70-509: The People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force is the rear echelon and logistics arm of the People's Liberation Army . It was established on 13 September 2016 and was recognized as an arm of the People's Liberation Army on 19 April 2024, with a Deputy Theater grade . The JLSF was formed by integrating elements of the former General Logistics Department of the People's Liberation Army and
140-526: A "Director of Operations" or a "Logistics Officer" working on similar problems. Furthermore, the term " supply chain management " originally referred to, among other issues, having an integrated vision of both production and logistics from point of origin to point of production. All these terms may suffer from semantic change as a side effect of advertising. Logistical activities can be divided into three main areas: order processing, inventory management, and freight transportation. Traditionally, order processing
210-453: A call for professionals called supply chain logisticians. In business, logistics may have either an internal focus (inbound logistics) or an external focus (outbound logistics), covering the flow and storage of materials from point of origin to point of consumption, a key factor in supply-chain management . The main functions of a qualified logistician include inventory management , purchasing , transportation, warehousing , consultation, and
280-682: A joint logistics system by 2020. The Jinan Military Region was the one chosen to experiment, by operating an integrated logistic system at region level, providing experience for a PLA-wide reform. In 2013, the PLA set up the All-Military Logistics Information Center in Beijing to better integrate the logistics information system and introduce system standards . The Military Regions operated separated logistics systems for shared and for service-specific requirements between 2009 and 2015, with
350-528: A lack of containerization, and challenged civil-military integration. There is also a continuing conflict between the desire of the various branches (like the PLARF) to create specialized units dedicated to their specific logistics need, and the desire to create coordinate, joint logistics operations. The JLSCs are Corps Deputy Leader-grade organizations that report to the JLSF, and cannot overrule units of similar grade such as
420-442: A large number of goods to a user. Generally, there are three types of intermediaries, namely: agent/broker, wholesaler, and retailer. The nodes of a distribution network include: A logistic family is a set of products that share a common characteristic: weight and volumetric characteristics, physical storing needs (temperature, radiation, etc.), handling needs, order frequency, package size, etc. The following metrics may be used by
490-547: A relatively consistent consumption rate regardless of war or peace. Some classes of supply have a linear demand relationship: as more troops are added, more supply items are needed; or as more equipment is used, more fuel and ammunition are consumed. Other classes of supply must consider a third variable besides usage and quantity: time. As equipment ages, more and more repair parts are needed over time, even when usage and quantity stay consistent. By recording and analyzing these trends over time and applying them to future scenarios,
560-494: A significant need for logistics solutions and so have developed advanced implementations. Integrated logistics support (ILS) is a discipline used in military industries to ensure an easily supportable system with a robust customer service (logistic) concept at the lowest cost and in line with (often high) reliability, availability, maintainability, and other requirements, as defined for the project. In military logistics , Logistics Officers manage how and when to move resources to
630-503: A single customer's demand to be fulfilled efficiently. Track and tracing , which is an essential part of production logistics due to product safety and reliability issues, is also gaining importance, especially in the automotive and medical industries. Construction logistics has been employed by civilizations for thousands of years as the various human civilizations tried to build the best possible works of construction for living and protection. Now, construction logistics has emerged as
700-484: A specialist provider. The term production logistics describes logistic processes within a value-adding system (ex, a factory or a mine). Production logistics aims to ensure that each machine and workstation receives the right product in the correct quantity and quality at the right time. The concern is with production, testing, transportation, storage, and supply. Production logistics can operate in existing as well as new plants. Since manufacturing in an existing plant
770-736: A stockpile of finished goods beforehand can reduce the frequency of transportation to and from the customers and cope with the randomness of customer demands. However, maintaining an inventory requires capital investment in finished goods and maintaining a warehouse. Storage and order picking occupy most of the warehouse maintenance cost. Freight transportation forms a vital part of logistics and allows access to broad markets as goods can be transported to hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Freight transportation accounts for two-thirds of logistical costs and significantly impacts customer service. Transportation policies and warehouse management are closely intertwined. The rise of commercial transactions through
