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118-638: The series revolves around the adventures of the titular character, Johnny Test, an 11-year-old suburban boy who lives with his parents, his "super-genius" 13-year-old twin sisters, Susan and Mary, who are scientists and best friends with each other, and a talking dog named Dukey. They reside in the fictional town of Porkbelly in North America. Johnny is often used as a test subject for his genius twin sisters' inventions and experiments, ranging from gadgets to superpowers. Their experiments often cause problems that he must resolve, and he must sometimes fight villains in

236-518: A guinea pig for their various experiments and inventions in their laboratory filled with highly advanced technology built over the Tests' household attic. Most of them involve trying to impress their pretty boy-next-door neighbor, Gil, for whom both harbor a deep love and obsession, although their attempts to come up with some way to attract his attention usually fail. Johnny is a mischievous and unpredictable boy who causes many problems (often reaching within

354-773: A Johnny Test graphic novel along with another Cookie Jar Group property, Inspector Gadget . The book was subsequently published with the title Johnny Test: The Once and Future Johnny . The Granby Zoo in Granby , Quebec also has an amusement park called "Parc Johnny Test Collection." Human subject research Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects . Human subject research can be either medical (clinical) research or non-medical (e.g., social science) research. Systematic investigation incorporates both

472-571: A brief, slightly longer pre-existing pilot short produced by Simpson as well, before the show was picked up as a full series by Kids' WB. Based on Episode 1A "Johnny to the Center of the Earth", the pilot episode was animated roughly in Adobe Flash , but retaining the same plot, used the same color schemes as the aforementioned episode, and was recorded with an American voice cast (retaining James Arnold Taylor as

590-583: A certain programme schedule does not immediately work out, and the growth of their streaming platforms allows lower-rated import programmes from the United States and United Kingdom to air without materially affecting the broadcast network. Announcements regarding new programmes, axing confirmations and casting news are revealed to advertisers and the media. All three commercial networks ( Seven , Nine , and 10 ) as well as both public broadcasters ( ABC and SBS ) hold upfront events for their suite of channels, with

708-457: A data source by providing access to hard-to-reach research subjects and groups, capturing the natural, "real-world" responses of subjects, and providing affordable and efficient data collection methods. Unethical human experimentation violates the principles of medical ethics . It has been performed by countries including Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , North Korea , the United States and

826-429: A data source for researchers has led to new uncertainties regarding the definition of human subject research. Privacy , confidentiality , and informed consent are key concerns, yet it is unclear when social media users qualify as human subjects. Moreno et al. conclude that if access to the social media content is public, information is identifiable but not private, and information gathering requires no interaction with

944-551: A department of the Imperial Japanese Army located near Harbin (then in the puppet state of Manchukuo , in northeast China), experimented on prisoners by conducting vivisections , dismemberments , and bacterial inoculations. It induced epidemics on a very large scale from 1932 onward through the Second Sino-Japanese war . It also conducted biological and chemical weapons tests on prisoners and captured POWs. With

1062-491: A fellow arch-rival of the Test sisters and arch-enemy of Johnny and Dukey, yet also has an unrequited crush on Susan. Another is Sissy Blakley, a tomboy who often serves as Johnny's rival/friend; the two may have crushes on each other, but both frequently deny and compete against each other. Missy, Sissy's pink labradoodle , is Dukey's rival/crush. A third is Bumper Randalls, the school bully who constantly picks on Johnny. Meanwhile,

1180-604: A final rule was added to the Federal Register with an official effective date of July 19, 2018. In 1947, German physicians who conducted deadly or debilitating experiments on concentration camp prisoners were prosecuted as war criminals in the Nuremberg Trials . A portion of the verdict handed down in the doctors' trial became commonly known as the Nuremberg Code, the first international document to clearly articulate

1298-934: A financially viable, as well as profitable, practice." Cook and Hoas found that most of the physicians and coordinators could not explain directly if they actually told their patients or subjects about any financial compensation they received. Respondents worry that discussing funding or compensation would affect enrollment, effectively swaying participants from joining a research study. In most respondents' experience, most patients do not even ask for that information, so they assume that they do not have to discuss it with them and not jeopardize enrollment. When asked if information about funding or compensation would be important to provide to patients, one physician replied "...certainly it may influence or bring up in their mind questions whether or not, you know, we want them to participate because we're gonna get paid for this, you know, budget dollar amount. But, you know, when you talk about full disclosure,

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1416-663: A history of scandals in medical research, with scandals being followed by stricter regulatory rules. Ethical guidelines that govern the use of human subjects in research are a fairly new construct. In 1906 some regulations were put in place in the United States to protect subjects from abuses. After the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, regulatory bodies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and institutional review boards (IRBs) were gradually introduced. The policies that these institutions implemented served to minimize harm to

1534-409: A new theme sequence with the same song used from seasons 2–4. Starting with the fifth season, Trevor Devall would become the new voice of Dukey, due to Louis Chirillo leaving the series. Similarly, Ashleigh Ball retired as the voice of Mary, Sissy, and Missy at the end of the 4th season, due to her work on My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic as the voice of Applejack and Rainbow Dash; as a result, she

