32-555: Joint Examining Board (JEB) was founded in 1912 by J. H. Pitman (of Pitman shorthand fame), JEB offers a range of up-to-date qualifications to support information and communication technologies (ICT) teaching and the skills development of staff in FE, schools, and other organisations. JEB uses Distance Learning to deliver its course material. A number of training colleges in the UK and Ireland run specific courses aimed at facilitating students attaining
64-477: A final flick added to represent the . [REDACTED] The consonants in Pitman's shorthand are pronounced pee, bee, tee, dee, chay, jay, kay, gay, eff, vee, ith, thee, ess, zee, ish, zhee, em, el, en, ray ar, ing, way, yay, and hay . When both an unvoiced consonant and its corresponding voiced consonant are present in this system, the distinction is made by drawing the stroke for the voiced consonant thicker than
96-406: A single letter of larger size. (An exception: when two "r"s are written, without an adjoining consonant, as in 'rare', then the second is written as an italic Latin r .) Taylor shorthand is written partially phonetically, so that, for example, an English word containing ph is written with the letter for f , and c is written as k or s . However, silent e is written with a dot, so that rear
128-450: A system of shorthand, Pitman used similar-looking symbols for phonetically related sounds. He was the first to use thickness of a stroke to indicate voicing (voiced consonants such as /b/ and /d/ are written with heavier and lighter lines than unvoiced ones such as /p/ and /t/), and consonants with similar place of articulation were oriented in similar directions, with straight lines for plosives and arcs for fricatives . For example,
160-436: A word, where all vowels and diphthongs are written as a single dot. A single letter stands for both f and v , one for s and z , and another for g (either pronunciation) and j , as well as additional letters for ch, sh, th . The consonants are joined, as in cursive Latin script, apart from a couple of suffixes; when two of the same consonant come together (due to the omission of an intervening vowel), they are written with
192-409: Is ⟨rr⟩ , but rare is ⟨rr·⟩ . H tends to be omitted medially and even initially, a vowel dot written instead, presumably reflecting Taylor's pronunciation. In addition to sounds, each letter stands for several common short words. There is a special letter for suffixes pronounced like -ious and the abbreviation viz. (used for namely or as follows ). The shapes of
224-512: Is phonemic : with the exception of abbreviated shapes called logograms, the forms represent the sounds of the English word, rather than its spelling or meaning. Unlike Gregg, pairs of consonant phonemes distinguished only by voice are notated with strokes differing in thickness rather than length. There are twenty-four consonants that can be represented in Pitman's shorthand, twelve vowels, and four diphthongs . The consonants are indicated by strokes,
256-618: Is to use light or heavy dots, dashes, or other special marks drawn close to the consonant. Vowels are drawn before the stroke (or over a horizontal stroke) if the vowel is pronounced before the consonant, and after the stroke (or under a horizontal stroke) if pronounced after the consonant. Each vowel, whether indicated by a dot for a short vowel or by a dash for a longer, more drawn-out vowel, has its own position relative to its adjacent stroke (beginning, middle, or end) to indicate different vowel sounds in an unambiguous system. However, to increase writing speed, rules of "vowel indication" exist whereby
288-522: Is used in a list of company names used to tie the murder of Lee Stetson’s parents to Thomas Blackthorn. In the 2020 novel Troubled Blood by Robert Galbraith , a clue is found in old police notes written in Pitman shorthand. Taylor shorthand The system of geometric shorthand published in Britain by Samuel Taylor in 1786, under the title An essay intended to establish a standard for an universal system of Stenography, or Short-hand writing ,
320-416: Is written as ") . |", but sit is written as ").|". Vowels are further distinguished by their position relative to the consonant stroke – beginning, middle or end – for a total of 12 possible combinations. Another feature of Pitman's shorthand allows most vowels to be omitted in order to speed up the process of writing. As mentioned above, each vowel is written next to either the beginning, middle or end of
352-696: The Lincoln–Douglas Debates which were recorded phonographically. The shorthand was converted into words during the trip back to Chicago, where typesetters and telegraphers awaited them. Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States . One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that unvoiced and voiced pairs of sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or /t/ and /d/) are represented by strokes which differ only in thickness;
