22-449: John Skylitzes , commonly Latinized as Ioannes Scylitzes ( Greek : Ἰωάννης Σκυλίτζης , romanized : Iōánnēs Skylítzēs , Byzantine Greek : [i.oˈa.nis sc̠iˈlit.t͡sis] ; Latin : Ioannes Scyllitzes , Latin : [jɔˈan.ne̝s sk̟ilˈlit̪.d͡ze̝s] ; early 1040s – after 1101), was a Byzantine historian of the late 11th century. Very little is known about his life. The title of his work records him as
44-631: A kouropalatēs and a former droungarios of the Vigla , whereby he is usually identified with a certain John Thrakesios. His major work is the Synopsis of Histories ( Greek : Σύνοψις Ἱστοριῶν [ˈsy̜.nop.sis is.to.riˈon] ), which covers the reigns of the Byzantine emperors from the death of Nikephoros I in 811 to the deposition of Michael VI in 1057; it continues the chronicle of Theophanes
66-482: A Latinized equivalent of the name in question. In some cases this will involve a traditional latinization; for example, the grey penduline tit , Anthoscopus caroli , derives its specific name from the genitive of the traditional Latin form Carolus for the first name of the Swedish explorer Karl Johan Andersson . In most cases, the names are "one-off" Latinized forms produced by adding the genitive endings -ii or -i for
88-674: A chapter "Latin forms of English Surnames". He acknowledged in compiling his list the assistance of an anonymous work The Norman People and their Existing Descendants (London, 1874). In the preface, p. xi, Martin stated of that chapter: "Many of the [place names and] surnames have been found in classes of records which contain documents in both languages referring to the same case, like the Chancery Proceedings, in which bills and answers are in English and writs in Latin." Martin stated that some of
110-524: A man, -ae for a woman, or -orum in plural, to a family name, thereby creating a Latinized form. For example, a name such as Macrochelys temminckii notionally represents a latinization of the family name of Coenraad Jacob Temminck to "Temminckius." Another example, Acisoma attenboroughi , Latinizes the name of Sir David Attenborough as if "Attenboroughus." The Complete Peerage The Complete Peerage (full title: The Complete Peerage of England , Scotland , Ireland , Great Britain , and
132-518: A name in a charter he usually sought for the nearest Latin equivalent, sometimes took a correct one, as "de Bello Campo" for " Beauchamp "; sometimes a grotesque one" . The latter refers to the mediaeval Anglo-Norman family of Orescuilz , which held amongst others the Somersetshire manor of Sandford Orcas (named after it), whose surname was Latinised as de Aureis Testiculis , from French "Couilles d'Or". A list of "Latin forms of English surnames"
154-469: A new and enlarged edition between 1910 and 1959, edited successively by Vicary Gibbs (Cokayne's nephew), H. A. (Herbert Arthur ) Doubleday, Duncan Warrand, Lord Howard de Walden , Geoffrey H. White and R. S. Lea. The revised edition, published by the St Catherine Press Limited, was in twelve volumes, with volume twelve issued in two parts. Volume thirteen was issued in 1940, not as part of
176-535: Is included as an appendix in Andrew Wright's Court Hand Restored, or the Student's Assistant in reading Old Deeds, Charters, Records, etc. , published in 9 editions up to 1879. In 1910 Charles Trice Martin expanded on Wright's list (the 9th edition of which he had edited) in his The Record Interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records which included
198-662: The Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid . It features 574 miniatures, while some 100 have been lost, and is the only surviving Byzantine illuminated chronicle in Greek, providing an invaluable primary source for the visualization of contemporary Byzantium. List of Latinised names The Latinisation of names in the vernacular was a procedure deemed necessary for the sake of conformity by scribes and authors when incorporating references to such persons in Latin texts. The procedure
220-526: The United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant ); first edition by George Edward Cokayne , Clarenceux King of Arms ; 2nd edition revised by Vicary Gibbs et al. ) is a comprehensive work on the titled aristocracy of the British Isles . The Complete Peerage was first published in eight volumes between 1887 and 1898 by George Edward Cokayne (G. E. C.). This version was effectively replaced by
242-563: The Confessor . There is a continuation of this work, known as Scylitzes Continuatus , covering 1057 to 1079; some historians hypothesize that it was also written by Skylitzes. The most famous manuscript of the Synopsis was produced in Sicily in the 12th century known as the Madrid Skylitzes ( Latin : Skyllitzes Matritensis , [sk̟ilˈlit̪.d͡ze̝s ma.t̪riˈt̪ɛn.sis] ), and is now at