1652-477: A promotional Johnny Test toy campaign at its Carl's Jr. and Hardee's restaurants in the U.S. and Mexico, one of the four custom-designed premiums with the purchase of their Cool Kids Combo meals; The campaign ran from June 28, 2010, through until August 24, 2010, with Carl's Jr. also having subsequently presented a Johnny Test soccer-themed promotion in Mexico, which lasted June 7 – July 25, 2010, to coincide with

1770-1004: A research study. One respondent commented "If it involved taking a medication, no. Never. I would be in a clinical trial if there was something, like...track [your] mammogram…[something] I am already subjecting myself to." Cook and Hoas stated that these answers were "particularly puzzling" because "these respondents still reported that their patient/participants received 'optimal care ' " from clinical trials. Clinical trials are experiments done in clinical research . Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines , drugs , dietary choices , dietary supplements , and medical devices ) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on safety and efficacy . They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in

1888-433: A review of Johnny Test on Go.com , at the time of the show's original debut on Kids' WB . In the review, Herman indicated that the series "is an age-appropriate choice for kids" and was "surprisingly inventive and not as violent as other cartoons in this genre", adding, "The only thing worth mentioning: All the experiments Johnny undergoes are unattended by adults, which allows all types of zany plots to unfold." Herman gave

2006-410: A room with the experimenter, subjects played the role of a "teacher" to a "learner" situated in a separate room. The subjects were instructed to administer an electric shock to the learner when the learner answered incorrectly to a set of questions. The intensity of this electric shock was to be increased for every incorrect answer. The learner was a confederate (i.e. actor), and the shocks were faked, but

2124-416: A series, he was initially going to be replaced by a different voice actor, with a Canadian voice cast instead, but the studio had trouble finding Johnny's initial voice convincing for the first six episodes, so they gave Taylor back the role to redub his dialog for the rest of the first season and managed to keep him on the cast for the rest of the series. Aaron Simpson, who had developed the series and produced

2242-433: A shift from conducting research studies at research institution facilities or academic centers to rural communities. There is concern surrounding the topics addressed during the discussions with this specific demographic of participants, particularly having to do with funding, overall efficacy of the treatment being studied, and if conducting such studies is done to the highest ethical standard. Ann Cook and Freeman Hoas from

2360-400: A single research center or multiple centers , in one country or in multiple countries. Clinical study design aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results. Trials can be quite costly, depending on a number of factors. The sponsor may be a governmental organization or a pharmaceutical , biotechnology or medical device company. Certain functions necessary to

2478-498: A slightly higher number of viewers on average in the United States: 2.6 million viewers per 2nd-season episode. Its 3rd season's average number of viewers in the United States was 3.1 million viewers. Its 4th season got an average number of about 4.3 million viewers per episode in the United States. Its 5th premiere attracted over 4.7 million viewers in the United States. The series was developed for television by Aaron Simpson , with

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2596-472: A variety of different low-difficulty questions. In every scenario, the multiple confederates gave their answers in turn, and the participant subject was allowed to answer last. In a control group of participants, the percentage of error was less than one percent. However, when the confederates unanimously chose an incorrect answer, 75 percent of the subject participants agreed with the majority at least once. The study has been regarded as significant evidence for

2714-402: A week before the groups were set in competition with each other in games such as tug-of-war and football. When competing, the groups resorted to name-calling and other displays of resentment, such as burning the other group's team flag. The hostility continued and worsened until the end of the three-week study, when the groups were forced to work together to solve problems. The bystander effect

2832-445: Is demonstrated in a series of famous experiments by Bibb Latane and John Darley. In each of these experiments, participants were confronted with a type of emergency, such as the witnessing of a seizure or smoke entering through air vents. A common phenomenon was observed that as the number of witnesses or "bystanders" increases, so does the time it takes for individuals to respond to the emergency. This effect has been shown to promote

2950-596: Is largely due to the preparation efforts of researchers to ensure all ethical guidelines are followed and to ensure the safety and well-being of their subjects. Although this research provides positive contributions, there are some drawbacks and resistance to human subject research for crash testing due to the liability of injury and the lack of facilities that have appropriate machinery to perform such experiments. Research with live persons provides additional data which might be unobtainable when testing with cadavers or crash test dummies . The increased use of social media as

3068-443: Is often responsible for reviewing potential research on human subjects, but IRB protocols regarding social media research may be vague or outdated. Concerns regarding privacy and informed consent have surfaced regarding multiple social media studies. A research project by Harvard sociologists, known as "Tastes, Ties, and Time", utilized data from Facebook profiles of students at an "anonymous, northeastern American university" that

3186-581: Is that something that we should be doing? That's an interesting question." Respondents more often pointed out practical or logistical issues with the overall process rather than ethical issues. There was a general consensus that the whole practice of conducting research studies was more focused on the business aspects like funding and enrolling participants in the study in time. A physician commented that "[industry] relationships are very important because of cash flow." Typical ethical issues that arise in this type of research trials include participant enrollment,

3304-537: Is to ensure autonomy and to protect against those with a lesser chance to remain autonomous because of something out of their control. As science and medicine evolve, the field of bioethics struggles to keep up with updating guidelines and rules to follow. There has been an interest in revisiting the ethics behind human subject trials. Members of the health field have commented that it may be useful to have ethics classes available to students studying to be health care professionals as well as have more discussions surrounding

3422-408: Is to have their providers be the point of contact, some ways is--I mean, I don't want to use the word 'coercion', but it's kind of leaning in that direction because basically here's this person that they entrust themselves to, who they're very dependent on for, you know, getting their healthcare." There was a large amount of respondents who thought that research participants did not read or understand