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#1733094190866384-510: The dental and alveolar consonants are upright: ⟨|⟩ = /t/ , ⟨ | ⟩ = /d/ , ⟨)⟩ = /s/ , ⟨ ) ⟩ = /z/ , ⟨(⟩ = /θ/ (as in thigh ), ⟨ ( ⟩ = /ð/ (as in thy ). Pitman's brother Benjamin Pitman settled in Cincinnati, Ohio , in the United States and introduced Pitman's system there. He used it in
416-537: The "best, potentially fastest, most versatile of various pen systems". In the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , The Vogons use a blockier form of Pitman 2000. In McDonald & Dodds (2020), season 1 episode 2, the victim scribbles a note on the back of a door in Pitman shorthand which DS Dodds recognizes as meaning Thirteenth Step. In the 1986 Scarecrow and Mrs. King episode " Unfinished Business " (season 4, episode 3), Pitman shorthand
448-766: The 1865–67 trial of the conspirators behind the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . In Australia the system was introduced by another Pitman brother, Jacob . Jacob Pitman is buried in Rookwood Necropolis , Sydney . His epitaph is written phonetically: IN LUVING MEMERI OV JACOB PITMAN, BORN 28th NOV. 1810 AT TROWBRIDGE ENGLAND, SETELD IN ADELAIDE 1838, DEID 12TH MARCH 1890. ARKITEKT, INTRODIUST FONETIK SHORTHAND AND WOZ THE FERST MINISTER IN THEEZ KOLONIZ OV THE DOKTRINZ OV THE SEKOND OR NIU KRISTIAN CHURCH WHICH AKNOLEJEZ THE LORD JESUS CHRIST IN HIZ DEVEIN HIUMANITI AZ THE KREATER OV THE YUNIVERS, THE REDEEMER AND REJENERATER OV MEN. GOD OVER AUL, BLESED FOR EVER. At one time, Pitman
480-635: The JEB qualifications. JEB is part of the JHP Group . There are a number of JEB qualifications aligned to the UK National Qualifications Framework (NQF). Pitman shorthand Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system;
512-411: The consonant stroke is raised, kept on the line, or lowered to match whether the first vowel of the word is written at the beginning, middle, or end of a consonant stroke—without actually writing the vowel. This is often enough to distinguish words with similar consonant patterns. Another method of vowel indication is to choose from among a selection of different strokes for the same consonant. For example,
544-416: The consonant stroke. Pitman's shorthand is designed to be written on lined paper and when a word's first vowel is a "first position" vowel (i.e. it is written at the beginning of the stroke), the whole shorthand outline for the word is written above the paper's ruled line. For a second position vowel, the outline is written on the line, and for a third position vowel, it is written through the line. In this way,
576-414: The letters are as follows. Because they are not supported by computer fonts, Canadian syllabics have been substituted where these have approximately the same shape (though they tend to have deeper curves and shorter lines than the shorthand letters); where a symbol is not available, a description is given. L and r are written upwards; all other vertical and diagonal letters are written downwards. *When
608-603: The list of abbreviations to reduce the memory load, officially reduced to a list of 144 short forms. The later versions dropped certain symbols and introduced other simplifications to earlier versions. For example, strokes "rer" (heavy curved downstroke) and "kway" (hooked horizontal straight stroke) are present in Pitman's New Era, but not in Pitman's 2000. Pitman was asked to create a shorthand system of his own in 1838. He had used Samuel Taylor's system for seven years, but his symbols bear greater similarity to an older system created by John Byrom . The first phonetician to invent
640-522: The mid-20th century, donated to the archive in 2018, and in late 2020 undergoing a transcription process. In the 1959 spy comedy film Our Man in Havana a British agent dictates a secret cable to a secretary, who records the text in Pitman Shorthand. The protagonist of David R. Palmer 's novels Emergence (1981) and Tracking (2008) purportedly writes her journals in Pitman Shorthand, declaring it
672-572: The one for the unvoiced consonant. (Thus s is ⟨)⟩ and z is ⟨ ) ⟩ .) There are two strokes for r : ar and ray . The former assumes the form of the top right-hand quarter of a circle (drawn top-down), whereas the latter is like chay ⟨/⟩ , only less steep (drawn bottom to top). There are rules governing when to use each of these forms. The long vowels in Pitman's shorthand are: /ɑː/, /eɪ/, /iː/, /ɔː/, /oʊ/, and /uː/ . The short vowels are /æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/, and /ʊ/ . The long vowels may be remembered by
