Crisis, a political vision 40 years later" in October 2002. Fernandez

578-627: The United States, and thousands settled in New Orleans, with the freedmen increasing its African culture, as most had been born in Africa. The ethnic French whites and free people of color, generally with longer ties to French culture, added their flavor to the culture of the city as well. Near the end of the century, during the Spanish–American War , Santiago was the site of the major defeat of Spanish troops at San Juan Hill on 1 July 1898. After capturing

612-632: The age of thirteen were held off shore, to be rapidly deported to the mainland, as they were considered a revolutionary threat. Some French soldiers joined other refugees in Charleston, South Carolina , or New York City; others went to New Orleans . The refugees who stayed added to the city's eclectic cultural mix, already rich with Spanish and African culture. Some of the women and children were impressed into slavery again, although they had been free. In 1809, after Napoleon Bonaparte 's forces invaded Spain, French citizens were ordered out of Cuba. Most went to

646-603: The area from Daiquirí to Siboney fortified in anticipation of U.S. disembarkments there. On June 20, 1898, U.S. Navy Admiral William T. Sampson , U.S. Army General William Rufus Shafter and Cuban General Calixto García planned an invasion whereby the navy would shell Daiquirí, García's Cuban troops would attack the Spaniards, and, in the meantime, U.S. ships would transport some Cuban troops to Cabañas to cut off communications and supply. The landing two days later went almost according to plan. Sampson fired on Daiquirí, dispersing

680-500: The city preoccupied with the holiday, Castro chose 26 July to enter undetected into the city to assault the Moncada Barracks. During Carnival, traditional conga music is played in the streets on a traditional pentatonic trumpet, called the trompeta china . A relatively high number of residents of the city adhere to Afro-Cuban religions, most notably santería . The city hosts an important community of descendants of immigrants from

714-564: The city with Havana's Central Railway Station and with most other main cities of Cuba. The main railway station , also known as "General Senén Casas", is an important hub of the national railways. Located in the city centre, near the harbour, it was completely rebuilt in 1997. The city of Santiago is also crossed by the Carretera Central highway and by the southern section of the A1 motorway , largely unbuilt, that will link it with Havana when it

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748-503: The coasts of Mexico in 1518, and in 1538 by Hernando de Soto 's expedition to Florida. The first cathedral was built in the city in 1528. From 1522 until 1589, Santiago was the capital of the Spanish colony of Cuba. The city was plundered by French forces in 1553, and by English forces in 1603 . More than 50 years later the English raided again in 1662 under Christopher Myngs . The city had

782-402: The early 19th century from what is now Haiti. Some aspects of the religious " vodún " heritage of the city can be traced back to this community. The city features several historic architectural styles, from Baroque to neoclassical . Many colonial buildings have huge windows and balconies, where people can enjoy views of the steep streets and wooded hills. Preserved historical treasures include

816-484: The film Buena Vista Social Club ) and trova composer Ñico Saquito (Benito Antonio Fernández Ortiz) were born in the city or in one of the villages surrounding it. They have contributed to the typical, country-like music of the city. Santiago de Cuba is well known for its traditional music, most notably son , from which salsa has been derived. The city celebrates Carnival in July, although it typically precedes Lent. With

850-598: The first Spanish dwelling in the Americas , the first cathedral in Cuba, Cobre mine , the first copper mine opened in the Americas; and the first Cuban museum. The local citadel of San Pedro de la Roca is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the most complete, best-preserved example of Spanish-American military architecture , based on Italian and Renaissance design principles". The Baconao Park

884-715: The investiture of presidents in several Latin American countries and at other governmental events. He was a member of the executive committee of the Pan American Sports Organization . Fernández Álvarez took part in the seven Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party and beginning in 1975 was a member of the Central Committee. At the third congress of the Cuban Communist Party, he was elected as

918-607: The leader of the new organization in Oriente province . Two years later he was betrayed to the police and was fatally shot after his capture. On 1 January 1959, Fidel Castro proclaimed the victory of the Cuban Revolution from a balcony on Santiago de Cuba's city hall. The ashes of País were interred in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery, where Marti had been buried. Santiago de Cuba was the hometown of poet José María Heredia . The Teatro Heredia, which hosts theater and cultural events,

952-487: The revolution. Haiti declared its independence as a republic in 1804. The French were withdrawing surviving troops after suffering heavy losses from warfare and yellow fever . The immigrants, who included freedmen as France had abolished slavery on Saint-Domingue, struggled to maintain their freedom in Cuba, which was still a slave society. Cuba initially allowed only white refugees, women of color, children, and loyal "domestics" to land; French troops and all men of color over

986-517: The surrounding hills, United States General William Rufus Shafter laid siege to the city. Spain later surrendered to the United States after Admiral William T. Sampson destroyed the Spanish Atlantic fleet just outside Santiago's harbor on 3 July 1898. Cuba had declared independence from Spain but was occupied by US troops for several years. Historians suggest they were there to ensure the sugar economy continued to be productive. José Martí ,

1020-595: Was Emeritus Professor of the Pedagogical Higher Institute "Enrique José Varona". In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba . Santiago de Cuba Santiago de Cuba is the second-largest city in Cuba and the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province . It lies in the southeastern area of the island, some 870 km (540 mi) southeast of

1054-478: Was among Cuban government forces who finally broke through to Playa Giron and forced the surrender and dispersal of invading troops. He was promoted to the rank of Capitan in 1959, to Commandant in 1961 and to Brigade General of the reserve in 1966. He graduated from the Higher War School in 1964. From 1959 on he was in charge of different responsibilities and positions, among which there were; Director of

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1088-605: Was caught when the conspiracy movement called "Los puros" was discovered. He was judged and sentenced to prison at Presidio Modelo on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines) until the Castro brothers' victory over Batista on January 1, 1959. From 1959, as a member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Fernández took part in various mobilizations, both productive as well as for the defense of the country. He also carried out other tasks of

1122-549: Was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Biosphere Reserve List in 1987. Santiago de Cuba is located in the southeast of the island at coordinates 20° 01' 17.42" N 75° 49' 45.75" W, some 870 km (540 mi) of the capital, Havana . Historically Santiago de Cuba has been the second-largest city in Cuba, behind Havana. It features a bay connected to the Caribbean Sea and is a major port . The municipality of Santiago de Cuba, its capital city,

1156-529: Was supposedly invented about 1900 in a bar named Venus in Santiago, about 23 miles east of the mine, by a group of American mining engineers. Among the engineers present were Jennings Cox , General Manager of the Spanish American Iron Co., J. Francis Linthicum, C. Manning Combs, George W. Pfeiffer, De Berneire Whitaker, C. Merritt Holmes, and Proctor O. Persing. Although stories persist that Cox invented

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