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#1732869427914840-421: A vital part of construction. In the past few years, construction logistics has emerged as a different field of knowledge and study within supply chain management and logistics. The Seven R's is a popular concept used to enforce best practices in logistics management which consists of the following: In military science, maintaining one's supply lines while disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—some would say
910-710: A warehouse. A distribution network would require several intermediaries to bring consumer or industrial goods from manufacturers to a user. Intermediaries would markup the costs of the products during distribution, but benefit users by providing lower transportation costs than the manufacturers. The number of intermediaries required for the distribution network depends upon the types of goods being distributed. For example, consumer goods such as cosmetics and handicrafts may not require any intermediaries as they can be sold door-to-door or can be obtained from local flea markets. For industrial goods such as raw materials and equipment, intermediaries are not needed because manufacturers can sell
980-416: Is a constantly changing process, machines are exchanged and new ones added, which allows for improving the production logistics system accordingly. Production logistics provides the means to achieve customer response and capital efficiency. Production logistics becomes more important with decreasing batch sizes. In many industries (e.g. mobile phones ), the short-term goal is a batch size of one, allowing even
1050-449: Is concerned with maintaining army supply lines with food, armaments, ammunition, and spare parts apart from the transportation of troops themselves. Meanwhile, civil logistics deals with acquiring, moving, and storing raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished goods. For organisations that provide garbage collection, mail deliveries, public utilities, and after-sales services, logistical problems must be addressed. Logistics deals with
1120-518: Is consistent with the standard 2015 Reform intention to separate war-fighting duties from force construction and ordinary management. However, the creation of the JLSF was also prima facie against the plan to unify all-branch joint operations on the Theater Command. After the reforms, the relationship between the JLSC and the Theater Command field service logistics remained unclear to most analysts. There
1190-821: Is intended to provide the main support infrastructure of the PLA, with a division of responsibilities between the central general support duties of the JLSF and the specialized, service-specific support provided by the frontline support units affiliated to each service. PLA modernization analysis also identified the need to develop and strengthen large logistics support centers embedded with information technologies to improve efficiency and timeliness. These centers are intended to rapidly respond to emergency situations requiring large-scale logistics support. Reliance on military or civilian ground, air and sea delivery capabilities are important for effective logistics support for operations within China or abroad. For this purposes, logistics personnel from
1260-540: Is measured in the Logistics Performance Index . Distribution logistics has, as its main task, the delivery of the finished products to the customer. It consists of order processing, warehousing, and transportation. Distribution logistics is necessary because production time, place, and quantity differ with the time, place, and quantity of consumption. Disposal logistics has the main function of reducing logistics cost(s) and enhancing service(s) related to
1330-504: Is no explicit JLSC command representative in the TC HQ, and the TC HQ are located in a different city than the JLSC centers (except for Shenyang). Whether the JLSC's will be able to directly command the specialized service logistics units when necessary, or if they will need to go through the TC command is also unclear. Wuthnow suggest that this apparent unclarity may be an intentional effort to figure out
1400-605: Is not intended to replace the entire logistics structure of the PLA. For example, each group army has its own joint logistics support brigade, which as a combat unit is still a PLAGF unit, but it coordinates with the Theater's JLSC. Recent assessments by the CMC have found that after five years of the 2015-17 reforms, there are still significant problems, both specific and structural. These problems include: inadequate staff sizes, low transportation equipment numbers, inefficient logistics processes,
1470-635: Is presumably the origin of the term logistic in logistic growth and related terms. Some sources give this instead as the source of logistics , either ignorant of Jomini's statement that it was derived from logis , or dubious and instead believing it was in fact of Greek origin, or influenced by the existing term of Greek origin. Jomini originally defined logistics as: ... l'art de bien ordonner les marches d'une armée, de bien combiner l'ordre des troupes dans les colonnes, les tems [temps] de leur départ, leur itinéraire, les moyens de communications nécessaires pour assurer leur arrivée à point nommé ... ...