3540-612: Is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics . The Belmont Report was created in 1978 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to describe the ethical behaviors that involve researching human subjects. It is most heavily used by the current United States system for protecting human subjects in research trials. By looking primarily at biomedical and behavioral research that involve human subjects,

3658-592: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (with CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé ), Bell Media (owner of CTV and CTV 2 ), Corus Entertainment (owner of Global ), Novoo , Groupe TVA (owner of TVA ) all hold their own individual presentations. Upfronts (also referred to by the British television naming of showcase ) in Australia , are a relatively new concept to the industry, introduced in

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3776-552: The Doctors' Trial , and the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code . During the Nuremberg Trials , 23 Nazi doctors and scientists were prosecuted for the unethical treatment of concentration camp inmates, who were often used as research subjects with fatal consequences. Of those 23, 15 were convicted, 7 were condemned to death, 9 received prison sentences from 10 years to life, and 7 were acquitted. Unit 731 ,

3894-715: The National Institute of Justice in the United States published recommended rights of human subjects: The term research subject has traditionally been the preferred term in professional guidelines and academic literature to describe a patient or an individual taking part in biomedical research. In recent years, however, there has been a steady shift away from the use of the term 'research subject' in favour of 'research participant' when referring to individuals who take part by providing data to various kinds of biomedical and epidemiological research. In general, it can be said that experimental infections in humans are tightly linked to

4012-651: The Philippines . It finally premiered in high-definition on Teletoon on September 10, 2009, and on Cartoon Network in the U.S. on November 9, 2009. Later, on August 24, 2010, it was announced that the Johnny Test was renewed for a fifth season. As the fourth season before it, it would be a full set of 26 episodes with a 27th episode added to the end; the renewal brought the series total to 92 episodes. The fifth season premiered on Cartoon Network in America on June 13, 2011, along with

4130-575: The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014, collected data from hundreds of thousands of Facebook users after temporarily removing certain types of emotional content from their News Feed . Many considered this a violation of the requirement for informed consent in human subjects research. Because the data was collected by Facebook, a private company, in a manner that was consistent with its Data Use Policy and user terms and agreements,

4248-506: The Soviet Union . Examples include Project MKUltra , Unit 731 , Totskoye nuclear exercise , the experiments of Josef Mengele , and the human experimentation conducted by Chester M. Southam . Nazi Germany performed human experimentation on large numbers of prisoners (including children), largely Jews from across Europe, but also Romani , Sinti , ethnic Poles , Soviet POWs and disabled Germans in its concentration camps mainly in

4366-775: The Super Bowl in the present day. Digital Content NewFronts are similar, but for original video content from the Internet, and managed by the Interactive Advertising Bureau . These were first held in 2008. Upfronts in Canada are similar but occur in either the last week of May or the first week of June, after networks have had a chance to buy Canadian rights to new American series. Usually all presentations are combined by each broadcast network/ television system and their associated cable group of channels, traditionally meaning

4484-657: The automotive industry , research has shown that civilian volunteers decided to participate in vehicle safety research to help automobile designers improve upon safety restraints for vehicles. This research allows designers to gather more data on the tolerance of the human body in the event of an automobile accident, in order to better improve safety features in automobiles. Some of the tests conducted ranged from sled runs evaluating head–neck injuries, airbag tests, and tests involving military vehicles and their restraint systems. From thousands of tests involving human subjects, results indicate no serious injuries were persistent. This

4602-442: The diffusion of responsibility by concluding that, when surrounded by others, the individual expects someone else to take action. Human subjects have been commonly used in experiments testing the theory of cognitive dissonance after the landmark study by Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith . In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith devised a situation in which participants would undergo excessively tedious and monotonous tasks. After

4720-538: The 1950s-60s, Chester M. Southam , an important virologist and cancer researcher, injected HeLa cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the Ohio Penitentiary . He wanted to observe if cancer could be transmitted as well as if people could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response. Many believe that this experiment violated the bioethical principles of informed consent , non-maleficence , and beneficence . In

4838-559: The 1970s, the Indian government implemented a large-scale forced sterilization program, primarily targeting poor and marginalized populations. Millions of people, especially women, underwent sterilization surgeries without their informed consent, often under pressure from local authorities or in exchange for government services. Some pharmaceutical companies have been accused of conducting clinical trials of experimental drugs in Africa without

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4956-531: The 2010s, and are not always a lavish affair. Upfronts are typically held between October and December before the start of the Southern Hemisphere 's summer non-ratings period, highlighting programming for the next calendar year . Unlike American upfronts, a detailed schedule for the year ahead is not typically released, as the Australian market, with a smaller population, is more apt to change schedules if

5074-560: The Center of the Earth" and "Johnny X" marked the series premiere. When the show first aired on Kids' WB, it performed very well in the Nielsen ratings. It ranked as the #1 broadcast program in Boys 2-11 (garnering 2.4/11), ranked as the #2 broadcast series in Kids 2-11 (gaining 2.2/10 in the process) and Girls 6-11 (2.3/11), and ultimately ranking #3 in Kids 6-11 (receiving 3.0/14). Its second season received

