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43-681: The award is named for John Wesley Powell , the distinguished scientist and explorer who was the second director of the USGS, serving from 1881 to 1894, and who made the pioneer exploration of the Colorado River . The first award was given in 1971. 1971 1972 1976 1978 1981 1983 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 John Wesley Powell John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 – September 23, 1902)

86-616: A Class I railroad ( Norfolk Southern Railway ), and multiple inter and intrastate highway routes ( Interstate 80 , Interstate 39 , Illinois Route 180 , Illinois Route 89 , Illinois Route 71 , Illinois Route 26 , and Illinois Route 6 ) has, historically, made it a transportation hub attracting a variety of both small businesses and large industries. J&L Steel, a cold roll steel mill built by Jones and Laughlin Steel Company on Hennepin's northern boundary, began operations in 1967 and employed 600 workers at height of production. The mill

129-661: A book based on his explorations of the Colorado, originally titled Report of the Exploration of the Colorado River of the West and Its Tributaries . It was revised and reissued in 1895 as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons . In 1889, the intellectual gatherings Powell hosted in his home were formalized as the Cosmos Club . The club has continued, with members elected to

172-516: A brief leave to marry Emma Dean . At the Battle of Shiloh , he lost most of his right arm when struck by a Minié ball while in the process of giving the order to fire. The raw nerve endings in his arm caused him pain for the rest of his life. Despite the loss of an arm, he returned to the Army and was present at the battles of Champion Hill , Big Black River Bridge , and in the siege of Vicksburg . Always

215-576: A deep interest in ethnology ... Few explorers in the United States have had a comparable opportunity to study and photograph Indians so nearly in their aboriginal state." Powell created Illinois State University 's first Museum of Anthropology which at the time was called the finest in all of North America. Powell held a post as lecturer on the History of Culture in the Political Science department at

258-473: A heritage of conflict and litigation over water rights, for there is not sufficient water to supply the land." Powell's recommendations for development of the West were largely ignored until after the Dust Bowl of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in untold suffering associated with pioneer subsistence farms that failed because of insufficient rain and irrigation water. In recognition of his national service, Powell

301-488: A household in the village was $ 46,827, and the median income for a family was $ 56,111. Males had a median income of $ 48,500 versus $ 19,231 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 23,981. About 2.6% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over. Hennepin's location on the Illinois River , along with its proximity to

344-442: A period of seven years while teaching, but was unable to attain his degree. While there, he was a member of Sigma Pi Literary Society . During his studies Powell acquired a knowledge of Ancient Greek and Latin . Powell had a restless nature and a deep interest in the natural sciences . This desire to learn about natural sciences was against the wishes of his father, yet Powell was still determined to do so. In 1861 when Powell

387-479: Is credited with coining the word " acculturation ", first using it in an 1880 report by the U.S. Bureau of American Ethnography . In 1883, Powell defined "acculturation" as psychological changes induced by cross-cultural imitation. Powell published extensive anthropological studies on the Ute people inhabiting the canyon lands around the Colorado River. His views towards these populations, along with his scientific approach,

430-540: The Columbian University in Washington, D.C. from 1894 to 1899. Powell's contribution to anthropology and scientific racism is not well known in the geosciences, however a recent article revisited Powell's legacy in terms of his social and political impact on Native Americans. In Cadillac Desert , Powell is portrayed as a champion of land preservation and conservation. Powell's expeditions led to his belief that

473-562: The Grand Canyon . Gathering ten men, four boats and food for 10 months, he set out from Green River, Wyoming , on May 24. Passing through dangerous rapids, the group passed down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River (then also known as the Grand River upriver from the junction), near present-day Moab, Utah , and completed the journey on August 30, 1869. The members of

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516-521: The 20th Illinois was mustered into the Federal service a month later, Powell was commissioned a second lieutenant. He enlisted in the Union Army as a cartographer, topographer and military engineer. While stationed at Cape Girardeau, Missouri , he recruited an artillery company that became Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery, with Powell as captain. On November 28, 1861, Powell took

559-534: The American West based on agricultural use of land. Politicians based their decisions on a theory of Professor Cyrus Thomas who was a protege of Horace Greeley . Thomas suggested that agricultural development of land would change climate and cause higher amounts of precipitations, claiming that ' rain follows the plow ', a theory which has since been largely discredited. At an 1893 irrigation conference, Powell would prophetically remark: "Gentlemen, you are piling up

602-505: The American West. After 1867, Powell led a series of expeditions into the Rocky Mountains and around the Green and Colorado rivers. One of these expeditions was with his students and his wife, to collect specimens all over Colorado. Powell, William Byers , and five other men were the first white men to climb Longs Peak in 1868. In 1869, he set out to explore the Colorado River and

645-517: The Colorado River from Green River, Wyoming to Kanab Creek in the Grand Canyon. Powell used three photographers on this expedition; Elias Olcott Beaman, James Fennemore, and John K. Hillers. This trip resulted in photographs (by John K. Hillers ), an accurate map and various papers. At least one Powell scholar, Otis R. Marston , noted the maps produced from the survey were impressionistic rather than precise. In planning this expedition, he employed