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#17328694279141540-478: Is responsible for supplying general items that are used by all the services. The equipment support function that had been responsible for maintenance and repair appears to be now included in the joint logistics system. Service (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Rocket Force) logistics are responsible for service-specific logistics requirements The subordinate units of the PLA-JLSF are as follow: Logistics Logistics
1610-402: Is the main force for implementing joint logistics support and strategic campaign support, and is the core of the modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. This includes warehousing, medical services, transportation and delivery, oil pipelines, engineering construction management, reserve asset management, procurement and other support forces." With the establishment of the JLSF,
1680-490: Is the part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption according to the needs of customers. Logistics management is a component that holds the supply chain together. The resources managed in logistics may include tangible goods such as materials, equipment, and supplies, as well as food and other consumable items. In military logistics , it
1750-633: Is under the direct command of the CMC, but under the "guidance" of the Logistic Support Department , and it is responsible both for the construction of logistic structures and mechanisms, and for directly support joint operations in each Theater in case of war. The JLSF focuses on planning and executing integrated joint logistics support for strategic and campaign operations, providing centralized and decentralized support as required, as well as developing joint logistics tactics, and carrying out research and experimentation. The JLSF joint logistics
1820-548: The New Oxford American Dictionary defines logistics as "the detailed coordination of a complex operation involving many people, facilities, or supplies", and the Oxford Dictionary on-line defines it as "the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation". As such, logistics is commonly seen as a branch of engineering that creates "people systems" rather than "machine systems". According to
1890-538: The European Union , logistics costs were 8.8% to 11.5% of GDP as of 1993. Dedicated simulation software can model, analyze, visualize, and optimize logistics' complexity. Minimizing resource use is a common motivation in all logistics fields. A professional working in logistics management is called a logistician. The term logistics is attested in English from 1846, and is from French: logistique , where it
1960-452: The PLA's force reductions , eight division-grade logistics organizations, 94 rear depots, 47 hospitals, and nearly 2,000 other support organizations were eliminated. A civilian cadre system was instituted to further reduce active-duty military manpower requirements. These reforms allowed the PLA to demobilize 135,000 troops. In December 2007, the CMC directed that logistics should fully transition to
2030-826: The Romans during the Punic Wars and the success of the Anglo-Portuguese army in the Peninsula War was due to the effectiveness of Wellington's supply system, despite the numerical disadvantage. The defeat of the British in the American War of Independence and the defeat of the Axis in the African theater of World War II are attributed by some scholars to logistical failures. Militaries have
2100-466: The US Armed Forces can accurately supply troops with the items necessary at the precise moment they are needed. History has shown that good logistical planning creates a lean and efficient fighting force. The lack thereof can lead to a clunky, slow, and ill-equipped force with too much or too little supply. One definition of business logistics speaks of "having the right item in the right quantity at
2170-506: The CMC separated logistics management responsibilities (resource management, unit construction , and regulatory activities), from combat service support (sustainment) ). The LSD theoretically should focus on logistics management, personnel training, and infrastructure construction (such as the database management systems and creating other IT standards), while the JSFL provides combat service and active front-line units and processes construction. This
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2240-552: The Central Military Commission, but under the operational control of the various JLSCs. The transfer of depots, warehouses, transport units and logistic units, and medical facilities has not been homogeneous, with most branches retaining significant organic logistics establishments organized as specialized units. The degree of coordination power of the JLSF with the Theater Commands is still limited. The main role of
2310-636: The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (previously the Council of Logistics Management), logistics is the process of planning, implementing and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods including services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements and includes inbound, outbound, internal and external movements. Academics and practitioners traditionally refer to
2380-456: The JLSF has focused on improving joint operations, joint training, and joint support capabilities, including the critical element of military-civilian integration . The JLSF is not meant to eliminate the specialized logistics support from the services own units, but rather to create a consolidated general logistics system that can achieve as many efficiencies as possible. According to PLA authors, an ideal joint logistics support system: The JLSF
