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40-520: The university was founded by Joaquín Molano Campuzano, Javier Pulgar Vidal and Jaime Forero Valdés at a time of great political commotion in Colombia. Their aim was to create an environment of peaceful engagement in an academic setting, based on the scientific and altruistic principles that characterized the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada of which Jorge Tadeo Lozano was a member, in

80-493: A complete description of all the events surrounding the creation of the Junta, and published articles about political economics and the political decisions of the Junta. Caldas kept publishing his Scientific Memoirs during this period. In September 1811, Antonio Nariño was appointed as President of the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca . One of his first actions as a president was

120-502: A consequence Mutis appointed him to the Botanical Expedition. Following a trip to Quito , he then traveled to Ibarra to meet Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland , on December 31, 1801. Considering that he was situated in the relative backwater of Popayán, Humboldt was impressed with his scientific accomplishments. Caldas gave Humboldt and Bonpland data on the altitudes in the region and became their personal friend, and

160-515: A dictator, and del Corral welcomed Caldas and appointed him to create a Military School and as Director of Rifle Factories and General Engineer, as well as giving him the rank of Colonel. As an engineer, Caldas was in charge of erecting buildings, powder mills, and gun factories, as well as coin minting. He also taught in the Academy of Engineers in Medellín, in 1814. Between 1813 and 1814, he took charge of

200-500: A free public School of Drawing, and following Linnaeus criteria began classifying the flora of New Granada under orders of the King who had commissioned him with the writing of the Flora de Bogota . He also created an Astronomical Observatory, considered to be the first high-learning scientific institution of Colombia. Several smaller expeditions were sent to extend geographical coverage. Among them

240-553: A junta in Santafé. The plot famously consisted of borrowing a flower vase or some other object from a Peninsular Spaniard, José González Llorente, to use it in a celebration for the arrival of commissioner of the Regency Antonio Villavicencio to the city, taking advantage of the fact that Villavicencio's arrival had brought hundreds of people to the city. The plot creators were hoping that Llorente would refuse, and would use

280-451: A messenger. In 1790 they moved to Santafe de Bogotá ( Bogotá ) where exploration activities would continue until 1816. Mutis recruited new members, such as the botanist Francisco Antonio Zea , his nephew Sinforoso Mutis , geographer Francisco José de Caldas and chemist and zoologist Jorge Tadeo Lozano . José Antonio Candamo was hired to look after the Herbarium. In Santa Fe Mutis funded

320-404: A meticulous methodology that included harvesting of the samples in the field together with detailed descriptions, including data about the surrounding environment of each species and their medical or industrial uses. Mutis died on September 11, 1808, and was replaced by his nephew Sinforoso, who led the expedition until 1816. 6,000 new species were discovered and described during the expedition. As

360-440: A result, 6717 drawings and 20,000 plates with 2,738 different taxa were produced. Between 1793 and 1794 one of Mutis works, Arcanum of Quina , where he describes seven new species with medical and therapeutic uses, was published in a Santa Fe newspaper. 306 of Mutis's taxa were published by Linnaeus , Linneo fil., Humboldt & Bonpland , Cavanilles and certain botanists of the 20th century. On 1932 E. P. Killip , curator of

400-499: A student, Caldas was always interested in the study of mathematics , astronomy and the natural sciences , and he only studied law as a result of his father's pressure. Following this, he relocated to Popayán, to administer the family businesses and as a trader, a craft in which he was very unsuccessful. During his many business trips to Santafé, Caldas was more concerned with scientific observation and devoted long hours to determine geographical coordinates and to make observations. He

440-626: A team of scientists led by José Celestino Mutis . Jorge Tadeo Lozano University is a member of the Association of Colombian Universities (ASCUN), and Universia . Among the notable architecture features of the school are an auditorium, a fine art gallery, a postgraduate studies building and a public square designed by Colombian architect Daniel Bermúdez . The university also broadcasts cultural activities and content on Bogotá's FM radio via HJUT 106.9 FM, with Classical Music, Opera, Jazz and Rock programming. Alphabetically by surname: The university

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480-454: A third proposal on his behalf that was finally accepted by the King, who named Mutis first botanist and astronomer of the botanical expedition. O Since the first failed proposals Mutis had maintained regular contacts with European scientists, among which was Carl Linnaeus . When it was known that the expedition was finally under way it aroused the interest of the European scientific community at

520-560: Is part of a network of downtown Bogotá universities and educational institutions as University of Los Andes and Universidad Central. Their architectural efforts have renewed this area of the city in particular. This Colombian university, college, or tertiary institution related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Granada ( Spanish : Expedición Botánica al Virreinato de Nueva Granada ) took place between 1783 and 1816 in

560-601: The Diario Político de Santa Fe ( Political Diary of Santa Fe ) which ultimately defended the independentist movement. During this time Caldas became engineer's colonel designing an artillery apparatus for the revolutionaries. Due to his work in the Army Engineer Corps, he is considered by some authors the "father of Colombian engineering". The Colombian department of Caldas is named for Francisco José de Caldas. The Francisco José de Caldas District University ,