688-621: The Howland brothers left at Separation Canyon in the third month. This was just two days before the group reached the mouth of the Virgin River on August 30, after traversing almost 930 mi (1,500 km). The three disappeared; some historians have speculated they were killed by the Shivwits Band of Paiutes or by Mormons in the town of Toquerville . Powell retraced part of the 1869 route in 1871–72 with another expedition that traveled

731-855: The Mississippi from St. Anthony , Minnesota , to the sea. In 1857, he rowed down the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi River, traveling north to reach St. Louis . In 1858, he rowed down the Illinois River , then up the Mississippi and the Des Moines River to central Iowa . In 1859, at age 25, he was elected to the Illinois Natural History Society. Powell studied at Illinois College , Illinois Institute (which would later become Wheaton College ), and Oberlin College , over

774-927: The Sweetwater County History Museum. In Powell's honor, the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia , was dedicated as the "John Wesley Powell Federal Building" in 1974. In addition, the highest award presented by the USGS to persons outside the federal government is named the John Wesley Powell Award . In 1984, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . The following were named after Powell: An article in Scientific American notes

817-570: The arid West was not suitable for agricultural development, except for about 2% of the lands that were near water sources. His Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States proposed reforming the system by which the government distributed land to settlers by taking into account topography and access to water in determining the shape and size of parcels. "Irrigable lands" would be organized into self-regulating irrigation districts to prevent

860-516: The club for their contributions to scholarship and civic activism. In the early 1900s the journals of the expedition crew began to be published starting with Dellenbaugh's A Canyon Voyage in 1908, followed in 1939 by the diary of Almon Harris Thompson , who was married to Powell's sister, Ellen Powell Thompson . Bishop, Steward, W.C. Powell, and Jones' diaries were all published in 1947. These diaries made it clear Powell's writings contained some exaggerations and recounted activities that occurred on

903-582: The courthouse, including when he campaigned for a Congressional seat in September 1845. The Putnam County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . As of the census of 2000, there were 707 people, 304 households, and 206 families residing in the village. The population density was 135.4 inhabitants per square mile (52.3/km ). There were 334 housing units at an average density of 64.0 per square mile (24.7/km ). The racial makeup of

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946-461: The first Powell expedition were: The expedition's route traveled through the Utah canyons of the Colorado River, which Powell described in his published diary as having ... wonderful features—carved walls, royal arches, glens, alcove gulches, mounds and monuments. From which of these features shall we select a name? We decide to call it Glen Canyon . Frank Goodman quit after the first month, and Dunn and

989-695: The following awards: Powell was also an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society . On November 28, 1861, while serving as captain of Battery 'F' of the 2nd Illinois Light Artillery at Cape Girardeau, Missouri , he took a brief leave to marry Emma Dean . On September 10, 1871, Emma Dean gave birth to the Powells' only child, Mary Dean Powell in Salt Lake City, Utah . She

1032-449: The geologist, he took to studying rocks while in the trenches at Vicksburg. He was made a major and commanded an artillery brigade with the 17th Army Corps during the Atlanta campaign . After the fall of Atlanta he was transferred to George H. Thomas ' army and participated in the battle of Nashville . At the end of the war he was made a brevet lieutenant colonel but preferred to use

1075-526: The mill in March 2009. The mill's equipment was dismantled, sold, or shipped and on June 22, 2017, the vast plant was imploded. As of 2020, the 800 acres once occupied by the steel mill remain mostly vacant, though infrastructure has been retained in anticipation that another industry might one day purchase and redevelop the property. Hennepin Power Station, a coal-fired power plant near Donnelley Wildlife Area on

1118-598: The monopolization of water by those lucky enough to acquire riparian parcels. For the remaining lands, he proposed conservation and low-density, open grazing. The railroad companies owned 183,000,000 acres (740,000 km ) – vast tracts of lands granted in return for building the railways – and did not agree with Powell's views on land conservation. They aggressively lobbied Congress to reject Powell's policy proposals and to encourage farming instead, as they wanted to cash in on their lands. The U.S. Congress went along and developed legislation that encouraged pioneer settlement of

1161-602: The second river trip as if they occurred on the first. They also revealed that Powell, who had only one arm, wore a life jacket, though the other men did not have them. Powell became the director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution in 1879 and remained so until his death. Under his leadership, the Smithsonian published an influential classification of North American Indian languages. In 1898, Powell

1204-442: The services of Jacob Hamblin , a Mormon missionary in southern Utah who had cultivated relationships with Native Americans. Before setting out, Powell used Hamblin as a negotiator to ensure the safety of his expedition from local Indian groups. In 1881, Powell was appointed the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey , a post he held until his resignation in 1894, being replaced by Charles Walcott . In 1875, Powell published