5192-499: The Cornell IRB board determined that the study did not fall under its jurisdiction. It has been argued that this study broke the law nonetheless by violating state laws regarding informed consent. Others have noted that speaking out against these research methods may be counterproductive, as private companies will likely continue to experiment on users, but will be dis-incentivized from sharing their methods or findings with scientists or

5310-547: The General from the army base Area 51.1 and Mr. Black and Mr. White, two federal agents from the Super Secret Government Agency (SSGA), are shown to be close friends with the kids and often get them out of trouble or recruit them for an assignment, help them, distract, or annoy the Tests on various occasions. On February 16, 2005, Kids' WB 's unveiling of its new fall schedule for the 2005–2006 television season

5428-404: The Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was established and was tasked with establishing the boundary between research and routine practice, the role of risk-benefit analysis , guidelines for participation, and the definition of informed consent. Its Belmont Report established three tenets of ethical research: respect for persons, beneficence , and justice. From

5546-772: The University of Montana's Department of Psychology conducted a study to gain more understanding about what influences potential candidates to consent to participation in any given clinical trial. They published their findings in February 2015. Cook and Hoas asked for the perspectives of the researchers and whether they would consent to being a subject in a clinical trial. To assess the shift to rural communities, they surveyed 34 physicians or researchers and 46 research coordinators from states that have "large rural populations and have historically demonstrated limited participation in clinical research." Proper consent forms were provided and signed at

5664-561: The academic community has developed formal definitions of "human subject research", largely in response to abuses of human subjects. The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) defines a human research subject as a living individual about whom a research investigator (whether a professional or a student) obtains data through 1) intervention or interaction with the individual, or 2) identifiable private information ( 32 CFR 219.102 ). (Lim, 1990) As defined by HHS regulations ( 45 CFR 46.102 ): In 2010,

5782-505: The city). His best friend is his anthropomorphic talking pet dog, Dukey, who Susan and Mary gave human-level intelligence and the ability to speak in an experiment. Because Johnny has Susan, Mary, and Dukey by his side, he can live any kid's dream, only to find that most dreams never turn out as hoped. Johnny is very hyperactive and often messes with his sisters' inventions, causing trouble and mayhem, but just as often proves himself to be clever, such as frequently tricking his sisters or saving

5900-410: The collection and analysis of data in order to answer a specific question. Medical human subject research often involves analysis of biological specimens , epidemiological and behavioral studies and medical chart review studies. (A specific, and especially heavily regulated, type of medical human subject research is the " clinical trial ", in which drugs, vaccines and medical devices are evaluated.) On

6018-404: The completion of these tasks, the subjects were instructed to help the experiment continue in exchange for a variable amount of money. All the subjects had to do was simply inform the next "student" waiting outside the testing area (who was secretly a confederate) that the tasks involved in the experiment were interesting and enjoyable. It was expected that the participants would not fully agree with

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6136-402: The concept that "the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential". Individual consent was emphasized in the Nuremberg Code in order to prevent prisoners of war, patients, prisoners, and soldiers from being coerced into becoming human subjects. In addition, it was emphasized in order to inform participants of the risk-benefit outcomes of experiments. The Declaration of Helsinki

6254-515: The country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial - their approval does not mean that the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies , and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve

6372-525: The country's World Cup activities. Philippines-based fried chicken chain Jollibee advertised a similar toy campaign in their Kids' Meals as well, in the form of their Amazing Adventure Chasers mini-toyline. In 2014, DHX Media signed a master toy license with Imports Dragon. On January 21, 2010, another partnership had emerged between Cookie Jar Entertainment and the mobile application developer Jirbo that resulted in two Johnny Test video games produced by

6490-429: The day from whatever danger happens to show up. He is also stubborn, and like many kids, he doesn't like school; if anything, he will often go to great lengths to avoid any work, often using his sisters' inventions to do so, resulting in himself and others in trouble. Despite this, he shows compassion often and always realizes and tries to fix his mistakes. One of Johnny's main nemeses is Eugene "Bling-Bling Boy" Hamilton,

6608-415: The developer and made available exclusively for download from iTunes , for free and for the iPhone , iPod Touch and iPad . The first game, Johnny Test: Clone Zapper , finds Johnny Test and Dukey engaged to combat an army of Johnny clones they accidentally created from a clone machine, with the help of two special laser zapper guns as their only weapons to defeat the clones and destroy them personally, and

6726-402: The documents provided for informed consent. However, those respondents did not believe that was an ethical or moral concern. Most of the coordinators and researchers showed some hesitation when they were asked if they would enroll as a subject in a clinical trial, not necessarily their own, but any study. When asked to elaborate on their hesitation, many said that they would be "concerned about

6844-458: The early 1940s, during World War II and the Holocaust . Prisoners were forced into participating; they did not willingly volunteer and no consent was given for the procedures. Typically, the experiments resulted in death, trauma , disfigurement or permanent disability , and as such are considered as examples of medical torture . After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as

6962-403: The effect of social roles on college students at Stanford University . Twenty-four male students were assigned to a random role of a prisoner or guard to simulate a mock prison in one of Stanford's basements. After only six days, the abusive behavior of the guards and the psychological suffering of prisoners proved significant enough to halt the two-week-long experiment. The goal of the experiment