2450-479: The JLSF is intended to be to develop effective protocols and structures for operational logistic tasks. For instance, the JLSF remit includes developing the structures for rapid troop transportation and medevac of casualties. The dual system of LSD and JLSF management is also intended to focus on identifying efficiencies, streamlining bureaucratic processes, and critically, identifying and suppressing opportunities for corruption and waste. Training and preparation of
2520-542: The JLSF operational responsibility. After the establishment of the LSD, the department seemed to continue the GLD responsibilities of PLA-wide strategic logistics planning, material management and procurement, facilities management, contracting, budget management and funds disbursement, international military engagement, and overall administration of PLA hospitals and medical programs. With the shift on emphasis on civil-military integration,
2590-468: The LSD was also tasked with improving the mechanisms to draw support from China’s commercial enterprises to support PLA logistics operations, develop technologies to enhance logistics planning and execution, and improve logistics support equipment. For instance, the military representative offices of the various Military Areas to the civilian train and transportation bureaus were transferred to the JLSCs. The JLSF
2660-762: The PLARF Bases. The basic structure of the PLA JLSF is the central role of the Wuhan JLSC as the logistics coordinator of the whole PLA, and the five theater based Joint Logistics Support Centers theater-specific roles. Each Joint Center comprises units, facilities, and functions to provide various types of logistics support: The centers also have direct representatives in civilian agencies that can mobilize civilian transport services such as rail, motor, air, and maritime transport, as well as mobilizing other civilian assets such as maintenance or construction. The joint logistics system
2730-421: The art of well-ordering the functionings of an army, of well combining the order of troops in columns, the times of their departure, their itinerary, the means of communication necessary to assure their arrival at a named point ... The Oxford English Dictionary defines logistics as "the branch of military science relating to procuring, maintaining and transporting material, personnel and facilities". However,
2800-421: The company to organize its products in different families: Other metrics may present themselves in both physical or monetary form, such as the standard inventory turnover . Unit loads are combinations of individual items which are moved by handling systems, usually employing a pallet of normed dimensions. People%27s Liberation Army Unit Grade System Too Many Requests If you report this error to
2870-514: The company's autonomy, or minimizing procurement costs while maximizing security within the supply process. Advance logistics consists of the activities required to set up or establish a plan for logistics activities to occur. Global logistics is technically the process of managing the "flow" of goods through a supply chain from its place of production to other parts of the world. This often requires an intermodal transport system via ocean, air, rail, and truck. The effectiveness of global logistics
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2940-466: The disposal of waste produced during a business's operation. Reverse logistics denotes all those reusing products and materials operations. The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surpluses, as well as products being returned to vendors from buyers. It is "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information from
3010-507: The event of an emergency. The reason for enlisting emergency logistics services could be a production delay or anticipated production delay, or an urgent need for specialized equipment to prevent events such as aircraft being grounded (also known as " aircraft on ground "—AOG), ships being delayed, or telecommunications failure. Humanitarian logistics involves governments, the military, aid agencies , donors, non-governmental organizations, and emergency logistics services are typically sourced from
3080-453: The exception of Jinan. There were, however, experiments on centralized theater-level logistics command structures during military exercises to provide experience on integrated logistics systems. Efforts to mature the informatization of logistic systems were also part of this process of evolution, with the intent to link all logistic tasks vertically and horizontally through the advanced IT systems. This process of centralization and consolidation
3150-547: The five centers are sent to the theater commands to better understand operational missions and requirements to develop logistics support plans and support theater joint exercises. After the establishment of the Joint Logistics Support Force, all hospitals, sanatoriums, warehouses, etc. of the Joint Logistics Support Force are administratively units directly under the Logistics Support Department of
3220-493: The forward and reverse flows. This can be achieved through intermodal freight transport , path optimization, vehicle saturation, and city logistics . RAM logistics (see also Logistic engineering ) combines both business logistics and military logistics since it concerns highly complicated technological systems for which reliability , availability and maintainability are essential, e.g., weapon system and military supercomputers. Asset control logistics : companies in
