Misplaced Pages

#584415

36-585: SR 31 begins at an intersection with US 460 in the town of Wakefield in Sussex County . The state highway heads east on Main Street, which continues west of US 460 as SR 628. At the eastern town limit, SR 31 veers north onto Birch Island Road. The state highway becomes Rolfe Highway when it enters Surry County right before the highway crosses the Blackwater River . SR 31 heads northeast through town of Dendron and

72-577: A Nottoway language in the Iroquoian language family . The term Nottoway may derive from Nadawa or Nadowessioux (widely translated as "poisonous snake"), an Algonquian-language term. Frank Siebert suggested that the term natowewa stems from Proto-Algonquian *na:tawe:wa and refers to the Massasauga , a pit viper of the Great Lakes region. The extension of the meaning as "Iroquoian speakers"

108-456: A European-American, requested termination, and in 1824 Virginia passed a law that would gradually terminate its responsibility and allowed remaining Nottoways to request individual allotment of land. Woodson (under the name Bozeman) and Turner applied for their allotment and shares of a fund in 1830. When Turner died in 1838, her estate went to Edwin Turner (Nottoway), whose children owned the last of

144-464: A household in the county was $ 31,007, and the median income for a family was $ 36,739. Males had a median income of $ 29,307 versus $ 22,001 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 14,670. About 12.80% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line , including 24.30% of those under age 18 and 19.20% of those age 65 or over. Two prisons were built in Sussex County in

180-736: Is secondary. In Algonquian languages beyond the geographical range of the viper (i.e. Cree – Innu – Naskapi and Eastern Algonquian ), the term's primary reference continues to focus on *na:t- 'close upon, mover towards, go after, seek out, fetch' and *-awe: 'condition of heat, state of warmth,' but no longer refers to the viper. A potential etymology in Virginia of *na:tawe:wa (Nottoway) refers to *na:t- 'seeker' + -awe: 'fur,' or literally 'traders' The earliest colonial Virginia reference to "Nottoway" also frames Algonquian/Iroquoian exchanges in terms of trade: roanoke (shell beads) for skins (deer and otter). The Algonquian speakers also referred to

216-606: The 1923 renumbering , and the Yorktown spur became State Route 392. The Jamestown-Scotland Ferry began operations February 26, 1925 from the Jamestown end of SR 392 to Scotland across the James River . The road on the Scotland side was added to the state highway system from 1926 to 1931, at first as an extension of State Route 351 , but soon as part of SR 392. In the 1928 renumbering

252-565: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy , and some Nottoway left with them. The Nottoway who remained in Virginia signed a treaty with the British in 1713, that secured two small tracts of land within their historical territory. They sold the smaller of the two tracts in 1734. In 1744, they sold 5,000 acres of their remaining land, followed by sales in 1748 and 1756. By 1772, only 35 Nottoway lived on their land, of which they leased half. At

288-600: The James River to the North Carolina line. The south side of the James River later was organized as Surry County in 1652. Virginia's General Assembly formed Sussex County in 1754 from the southwestern end of Surry County. Sussex County has maintained a predominantly agricultural economy, once based in tobacco and cotton commodity crops, with work primarily done by enslaved African Americans . It has preserved some of its historic heritage for centuries. Important sites include

324-620: The Nottoway Archeological Site , Sussex County Courthouse Historic District and the Waverly Downtown Historic District , and six historic homes, all listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The largest forest fire in Virginia's recorded history occurred on April 5, 1943, destroying more than 12,000 acres in six hours. Fire were usually fought by recruiting workmen from Gray Lumber Company, but

360-862: The Sussex I State Prison and the Sussex II State Prison in unincorporated Sussex County, near Waverly . The Sussex I center housed the male death row. On August 3, 1998, the male death row moved to Sussex I from the Mecklenburg Correctional Center . The country is majority-Black, and has consistently voted for the Democratic Party in presidential elections since 1976. 36°56′N 77°16′W  /  36.93°N 77.26°W  / 36.93; -77.26 Nottoway people The Nottoway (also Nottaway ) are an Iroquoian Native American tribe in Virginia . The Nottoway spoke