7080-536: The end of the experiment, continuing to administer shocks to the confederate with purported intensities of up to "450 volts". Although many participants questioned the experimenter and displayed various signs of discomfort, when the experiment was repeated, 65 percent of subjects were willing to obey instructions to administer the shocks through the final one. Psychologist Solomon Asch 's classic conformity experiment in 1951 involved one subject participant and multiple confederates; they were asked to provide answers to

7198-506: The episode pair "Johnny X: A New Beginning" and "Johnny X: The Final Ending" aired. It was originally intended as the series finale; however, the series was renewed for a fourth season. Although Warner Bros. left the series' production, the credits still listed Warner Bros. as the trademark owner of Johnny Test so far until the last season. The fourth season was animated at Atomic Cartoons with animation assistance from Seventoon Inc. and Philippine Animators Group Inc., which are both located in

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7316-471: The expansion of the empire during World War II , similar units were set up in conquered cities such as Nanking ( Unit 1644 ), Beijing ( Unit 1855 ), Guangzhou ( Unit 8604 ) and Singapore ( Unit 9420 ). After the war, Supreme Commander of the Occupation Douglas MacArthur gave immunity in the name of the United States to Shirō Ishii and all members of the units in exchange for all of

7434-477: The fact that none of the participants showed this type of behavior beforehand. Most of the guards had a hard time believing they had been acting in such a way. The evidence concludes this to be positional behavior, meaning the behavior was due to the hostile environment of the prison. In 1961, Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram led a series of experiments to determine to what extent an individual would obey instructions given by an experimenter. Placed in

7552-481: The following main topics: Cook and Hoas found that funding played a significant role in participant selection. One of Hoas's and Cook's participants commented that "in his practice, the income from conducting pharmaceutical trials sometimes [is] used to offset the losses of conducting scientifically interesting but poorly funded federal studies," and most other participants administered trials because "reimbursements generated from such trials made it possible to maintain

7670-541: The game and competitive players. Later in Spring of 2011, the series was finally officially licensed by Cookie Jar for a new third, and fully console-handled video game, this time, however, to come out on Nintendo DS ; a sneak preview and trailer of the game had been already included on the complete first and second seasons DVD set and was released on March 29, 2011. Viper Comics announced in April 2011 that they would be publishing

7788-419: The game before it, Johnny has to aim and time to drop the robots, so they will land safely onto the vehicle, then Johnny Test has saved the day once again. Both games are typical shoot-slinging and side-scrolling games that in all utilize the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad's unique multitouch capabilities and scrolling, and, as a whole, players of both games can compete for worldwide high scores list of each level of

7906-412: The information they were imparting to the student, and after complying, half of the participants were awarded $ 1 (roughly the same as $ 10 now), and the others were awarded $ 20 (like $ 209 now). A subsequent survey showed that, by a large margin, those who received less money for essentially "lying" to the student came to believe that the tasks were far more enjoyable than their highly paid counterparts. In

8024-491: The informed consent of participants or without providing adequate access to healthcare. These practices raise questions about the exploitation of vulnerable populations and the prioritization of commercial interests over the rights of participants. Psychological experiments have also faced ethical criticism due to their manipulation of participants, inducing stress, anxiety , or other forms of emotional distress without informed consent. These experiments raise concerns regarding

8142-509: The issues and importance of informed consent. There have also been a bigger push to protect participants in clinical trials. Rules and regulations of clinical trials can vary by country. Suggestions to remedy this include installing a committee to keep better track of this information and ensure that everything is properly documented. Research coordinators and physicians involved in clinical studies have their own concerns, particularly that an implementation of ethics rules could potentially disrupt

8260-514: The knowledge, consent , or informed consent of the test subjects. Public outcry over the discovery of government experiments on human subjects led to numerous congressional investigations and hearings, including the Church Committee , Rockefeller Commission , and Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments , amongst others. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment , widely regarded as the "most infamous biomedical research study in U.S. history,"

8378-436: The logistics of preparing a research study, specifically when it comes to enrolling patients. Another concern that research teams may have is that even if the rules are ethically sound, they may not be logical or helpful for conducting their studies. Of note currently in the research field is the manner in which researchers direct their conversations with potential human subjects for a research study. Recently there has been

8496-726: The media press during the Kids' WB upfront sales presentation in New York. Johnny Test was created and executively produced by Scott Fellows , who also created the Nickelodeon live-action series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide and would later create Big Time Rush , and 100 Things to Do Before High School ; Fellows had also served as the head writer for The Fairly OddParents . The show premiered on September 17, 2005, on Kids' WB's Saturday morning lineup of its weekly fall schedule, alongside Loonatics Unleashed and Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island . The episode pair "Johnny to

8614-503: The motivations behind the study, its purpose, its funding, as well as expectations of what participation might entail." Ultimately, only 24% of the respondents said they would be willing to participate with a majority of them stating they would need full transparency and an indication that there would be some personal benefit in order for them to even consider participating. Some had a list of criteria that had to be met. Eleven percent indicated that they would not at all be willing to enroll in

8732-481: The networks have mostly revealed this information to the public a few days before the actual presentation. Some cable networks present earlier in the spring since they usually program for the summer months, and these are much more confined to television trade press as far as public attention outside prestige projects. Streaming services associated with the networks (which often feature lower-cost plans with commercial advertising) may also announce new projects or releases at