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#1733086303984264-517: The German and Dutch speaking regions. Some humanist names derived from common professions as replacements of the vernacular term, and were found throughout Central European university cities. They included: Some humanist surnames that were not clearly based on profession or location included: The Complete Peerage (1913) states concerning the Latinization of English names: "When a clerk had to render
286-410: The Latin names were "due to the ingenuity" of officials and clerks inserting what they thought would be a translation of an English name, being ignorant of its real meaning and history. This led to spurious translations such as Ventus Morbidus (literally "sick wind") for the place name ' Windsor ', and de Umbrosa Quercu (literally "from the shady oak") for the surname ' Dimock '. He went on to say that
308-484: The alphabetical sequence, but as a supplement covering creations and promotions within the peerage between 1900 and 1938. The leading researcher on the project was Ethel Stokes and the five volumes from 1929 to 1949 acknowledge her major contribution. The work has been reprinted in a number of formats, most notably by Alan Sutton Publishers who reduced it in size to six volumes in a photographically reduced format. This contains four page images on each smaller page. It
330-540: The list includes many names collected from Latin inscriptions on brasses, tombstones, and other monuments, many of them dating to the sixteenth century and later, and said that he had supplied the English equivalents of these from other sources of information. One of the most abundant sources of Latinized names is in biological taxonomic nomenclature , particularly binomial nomenclature . Many thousands of species are named after individuals, chiefly but not exclusively scientists. This most often involves, in principle, creating
352-514: The new learning was written down in Latin and drew much on the work of Greek, Arabic and other non-Latin ancient authors. Contemporary Italian and European scholars also needed to be Latinised to be quoted in such treatises. The different eras produced their own styles and peculiarities. Sophistication was the trademark of the Renaissance Latinisers. The Anglo-Norman scribes on the other hand were not so learned, and often simply translated
374-519: The occasional Greek names for the same function are also included here. Especially in the German-speaking regions the use of a “Humanistenname” or “Gelehrtenname” was common for many an academic, cleric, and secular administrative who wished to ascend in societal rank. The other region where the practice became equally common was 1600s Scandinavia and the Swedish Baltic colonies where this practice
396-572: The vernacular name into Latin words based on similar sounds, without much effort to make sense or to avoid absurdity, which produced some strange results due to the complexity. In central European circles of academia and ecclesial writers, a specific practice of Latinisation arose during the 15th century with the rediscovery of ancient literature. Thereby writers would seek connection to the ancient writers by taking up surnames or international pen names. We encounter names that follow naming conventions of those ancient languages, especially Latin and Greek, so
418-501: Was available on CD . A further reprint in six volumes appeared in 2000, together with Volume 14, which is an appendix, correcting the original publication (1910–1938) and briefly updating it to 1995. All volumes edited by George Cokayne. Volumes 1–5 have the title Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant , and volumes 6–13: The complete peerage; or, A history of
440-541: Was called 'lärda namn' or 'humanistnamn'. Further reasons for assuming such internationally recognisable names, especially in Scandinavia, included leaving agrarian conditions behind and embracing an urban and cosmopolitan way of life. Some academics never had a surname nor a patronymic surname as per their region of origin. However, academics came to Central European universities from all corners of Europe, with surnames from rare languages, so clarity in distinguishing students
462-433: Was necessary. Some Latinizations and Grecizations are exact vernacular translations of profession surnames or dwelling names, but others seem to bear no known connection or resemblance. Humanist names reached varying degrees of stability and heritability, and some exist to this day. Recent articles and dissertation by Daniel Kroiß have systematically categorized the origin of Humanist names and their declension patterns in
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#1733086303984484-669: Was used in the era of the Roman Republic and Empire . It was used continuously by the Papacy from the earliest times, in religious tracts and in diplomatic and legal documents. It was used by the early European monasteries . Following the Norman Conquest of England , it was used by the Anglo-Norman clerics and scribes when drawing up charters. Its use was revived in the Renaissance when
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