3290-739: The inbound movement of materials, parts, or unfinished inventory from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants, warehouses, or retail stores. Outbound logistics is the process related to the storage and movement of the final product. The related information flows from the end of the production line to the end user. Given the services performed by logisticians, the main fields of logistics can be broken down as follows: Procurement logistics consists of market research , requirements planning, make-or-buy decisions, supplier management, ordering, and order control. The targets in procurement logistics might be contradictory: maximizing efficiency by concentrating on core competencies, outsourcing while maintaining
3360-542: The integration of logistics information systems to provide logisticians with timely and accurate information on the location, movement, status, and identity of units, personnel, equipment, material, and supplies.6 For the PLA, this requirement also extends to civilian resources and demands standardized catalogs of available resources and associated attributes, regulations for military procurement, joint equipment development, and knowledge transfer. All of these objectives are enabled through integrated information systems.7 The JLSF
3430-444: The internet gives rise to the need for "e-logistics". Compared to traditional logistics, e-logistics handles parcels valued at less than a hundred US dollars to customers scattered at various destinations worldwide. In e-logistics, customers' demands come in waves when compared to traditional logistics, where the demand is consistent. Inbound logistics is one of the primary logistics processes concentrating on purchasing and arranging
3500-459: The logistics components of the former Military Areas . It is structured around a central " Logistics Base " in Wuhan (a major transport hub, located very close to the "weight center " of China) and five joint logistics support centers assigned to each of the five Theater Commands . The centralization of PLA logistics into a single system has been attempted a number of times since the 1950s. In 1952,
3570-513: The most crucial—element of military strategy , since an armed force without resources and transportation is defenseless. The historical leaders Hannibal , Alexander the Great , and the Duke of Wellington are considered to have been logistical geniuses: Alexander's expedition benefited considerably from his meticulous attention to the provisioning of his army, Hannibal is credited to have "taught logistics" to
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#17328694279143640-488: The most effective mechanisms of coordination through experimentation. The JLSF was further raised to a full PLA "Arm" (兵种) in April 2024. There were no signs in the initial announcement whether the change in denomination will significantly change its status or which units it controls. The main mission of the JLSF is to reorganize the logistics system of the PLA into a system capable of fast-paced joint operations. For this purpose,
3710-565: The movements of materials or products from one facility to another; it does not include material flow within the production or assembly plants, such as production planning or single-machine scheduling . Logistics occupies a significant amount of the operational cost of an organisation or country. Logistical costs of organizations in the United States incurred about 11% of the United States national gross domestic product (GDP) as of 1997. In
3780-702: The officers of the general staff were named: marshall of lodgings, major-general of lodgings; from there came the term of logistics [ logistique ], which we employ to designate those who are in charge of the functioning of an army. The term is credited to Jomini, and the term and its etymology criticized by Georges de Chambray in 1832, writing: Logistique : Ce mot me paraît être tout-à-fait nouveau, car je ne l'avais encore vu nulle part dans la littérature militaire. … il paraît le faire dériver du mot logis , étymologie singulière … Logistic : This word appears to me to be completely new, as I have not yet seen it anywhere in military literature. … he appears to derive it from
3850-426: The organizing and planning of these activities. Logisticians combine professional knowledge of each of these functions to coordinate resources in an organization. There are two fundamentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a steady flow of material through a network of transport links and storage nodes, while the other coordinates a sequence of resources to carry out some project , such as restructuring
3920-585: The places they are needed. Supply chain management in military logistics often deals with a number of variables in predicting cost, deterioration, consumption , and future demand. The United States Armed Forces ' categorical supply classification was developed in such a way that categories of supply with similar consumption variables are grouped together for planning purposes. For instance, peacetime consumption of ammunition and fuel will be considerably lower than wartime consumption of these items, whereas other classes of supply such as subsistence and clothing have
3990-409: The point of consumption to the point of origin to recapture value or proper disposal." More precisely, reverse logistics moves goods from their typical final destination to capture value or proper disposal. The opposite of reverse logistics is forward logistics . ' Green logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities, including all activities of
4060-429: The products made by a factory are ready for consumption they still need to be moved along the distribution network according to some logic, and the distribution center aggregates and processes orders coming from different areas of the territory. That being said, from a modeling perspective, there are similarities between operations management and logistics, and companies sometimes use hybrid professionals, with for example