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#1733094190866704-454: The only consonant in a word is r , it is written as an italic Latin r , and so the second r in a sequence rr , but when joined to a consonant (even at the end of a word) it is written like d , distinguished by the direction of the stroke. (The direction becomes obvious when letters are joined.) Various suffixes are plural -s (a dash over the last letter), -ly (a dot below the last letter, so ⟨:⟩ 'holy'), -ing (a ᐟ after
736-611: The position of the outline indicates that the first vowel can only be one of four possibilities. In most cases, this means that the first and often all the other vowels can be omitted entirely. i e ∨ o i 7 o w ∧ e w ∩ {\displaystyle ie\;\;\;^{\lor }\qquad oi\;\;\;^{\mathfrak {7}}\qquad ow\;\;\;_{\land }\qquad ew\;\;\;_{\cap }} There are four diphthongs in Pitman's shorthand, representing / aɪ / , / ɔɪ / , / aʊ / , / j uː / , as in
768-488: The preface to his 1913 play Pygmalion , George Bernard Shaw cites Henry Sweet 's "Pitfall Shorthand" comment. The Christian devotional text " My Utmost for His Highest " (1924) was originally copied down by Rev. Oswald Chambers’ wife, Gertrude "Biddy" Chambers, in Pitman Shorthand. An example of a journalist's use of Pitman Shorthand can be found in The Guardian newspaper's GNM Archive, Clyde Sanger notebooks from
800-406: The sentence, "Pa, may we all go too?" /pɑː | meɪ wiː ɔːl ɡoʊ tuː/ , and the short vowels may be remembered by the sentence, "That pen is not much good" /ðæt pɛn ɪz nɒt mʌt͡ʃ ɡʊd/ . A vowel is represented by a dot or a dash, which is written with either a light stroke (for a short vowel) or heavy stroke (for a long vowel). For example, sate is written as ")•|", but set is written as ")·|"; seat
832-531: The sound "R" has two kinds of strokes: round, or straight-line, depending on whether there is a vowel sound before or after the R. There have been several versions of Pitman's shorthand since 1837. The original Pitman's shorthand had an "alphabet" of consonants, which was later modified. Additional modifications and rules were added to successive versions. Pitman New Era (1922–1975) had the most developed set of rules and abbreviation lists. Pitman 2000 (1975–present) introduced some simplifications and drastically reduced
864-405: The symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. Shorthand was referred to as phonography in the 19th century. It was first used by newspapers who sent phonographers to cover important speeches, usually stating (as a claim of accuracy) that they had done so. The practice got national attention in the United States in 1858 during
896-502: The thin stroke representing "light" sounds such as /p/ and /t/; the thick stroke representing "heavy" sounds such as /b/ and /d/. Doing this requires a writing instrument responsive to the user's drawing pressure: specialist fountain pens (with fine, flexible nibs) were originally used, but pencils are now more commonly used. Pitman shorthand uses straight strokes and quarter-circle strokes, in various orientations, to represent consonant sounds. The predominant way of indicating vowels
928-458: The vowels by interposed dots. [REDACTED] Common words are represented by special outlines called logograms (or "Short Forms" in Pitman's New Era). Words and phrases which have such forms are called grammalogues. Hundreds exist and only a tiny number are shown above. The shapes are written separately to show that they represent distinct words, but in common phrases ("you are", "thank you", etc.) two or three logograms may be joined together, or
960-512: The words " I enj oy G ow' s m u sic." The first three appear as small checkmarks; the "ew" sound is written as a small arch. Both "ie" and "oi" are written in first position, while "ow" and "ew" are written in third position. In the same way, the whole outline is placed above, on or through the paper's ruled line. If the diphthong is followed by a neutral vowel, a little flick is added. Linguist Henry Sweet dubbed Pitman's Shorthand "Pitfall Shorthand" in his 1892 Manual of Current Shorthand . In
992-517: Was the first shorthand system to be used across the English-speaking world. Taylor shorthand uses an alphabet of 19 letters of simplified shape. His book was translated and published in France by Théodore-Pierre Bertin in 1792 under the title Système universel et complet de Stenographie ou Manière abrégée d'écrire applicable à tous les idiomes . Vowels are omitted except at the beginning and end of
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1024-463: Was the most commonly used shorthand system in the entire English-speaking world. Part of its popularity was due to the fact that it was the first subject taught by correspondence course . Today in many regions (especially the U.S.), it has been superseded by Gregg shorthand , developed by John Robert Gregg . Teeline has become more common in recent years, as it is based on spelling, rather than pronunciation. Like Gregg shorthand , Pitman shorthand
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