396-497: The U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 493 square miles (1,280 km ), of which 490 square miles (1,300 km ) is land and 2.6 square miles (6.7 km ) (0.5%) is water. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 12,087 people living in the county, of which 58.1% were Black or African American , 39.3% White , 0.4% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 1.3% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races . 2.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). As of

SECTION 10

#1732863164585

432-466: The Virginia General Assembly to be allowed to sell almost half of the remaining 3,912 acres of reservation land. The petition stated that there were only 26 Nottoways. By 1821, 30 Nottoways requested termination and for their land to be allotted in fee simple title. The Virginia General Assembly rejected that request and another in 1822. In 1823, Billy Woodson (Nottoway), an educated son of

468-512: The census of 2000, there were 12,504 people, 4,126 households, and 2,809 families living in the county. The population density was 26 people per square mile (10 people/km ). There were 4,653 housing units at an average density of 10 units per square mile (3.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 62.13% Black or African American , 36.39% White , 0.13% Native American , 0.12% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.54% from other races , and 0.67% from two or more races. 0.82% of

504-458: The 1990s. Including the prisons, Sussex County was the fastest growing county in the United States. Excluding the prisons, the county population declined. Sussex County Public Schools operates public schools for the entire county. Blackwater Regional Library is the regional library system that provides services to the citizens of Sussex. The Virginia Department of Corrections operates

540-557: The Fork of the Stream". The Nottoway language is an Iroquoian language . It became extinct well before 1900. At the time of European contact in 1650, speakers numbered only in the hundreds. From then until 1735, a number of colonists learned the language and acted as official interpreters for the Colony of Virginia , including Thomas Blunt, Henry Briggs, and Thomas Wynn. These interpreters also served

576-562: The Jamestown terminal of the ferry at Glass House Point in James City County . The state highway, which heads northeast as Jamestown Road, passes Jamestown Festival Park and has an intersection with SR 359 , a short connector between SR 31 and Colonial Parkway . SR 31 leaves Jamestown and crosses over Powhatan Creek and Lake Powell . The state highway passes through the suburban area surrounding Williamsburg before reaching its northern terminus at SR 199 (Humelsine Parkway) just inside

612-607: The Meherrin and Tuscarora, lived just west of the Fall Line in the Piedmont region. English explorer Edward Bland is believed to have been the first European to encounter them when he made an expedition from Fort Henry . He noted meeting them in his journal on August 27, 1650. At the time, the Nottoway numbered no more than 400 to 500. Bland visited two of their three towns, on Stony Creek and

648-507: The Nottoway language was of the Iroquoian family. Several additional words, for a total of about 275, were collected by James Trezvant after 1831 and published by Albert Gallatin in 1836. In the early 20th century, John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt (1910) and Hoffman (1959) analyzed the Nottoway vocabulary in comparison with Tuscarora , also Iroquoian, and found them closely related. The Nottoway, like their close, fellow Iroquoian neighbors,

684-532: The Nottoway reservation. While other tribal members received individual land allotments through the years, Turner kept his and purchased more land. The last tribally held land was allotted in 1878. Despite an 1833 Virginia law that stated descendants of English and American Indian people were "persons of mixed blood, not being negroes of mulattos"; however, with the end of the reservation, white Virginians considered them to be "free Negroes because of their African ancestry," as Rountree wrote. The tribe depended on

720-600: The Nottoway, Meherrin and Tuscarora people (also of the Iroquoian-language family) as Mangoak or Mangoags , a term which English colonists used in their records from 1584 to 1650. This term, Mengwe or Mingwe , was used by the Dutch and applied to the Iroquoian Susquehannock ("White Minquas ") and Erie people ("Black Minquas "). The name Cheroenhaka is an autonym for Nottoway people. The meaning of

756-640: The Rowantee Branch of the Nottoway River , in what is now Sussex County . These towns were led by the brothers Oyeocker and Chounerounte. A Nottoway representative signed the Treaty of Middle Plantation of 1677 in 1680, establishing the tribe as a tributary to the Virginia colony. English squatters encroached on their lands. By 1681, hostile tribes caused the Nottoway to relocate southward to Assamoosick Swamp in modern Surry County. In 1694 they moved again, to