4130-441: The regional railway bureaus, and the highway management authorities for transport coordination. Informatization of supply chains is naturally a critical task, combined with BeiDou real-time tracking of materiel. The JLSF has established a Big Data Center to improve on database management and civil supply chains integration. Consolidating and centralizing logistics command require more than just organizational reforms; it also requires
4200-476: The retail channels, both organized retailers and suppliers, often deploy assets required for the display, preservation, and promotion of their products. Some examples are refrigerators, stands, display monitors, seasonal equipment, poster stands & frames. Emergency logistics (or humanitarian logistics ) is a term used by the logistics, supply chain, and manufacturing industries to denote specific time-critical modes of transport used to move goods rapidly in
4270-473: The right time at the right place for the right price in the right condition to the right customer". Business logistics incorporates all industry sectors and aims to manage the fruition of project life cycles , supply chains , and resultant efficiencies. The term business logistics has evolved since the 1960s due to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses with materials and shipping out products in an increasingly globalized supply chain, leading to
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#17328694279144340-975: The separate supply systems for the army, navy, and air force were nominally unified under the leadership of the "General Rear Area Services Department" (later named the General Logistics Department, or GLD). Between 1965 and 1985, the PLA attempted five times to implement an effective joint logistics command, efforts that went unrealized. It was the PLA’s 1998 joint operations reforms under Jiang Zemin that started to carry out actual command integration. By 2002, Joint Logistics Departments (JLDs) were established under each Military Region . These JLDs unified most "general" transportation, medical, and material support, as well as infrastructure construction, equipment procurement, and paymaster functions under one headquarters. The four PLA services maintained their "specialized" support and logistics units. By 2005, as part of one of
4410-415: The terms French : maréchal des logis , lit. 'marshall of lodgings' and French : major-général des logis , lit. 'major-general of lodging': Autrefois les officiers de l’état-major se nommaient: maréchal des logis, major-général des logis; de là est venu le terme de logistique, qu’on emploie pour désigner ce qui se rapporte aux marches d’une armée. Formerly
4480-408: The terms operations or production management when referring to physical transformations taking place in a single business location (factory, restaurant or even bank clerking) and reserve the term logistics for activities related to distribution, that is, moving products on the territory. Managing a distribution center is seen, therefore, as pertaining to the realm of logistics since, while in theory,
4550-509: The various logistics units to operate in wartime conditions is also one of the main tasks of the JLSF, exemplified by the regular "Jingwu Joint Logistics combat skills competition" and the Joint Logistics Mission cross-theater exercises that mainly feature logistics field units carrying out wargames and simulations. Military-Civilian coordination is a critical mission that has entailed that each Center appoints permanent representative at
4620-473: The word lodgings [ logis ], a peculiar etymology … Chambray also notes that the term logistique was present in the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française as a synonym for algebra . The French word: logistique is a homonym of the existing mathematical term, from Ancient Greek : λογῐστῐκός , romanized : logistikós , a traditional division of Greek mathematics ; the mathematical term
4690-411: Was a time-consuming activity that could take up to 70% of the order-cycle time. However, with new technologies such as bar code scanning, computers, and network connection, customer orders can quickly reach the seller in no time, and the availability of stocks can be checked in real time. The purpose of having an inventory is to reduce the overall logistical cost while improving service to customers. Having
4760-576: Was continued in the wide-ranging 2015 military reforms , and the Joint Logistics Support Force was established on 13 September 2016., originally as a Corps-grade unit under the command of the Military Commission Joint Staff Department and the leadership and management of the Military Commission Logistics Support Department (LSD) , creating a division between the LSD administrative role and
4830-463: Was either coined or popularized by Swiss military officer and writer Antoine-Henri Jomini , who defined it in his Summary of the Art of War ( Précis de l'Art de la Guerre ). The term appears in the 1830 edition, then titled Analytic Table ( Tableau Analytique ), and Jomini explains that it is derived from French : logis , lit. 'lodgings' (cognate to English lodge ), in
4900-579: Was raised to Theater Deputy-grade in 2017, and put under the direct control of the CMC. All the units consolidated under the JLSF were administratively still under the LSD, but the relationship between the two major units became more coordinated than hierarchical. On July 24, 2019, the government white paper "China's National Defense in the New Era" published by the State Council Information Office stated that "the joint logistics support force
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