8850-430: The next season. The broadcast upfront has seen momentous change as advertisers shifted their spending to digital platforms. While the advertising research firm Standard Media Index reported "softening" in 2017. That trend is slowing, according to the same report, which revealed that the last quarter of 2016 saw "the first glimpse of a flattening Digital market". Year-over-year sales were up 9% over last year's 35% growth in

8968-955: The original main title animation opening. Storyboarding of some of the episodes was done by Canadian animation studio Atomic Cartoons . Many of the original crew of the series' first production season consisted of alumni of well-known animation studios such as Cartoon Network Studios and Nickelodeon Animation Studio , as well as artists from the comic book industry , including Chris Savino , Marc Perry (character designer for Cow and Chicken , Poochini , and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy ), Paul Stec, Matt Danner, Joe Horne, Mike Kazaleh , Brian Larsen, Jun Falkenstein , Scott Shaw! , Nora Johnson, Milton Knight , Ray Leong, Chris Battle, Casey Mitchum, Pat Ventura, John Derevlany , J.C. Cheng, Aliki Theofilopoulos , George Cox III, Frederick J. Gardner III, Allan Penny, Justin Schultz, Christopher D. Lozinski, Dane Taylor, and Rita Cooper. The original version of

9086-457: The other hand, human subject research in the social sciences often involves surveys which consist of questions to a particular group of people. Survey methodology includes questionnaires, interviews , and focus groups . Human subject research is used in various fields, including research into advanced biology , clinical medicine , nursing , psychology , sociology , political science , and anthropology . As research has become formalized,

9204-668: The participant's mental or physical well-being. The Common Rule , first published in 1991, also known as the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, is dictated by the Office of Human Research Protections under the United States Department of Health and Human Services and serves as a set of guidelines for institutional review boards (IRBs), obtaining informed consent, and Assurances of Compliance for human subject participants in research studies. On January 19, 2017,

9322-423: The person who posted it online, then the research is unlikely to qualify as human subjects research. Defining features of human subject research, according to federal regulations, are that the researchers interact directly with the subject or obtain identifiable private information about the subject. Social media research may or may not meet this definition. A research institution's institutional review board (IRB)

9440-488: The pilot, was the creator and executive producer's first choice to serve as the producer of the show before he turned it down. The remainder of the first season was produced in-house by Warner Bros. Animation , but since the show was a U.S./Canada co-production, some of the animation production work was outsourced to Canadian animation studios Studio B Productions and Top Draw Animation, as well as South Korean animation production company Digital eMation , which also provided

9558-501: The power of social influence and conformity. A classic advocate of realistic conflict theory , Muzafer Sherif 's Robber's Cave experiment shed light on how group competition can foster hostility and prejudice. In the 1961 study, two groups of ten boys each who were not "naturally" hostile were grouped together without knowledge of one another in Robber's Cave State Park , Oklahoma. The twelve-year-old boys bonded with their own groups for

9676-425: The process. He occasionally saves the world with his sisters' inventions. In 2013, Teletoon originally announced that Johnny Test was going to receive a seventh season, but the show was cancelled and the planned season was never created. In spite of this, WildBrain confirmed that a revival series has been picked up by Netflix for two seasons and a 66-minute interactive special on May 6, 2020. The revival series

9794-513: The public. In an "Editorial Expression of Concern" that was added to the online version of the research paper, PNAS states that while they "deemed it appropriate to publish the paper... It is nevertheless a matter of concern that the collection of the data by Facebook may have involved practices that were not fully consistent with the principles of obtaining informed consent and allowing participants to opt out." Moreno et al.' s recommended considerations for social media research are: 1) determine if

9912-607: The question of coercion if a physician refers their own patients, and any misunderstandings regarding treatment benefits. Patients are more likely to enroll in a trial if their primary care physician or a provider that they trust recommends the study. Most respondents seem to agree that patients consent to participate because they believe that through this study, they would be receiving "more attention than my regular patients" and that "there are an awful lot of additional opportunities for interaction." One respondent commented "...the way that we're required to actually recruit patients, which

10030-425: The report was generated to promise that ethical standards are followed during research of human subjects. There are three standards that serve as the baseline for the report and how human subjects are to be researched. The three guidelines are beneficence, justice and respect for persons. Beneficence is described as protecting the well-being of the persons and respecting their decisions by being ethical and protecting

10148-448: The respect for the dignity and well-being of the individuals involved. Upfront (advertising) In the television industry, an upfront is a gathering at the start of important advertising sales periods, held by television network executives and attended by major advertisers and the media. It is so named because of its main purpose, to allow marketers to buy television commercial airtime "up front", or several months before

10266-466: The results of their experiments. During World War II, Fort Detrick in Maryland was the headquarters of US biological warfare experiments. Operation Whitecoat involved the injection of infectious agents into military forces to observe their effects in human subjects. Subsequent human experiments in the United States have also been characterized as unethical . They were often performed illegally, without

10384-519: The same period. In the first quarter of 2016, digital gains hovered at 6% versus the 19% growth of the prior year. Big data and new software algorithms for targeting specific consumers may reverse the trend. M'Lou Walker, CEO of the maker of the Zicam brand of cold remedy, talked about using big data and analytics allowed her precise targeting, flexibility and measurable results of $ 1.50 of profit for every $ 1 spent on television advertising. In recent years,