600-546: The San Francisco Plaza by orders of Morillo , Count of Cartagena. When Caldas was about to be executed and the people present at the place appealed for the life of the scientist, Morillo responded: " Spain does not need savants " ( Spanish : "España no necesita sabios" ). Before dying Caldas wrote on the wall a large Greek letter θ , which has been interpreted as exclaiming "Oh long and dark departure!" (Spanish: ¡Oh larga y negra partida! . In classical Athens, Theta

640-562: The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, started to study the Herbarium. In 1937 on the occasion of the bicentennial celebrations of Mutis birth, the governments of Spain and Colombia jointly produced the publication of the Flora de la Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada . In 1952 began the publication of the enormous work in its entirety, that is still not completed and is expected to need more than sixty volumes, with

680-629: The Astronomical Observatory, and was in charge of studying the flora of Bogotá. He was appointed also as a lecturer of elementary mathematics at the Colegio del Rosario . In 1809, following the death of Mutis, future independence leaders like Caldas' cousin Camilo Torres , and Antonio Nariño , started meeting clandestinely in one of the halls of the Observatory. While Caldas certainly allowed

720-437: The Botanical Expedition. Mutis charged him with directing the recently built Astronomic Observatory. During this time he also created a newspaper, "El Semanario," in 1808, where many of his academic writings were published. Caldas expected to be appointed director of the Botanical Expedition following Mutis' death in 1808, but Mutis had appointed his nephew Sinforoso Mutis, instead. Caldas was, nevertheless, confirmed as director of

760-582: The Spanish Crown about the possibility of trading with tea leaves coming from Bogotá, whose properties he praised. On April 29, 1783 the expedition was formally launched with a team composed by botanists Eloy Valenzuela and Fray Diego García, geographers Bruno Landete and Jose Camblor, painters Pablo Antonio Garcia del Campo, Francisco Javier Matís , Anthony and Nicholas Cortez, Vicente Sánchez, Antonio Barrionuevo, Vicente Silva, his assistant Salvador Rizo Blanco , foreman Roque Gutierrez, several collectors and

800-709: The act that declared Nariño an usurper and a tyrant, and supporting the Congress in May, 1812. Caldas was appointed as member of the Military Commission of the Congress, and was given the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and was involved in the Battle of Ventaquemada on December 2, 1812, on which the federalist troops were victor, and in the Battle of San Victorino (or Battle of Santafé de Bogotá, San Victorino y Las Cruces), on January 9, 1813, where

840-447: The added requirement of having to identify the plants under the drawings according to the current nomenclature and creating a meaningful descriptive text adapted to modern times. All plates, maps, correspondence, notes and manuscripts, and all the material from Mutis museum composed of more than 24,000 dried plants, 5,000 drawings of plants by his pupils, and a collection of woods, shells, resins, minerals, and skins, were sent to Spain and

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880-529: The aunt of fellow independence hero Camilo Torres Tenorio . Like his cousin, Caldas studied in the Seminary of Popayán, where he met others of the leaders of the Colombian independence movement like Francisco Antonio Zea . Also like his cousin, in 1788 and pressed by his father he moved to Santafé (modern day Bogotá) to study jurisprudence in the Colegio del Rosario , where he obtained a bachelor's degree in 1793. As

920-471: The expedition during its first year, was commissioned to Santander, although he had to prematurely retire to Bucaramanga due to health problems. On 1801 Alexander von Humboldt visited Mutis during his expedition to America, sharing quarters with him for over two months. He expressed his admiration for Mutis work and praised his botanical collection. All together Mutis led the expedition for over 25 years during which they explored some 8,000 km2. He developed

960-441: The federalist troops were utterly defeated. After being defeated in the rebellion, Caldas, fearing reprisals, escaped to Popayán, but finding that it had been overtaken by the royal troops commanded by future viceroy Juan Sámano , went then to the province of Antioquia . Antioquia had declared independence as the "State of Antioquia" or the "Free and Sovereign State of Antioquia." The Antioquia state had appointed Juan del Corral as

1000-561: The first hypsometer ), who was executed by orders of General Pablo Morillo during the Spanish American Reconquista for being a forerunner of the fight for the independence of New Granada (modern day Colombia ). Arguably the first Colombian scientist, he is often nicknamed "El Sabio" (Spanish for "The learned," "The sage" or "The wise"). Caldas was born in Popayán , in 1768. His parents were José de Caldas and Vicenta Tenorio,

1040-619: The formation of the Army Engineer Corps , and Caldas was then appointed to them as a Captain, and charged with making plots of roads and itineraries. Caldas was part of the troops sent by Nariño , under the command of General Antonio Baraya, to defeat the federalists that were assembled in the Congress of the United Provinces in Tunja. Baraya, however, decided to switch factions and support the federalist forces, and Caldas joined him, signing

1080-423: The formation of the Santafé junta. The date of the formation of this junta is considered the official Day of Independence of Colombia . Following the events of July 20, Caldas and Joaquín Camacho were asked to create the first newspaper of the newly founded Republic, called the "Diario Político de Santafé de Bogotá" (Political Journal of Santafé de Bogotá), first published on August 27, 1810. The Diario published