1247-839: The teaching of English, Christianity, and Western methods of farming and manufacture. In his book The Exploration of the Canyons of the Colorado , Powell is motivated to conduct ethnologic studies because "these Indians are more nearly in their primate condition than any others on the continent with whom I am acquainted." As Wallace Stegner posits in Beyond the 100th Meridian , by 1869, many Native American tribes had been pushed to extinction, and those that were known were considered corrupted by intercultural exchange. Even in 1939, Julian Steward, an anthropologist compiling photographs from Powell's 1873 expedition suggested that: "Fascinated at finding [Native Americans] nearly untouched by civilization, he developed

1290-529: The title of "major". After leaving the Army, Powell took the post of professor of geology at Illinois Wesleyan University . He also lectured at Illinois State Normal University for most of his career. Powell helped expand the collections of the Museum of the Illinois State Natural History Society , where he served as curator . He declined a permanent appointment in favor of exploration of

1333-543: The village was 97.17% White , 1.13% African American , 0.28% Native American , 0.71% Asian , 0.57% from other races , and 0.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.82% of the population. There were 304 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who

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1376-614: The western edge of town, was retired November 1, 2019. There are also Cargill , ADM , and CGB elevators throughout the area. Marquis Energy opened a 100 million gallon/year ICM/Fagen ethanol plant just north of town in April 2008. Edward Pulsifer House , museum and headquarters of the Putnam County Historical Society Putnam County Historical Society's Agriculture Museum Putnam County Courthouse (Illinois) The Dixon Waterfowl Refuge ,

1419-452: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.87. In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males. The median income for

1462-700: Was 757 in 2010, an increase of 50 since the 2000 census. It is the county seat and second largest village in Putnam County . Hennepin is part of the Ottawa Micropolitan Statistical Area . The Village of Hennepin was named for the explorer, Father Louis Hennepin, O. F. M . The Putnam County Courthouse , in Hennepin, was built in 1837, and is the oldest county courthouse in Illinois still serving its original purpose. Abraham Lincoln visited

1505-603: Was active in the Wimodaughsis, a national women's club in Washington, D.C., started by Anna Howard Shaw and Susan B. Anthony . Emma Dean Powell died on March 13, 1924, in Washington, D.C. She is buried along with her husband in Arlington National Cemetery . Hennepin, Illinois Hennepin is a rural town located on the Illinois River in Putnam County, Illinois , United States . The population

1548-454: Was an American geologist, U.S. Army soldier, explorer of the American West , professor at Illinois Wesleyan University , and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for his 1869 geographic expedition , a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, including the first official U.S. government-sponsored passage through the Grand Canyon . Powell

1591-510: Was appointed by US President James A. Garfield to serve as the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey (1881–1894) and proposed, for development of the arid West, policies that were prescient for his accurate evaluation of conditions. Two years prior to his service as director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Major Powell had become the first director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution where he supported linguistic and sociological research and publications. Powell

1634-610: Was born in Mount Morris, New York , in 1834, the son of Joseph and Mary Powell. His father, a poor itinerant preacher , had emigrated to the U.S. from Shrewsbury , England , in 1831. His family moved westward to Jackson, Ohio , then to Walworth County, Wisconsin , before settling in rural Boone County, Illinois . As a young man he undertook a series of adventures through the Mississippi River valley. In 1855, he spent four months walking across Wisconsin . During 1856, he rowed

1677-499: Was built on social Darwinist thought; he focused on defining what features distinguished Native Americans as 'barbaric', placing them above 'savagery' but below 'civilized' white Europeans. Indeed, the study of ethnology was a way for scientists to demarcate social categories in order to justify government-sponsored programs that exploited newly appropriated land and its inhabitants. Powell advocated for government funding to be used to 'civilize' Native American populations, pushing for

1720-446: Was buried in Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia . The John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act , signed 12 March 2019, authorizes the establishment of the " John Wesley Powell National Conservation Area ", consisting of approximately 29,868 acres of land in Utah. Green River, Wyoming, the embarkation site of both Powell expeditions, commissioned a statue depicting Powell holding an oar, in front of

1763-533: Was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society . As an ethnologist and early anthropologist , Powell was a follower of Lewis Henry Morgan . He classified human societies into 'savagery', 'barbarism', and 'civilization'. Powell's criteria were based on consideration of adoption of technology, family and social organization, property relations, and intellectual development. In his view, all societies were to progress toward civilization. Powell

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1806-429: Was later acquired by Ling-Temco-Vought , at which time it became known as LTV Steel. Ling-Temco-Vought's bankruptcy led to acquisition of the mill by International Steel Group (ISG). As a result of additional acquisitions followed by a merger, Putnam County's largest employer was absorbed by ArcelorMittal . Long and arduous union lobbying and protests ultimately proved futile and ArcelorMittal ceased production at

1849-457: Was on a lecture tour he decided that a civil war was inevitable; he decided to study military science and engineering to prepare himself for the imminent conflict. Powell's loyalties remained with the Union and the cause of abolishing slavery . On May 8, 1861, he enlisted at Hennepin, Illinois , as a private in the 20th Illinois Infantry. He was elected sergeant-major of the regiment, and when

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