10502-408: The same time, though other services like Netflix or Prime Video which subsist on subscriber fees without any advertising often market their programming under a different strategy altogether. Historically, the fall television schedule was created to help the automotive industry promote new automobiles coming in the new model year , though many automakers often start new vehicle marketing during

10620-423: The second and third seasons; the latter season premiered on September 22, 2007, and concluded on March 1, 2008. On January 7, 2008, the show debuted on Cartoon Network , which aired the remainder of the series, and ended on December 25, 2014. NCircle Entertainment has released five DVDs . Johnny Test: Johnny & Dukey and Johnny vs. Bling Bling Boy were released on December 23, 2008. Johnny X and Super Pooch

10738-405: The second game, Johnny Test: Bot Drop , sees Johnny, Dukey and the Test twins going on a rescue chase, with Johnny and Dukey both piloting a bot drop plane to use the robot clones of Johnnies (first seen in 101 Johnnies ) for the titular "Bot Drops" to eject them to safety in a moving rescue vehicle driven by Susan and Mary. In the plot of that latter aforementioned game, and like in each level of

10856-455: The series, under license from DHX Media . They have subsequently released the first four seasons on DVD in Region 1. The fifth season was released on May 5, 2015, and the first five seasons (with all discs from the separate season sets) were released on September 1, 2015. Johnny Test received positive critical reviews throughout its run. Joly Herman of Common Sense Media had written and posted

10974-528: The show reached its 100th episode (and 200th segment), making it one of Teletoon's longest-running original series ( Total Drama had produced 117 episodes and two specials, while Totally Spies! was co-produced between Seasons 3–5). On May 1, 2020, over a year after the announcement, the Johnny Test YouTube channel premiered the first episode of the web shorts " League of Johnnys " on May 2, 2020. Currently 15 episodes have been revealed. In May 2020,

11092-550: The show three stars out of five. In 2006, the first season of the series was nominated for Outstanding Sound Editing - Live Action and Animation at the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards and a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation (for the episode pair, Deep Sea Johnny and Johnny and the Amazing Turbo Action Backpack ) at Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA. In 2007, the second season of

11210-514: The show was picked up by Netflix for two additional seasons, along with an interactive special . The series has an updated look, provided by Stephen Silver , and was released on July 16, 2021. Johnny Test premiered in the United States on September 17, 2005, on The WB 's Saturday morning block, Kids' WB . One year later, it aired on Teletoon in Canada on September 8, 2006. During the second season, The WB and UPN merged into The CW , which aired

11328-414: The show won a Gemini Award for Best Direction in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (for the episode pair, Saturday Night's Alright for Johnny and Johnny's Mint Chip ) and in 2008, the third season was nominated for another Gemini Award, this time for Best Original Music Score for an Animated Program or Series (for the episode pair, Johnny vs. Bling-Bling 3 and Stinkin' Johnny ); finally, in 2010,

11446-456: The show's theme song and all of its underscores were both written, composed, and conducted by Kevin Manthei , with creator Scott Fellows having written and provided the lyrics to the theme song. Voice recording was provided by Voicebox Productions , with voice direction by Terry Klassen . The merger of UPN and The WB into The CW Television Network had resulted in many budget cuts for

11564-598: The show, in its fourth season, was nominated once more for yet another Gemini Award, this time wholly for Best Animated Program or Series (for the episode pair, Johnny Cakes and Johnny Tube ) and had been awarded a Grand Prize for Best Program - All Categories at the Alliance for Children and Television 's 2009 Gala award ceremony, which ultimately marks the series' owner, Cookie Jar 's first ACT award. Cookie Jar had partnered with restaurant chain CKE Restaurants to offer

11682-437: The show, leading to the show being put on hiatus. Cookie Jar Entertainment , another Canada-based entertainment company, under their then-new action-adventure brand Coliseum, who previously had production assistance in the first season, decided to take control of the series' production. Due to this change, the writers, storyboarders, and art crew who worked on the first season were let go, resulting in an entirely new crew managing

11800-486: The show. Also, the budget of the show dropped dramatically, leading to seasons two and three of the show being animated in Adobe Flash by Collideascope Digital Productions . The show's opening theme was later changed for the rest of the series, with it being made of recycled episode footage. Fellows himself would leave after season 3 in order to create Big Time Rush for Nickelodeon , though he would still retain his creator and executive producer credits. On March 1, 2008,

11918-477: The start of the study. Of the physicians and research coordinators that participated in this study, 90% were from hospital centers or worked in a hospital-clinic setting. Of all the participants, only 66% of research coordinators and 53% of physicians received training in research methods, while 59% of the coordinators received any ethics training. Only 17% of the physicians had ethics research training prior to this study. Hoas and Cook categorized their findings into

12036-530: The study qualifies as human subject research, 2) consider the risk level of the content, 3) present research and motives accurately when engaging on social media, 4) provide contact information throughout the consent process, 5) make sure data is not identifiable or searchable (avoid direct quotes that may be identifiable with an online search), 6) consider developing project privacy policies in advance, and 7) be aware that each state has its own laws regarding informed consent. Social media sites offer great potential as

12154-478: The subject is supposed to be fair and not separate due to race, sexual orientation or ethnic group. Lastly, respect for persons explains that at any point a person who is involved in a study can decide whether they want to participate, not to participate or withdraw themselves from the study altogether. Two rules of respect for persons involve the person being autonomous and persons with diminished autonomy and entitled to protection. The sole purpose of these guidelines