1120-527: The fortifications along the Cauca River and the installation of a rifle and gunpowder factory. By the end of 1814, Nariño had been defeated and arrested by the Spanish crown, and Bolívar and his army had forced the submission of Cundinamarca to the United Provinces. The federalist General Government, which had been established in Santafé, with growing concerns about the possibility of a Spanish reconquest following

1160-638: The goal of getting to Buenaventura to escape abroad. On the way, however, future viceroy Sámano gained a victory over the Republican troops in the Battle of la Cuchilla del Tambo , reconquering Popayán, and Caldas was forced to hide in the Paisbamba Farm in Sotará , where he was soon arrested by the Spanish Royalists. He was then sent back to Santafé, and executed by a firing squad on October 29, 1816, in

1200-415: The meetings, his involvement was minimal as he was more interested in his scientific enterprises. During this period he published his "Scientific Memoirs," a continuation of his Semanario. Caldas was actively involved, nonetheless, in the events of July 20, 1810 . Following the lead of cities like Cartagena de Indias , which had created their own juntas , a plot was developed to stimulate the formation of

1240-428: The refusal to call for the formation of a Junta, and to do so, Caldas agreed to drop by at the time of the request so that he could be "reprimanded" for dealing with a Spaniard who was mistreating the creoles. As planned, the "offended" started shouting the offenses by Peninsular Spaniards, and calling for the installation of a Junta. This led, as planned, to a city revolt following which Viceroy Amar peacefully agreed to

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1280-511: The start of Morillo 's campaign, then called Caldas to appoint him with the creation of a similar Military School, and to build bridges, trenches, and fortifications around the city. He was sent to the northern army and to fortify roads in Quindío . Pablo Morillo finally captured Santafé on May 6, 1816. Like the other leaders of the Independence movement, Caldas escaped the city, originally with

1320-687: The territories of New Granada , covering present-day Colombia , Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Peru and northern Brazil and western Guyana. The project was rejected twice before being finally approved in 1783 by King Charles III of Spain , and was headed by José Celestino Mutis , a Spanish priest, who was also a botanist, mathematician and teacher. Before the King sanctioned the expedition, Mutis had already proposed it on two occasions, in 1763 and 1764 respectively, but he had been ignored. However, years later, after he retired to live in Mariquita , he met Archbishop and Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora , who made

1360-546: The time survive in both his letters and memoirs, including a map of the course of the Prado river in the department of Tolima , notes about medicinal trees, a description of the stone hieroglyphs in Aipe and of the statues at San Agustín , experiments to determine whether an insect was venomous, and many others. His descriptions about the leveling in the plants growing close to the equinoctial line were sent to José Celestino Mutis , and as

1400-599: The time. On 1784 Mutis was appointed member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , and a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine. His news about American plants were eagerly awaited by botanists in Europe, keen on learning about the new species of plants. On his "Memorial Instructivo y Curioso de la Corte de Madrid" he had reported his conclusions on the medicinal uses of certain plant species of New Granada, and informed

1440-585: Was inventoried and classified on arrival to Madrid, ending up at the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid where they have remained since, except for a small part that was sent in 1889 to the Real Academia de la Historia . Francisco Jos%C3%A9 de Caldas Francisco José de Caldas ( October 4 , 1768 – October 28, 1816) was a Neogranadine lawyer , military engineer , self-taught naturalist , mathematician , geographer and inventor (he created

1480-540: Was mentored by them in the study of botany . Together they did some exploration in the surroundings of Quito. Unable to continue traveling with Humboldt, he devoted wholeheartedly to scientific enterprises, and to write his memoirs. After traveling through Peru and Ecuador, and across the New Kingdom of Granada exploring the newfound land, studying flora , fauna , geography , meteorology and cartography , Caldas returned to Santafé in 1805, where he started working for

1520-406: Was particularly concerned with determining the geographical location and altitude of different places, so he was always using a barometer, a thermometer, and a compass. His interest on determining altitude and the fortuitous breaking of a thermometer led to his development of the hypsometer , an apparatus that determined altitude as a function of the boiling point of water. His studies and records of

1560-532: Was the one led by Francisco José de Caldas, who explored the present lands of Ecuador during four years, returning to Santa Fe in 1808 bringing a very extensive herbarium. Another member, Fray Diego Garcia, explored the Upper Magdalena Valley, between La Palma and Timana, reaching the Andaquíes area and collecting many animal and geological samples. Additionally, Eloy Valenzuela, who had been deputy director of

1600-678: Was used as an abbreviation for the Greek θάνατος (thanatos, “death”). His body was buried in the Church of Veracruz, which was later turned into the Panteón Nacional (National Pantheon) but later moved to the Panteón de los Próceres in his hometown, Popayán. Caldas helped fund the New Kingdom of Granada Seminary, intended to be a scientific institution during the first decade of the 1800s. In 1810, he founded

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