12272-437: The subjects from harm. The two rules of beneficence are maximizing the benefits of research and minimizing any possible risks. It is the job of the researcher to inform the persons of the benefits as well as the risks of human subject research. Justice is important because it causes the researchers to be fair in their research findings and share what they have found, whether the information is good or bad. The selection process of

12390-522: The subjects were led to believe otherwise. Both prerecorded sounds of electric shocks and the confederate's pleas for the punishment to stop were audible to the "teacher" throughout the experiment. When the subject raised questions or paused, the experimenter insisted that the experiment should continue. Despite widespread speculation that most participants would not continue to "shock" the learner, 65 percent of participants in Milgram's initial trial complied until

12508-698: The television season begins. The first upfront presentation was made by ABC in 1962, in an attempt to find out how advertisers felt about the network's new shows. In the United States , the major broadcast networks ' upfronts traditionally occurred in New York City during the third week of May, the last full week of that month's sweeps period. That has changed over the years with the 2017 season now starting in early March and running through May. The networks announce their fall primetime schedules, including tentative launch dates (i.e., fall or midseason ) for new television programming, which may be "picked up"

12626-550: The trial, such as monitoring and lab work, may be managed by an outsourced partner, such as a contract research organization or a central laboratory. For example, a clinical drug trial case at the University of Minnesota that was under investigation in 2015 for the Death of Dan Markingson was funded by AstraZeneca , a pharmaceutical company headquartered in the United Kingdom. A study conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971 examined

12744-434: The voice of Johnny Test) instead. The original production design (including character designs, prop designs, and background designs) was created, provided, and contributed by Matt Danner and Marc Perry, and then later worked on by producer Chris Savino and art director Paul Stec at season 1. Fellows, the creator of the series who had interested the network in the series' premise, based the titular character on himself when he

12862-420: The week before. The programming announcements themselves are usually augmented with clips from the new television series, extravagant musical numbers, comedic scenes, and appearances by network stars, and take place at grand venues such as Lincoln Center , Radio City Music Hall , or Carnegie Hall . It is also the time when it is announced (by virtue of not being on the fall schedule) which shows are canceled for

12980-430: Was a young boy; he based Johnny's twin sisters, Susan and Mary, on his own two sisters, also named Susan and Mary. In the original pilot and early promotional material of the show, Dukey was referred to as "Poochie". James Arnold Taylor said that he was not Fellows' original choice for the role of Johnny Test; he had previously voiced the lead character in the initial test pilot. After the show got picked up by Kids' WB! as

13098-532: Was announced by The WB Television Network , featuring its returning series Yu-Gi-Oh! , Pokémon , The Batman , and Xiaolin Showdown , alongside four new series: Loonatics Unleashed , Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island , Transformers: Cybertron , and Johnny Test . The aforementioned schedule was announced by The WB/Kids' WB Entertainment President David Janollari, Kids' WB Senior Vice President and General Manager Betsy McGowen, speaking to advertisers and

13216-598: Was established in 1964 to regulate international research involving human subjects. Established by the World Medical Association , the declaration recommended guidelines for medical doctors conducting biomedical research that involves human subjects. Some of these guidelines included the principles that "research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to initiation" and that "research with humans should be based on results from laboratory animals and experimentation". The Declaration of Helsinki

13334-541: Was performed from 1932 to 1972 by the Tuskegee Institute contracted by the United States Public Health Service . The study followed more than 600 African-American men who were not told they had syphilis and were denied access to the known treatment of penicillin . This led to the 1974 National Research Act , to provide for protection of human subjects in experiments. The National Commission for

13452-520: Was quickly identified as Harvard, potentially placing the privacy of the human subjects at risk. The data set was removed from public access shortly after the issue was identified. The issue was complicated by the fact that the research project was partially funded by the National Science Foundation , which mandates the projects it funds to engage in data sharing . A study by Facebook and researchers at Cornell University , published in

13570-437: Was released in 2021 with Fellows returning as showrunner and executive producer. 11-year-old Johnny is part of the Test family, consisting of his 13-year-old genius twin sisters, Susan and Mary, and his over-the-top parents. His mother, Lila, is a businesswoman, and his father, Hugh, is an obsessive-compulsive househusband . Hugh's two biggest obsessions are cleaning and cooking meatloaf. Susan and Mary frequently use Johnny as

13688-444: Was released on August 11, 2009, Extreme Johnny was released on December 1, 2009, and Game Time was released on May 4, 2010. On February 21, 2008, Liberation Entertainment released the complete first season on DVD in the UK, but as of 2012, no more seasons have been released in a Region 2 format. On January 4, 2011, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to

13806-439: Was replaced by Brittney Wilson, Mary's original voice. On March 12, 2012, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a sixth season. Like the fourth and fifth season before it, it would again be a full set of 26 episodes; the renewal brought the series total to 117 episodes. Ashleigh Ball also returned for the roles in this season. The sixth season premiered on Cartoon Network in America on April 23, 2013. With this season,

13924-413: Was to determine whether dispositional factors (the behavior of guards and prisoners) or positional factors (the social environment of prisons) are the major cause of conflict within such facilities. The results of this experiment showed that people will readily conform to the specific social roles they are supposed to play. The prison environment played a part in making the guards behavior more brutal, due to

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