SECTION 20

#1732863164585

792-602: The adjacent Meherrin , as well as the Nansemond , who spoke Nottoway in addition to their own Algonquian dialect of Powhatan . The last two interpreters were dismissed in 1735 since the Nottoway by then were using English. By 1820, three elderly people still spoke Nottoway. In that year John Wood collected over 250-word samples from one of these, Chief Edith Turner (Nottoway, ca. 1754–1838). He sent them to Thomas Jefferson , who shared them with Peter Stephen Du Ponceau . In their correspondence, these two men quickly confirmed that

828-422: The city limits. Jamestown Road continues northeast as SR 5 beyond SR 199; westbound SR 5 joins SR 199 in a short concurrency west toward Richmond . The first piece of the present SR 31 to exist as a state highway ran from Williamsburg southwest to Jamestown . It was a spur of State Route 9 (roughly current U.S. Route 60 ), and was present in the initial 1918 system. SR 9 was renumbered as State Route 39 in

864-551: The cultivation of staples, such as the three sisters , varieties of maize , squash , and beans . The cultivation and processing of crops were typically done by women, who also selected and preserved varieties of seeds to produce different types of crops. The men hunted game and fished in the rivers. They built multi-family dwellings known as longhouses in communities which they protected by stockade fences known as palisades. The tribe likely had clans, but ethnographer John R. Swanton wrote, "the fact cannot be established." In

900-584: The end of the 19th century, the Weyanock merged completely into the Nottoway, with the surnames Wynoake and Wineoak appearing on public documents. When the tribe sold more land in 1794, the Nottoway consisted of 7 men and 10 women and children. From 1803 to 1809, Southampton County courts heard a protracted land dispute. At the time, as historian Helen C. Rountree wrote, "The Nottoway had no formally organized government. European-American trustees tasked with overseeing tribal issues were charged with drafting bylaws for

936-764: The hamlet of Elberon. The state highway runs concurrently with SR 10 (Colonial Trail) while passing through the town of Surry. North of Surry, SR 31 passes Smith's Fort Plantation before reaching the Scotland terminal of the Jamestown Ferry across the James River. The Jamestown Ferry is the only crossing of the James River between the James River Bridge in Newport News and the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge near Hopewell . SR 31 resumes at

972-461: The mill was closed and most were attending the funeral of Ella Darden Gray, matriarch of one of the county's leading families. Her son Senator Garland Gray helped bring attention to the state's need for more protection for valuable forests. About a decade later, Senator Gray became a leader in the Massive Resistance of whites against desegregating Virginia's public schools. According to

1008-634: The mouth of a swamp in what is now Southampton County . Around this time, they absorbed the remnants of the Weyanoke , an Algonquian-speaking tribe that had formerly been part of the Powhatan confederacy. The Nottoway suffered high fatalities from epidemics of new Eurasian diseases, such as measles and smallpox , to which they had no natural immunity . They contracted the diseases from European contact, as these diseases were by then endemic among Europeans. Tribal warfare and encroaching colonists also reduced

1044-606: The name Cheroenhaka (in Tuscarora : Čiruʼęhá·ka·ʼ ) is uncertain. (It has been spelled in various ways: Cherohakah , Cheroohoka or Tcherohaka .) The linguist Blair A. Rudes analyzed the second element as -hakaʼ meaning "one or people who is/are characterized in a certain way." He conjectured that the first element of the name was related to the Tuscarora term čárhuʼ (meaning "tobacco", as both tribes used this product in ceremonies). The term has also been interpreted as "People at

1080-442: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 4,126 households, out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.00% were married couples living together, 18.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.90% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

1116-513: The population. Remnants of the Nansemond and Weyanock joined the Nottoway in the early 18th century. In 1705, the Nottoway may have numbered 400, based on colonial historian Robert Beverley Jr. 's observations. In 1711, two young Nottoway men attended the College of William and Mary . After the Tuscarora War (1711–1715), Tuscarora people migrated north, where they became the sixth nation in

Virginia State Route 31 - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-458: The route was renumbered State Route 510. Capitol Landing Road from Williamsburg to Magruder was added to the state highway system in 1932 as State Route 542. Later that year, both SR 510 and SR 524 became State Route 31, connected by Francis Street in Williamsburg ( U.S. Route 60 , formerly State Route 39 ). Sussex County, Virginia Sussex County is a rural county located in

1188-544: The southeast of the Commonwealth of Virginia . As of the 2020 census , the population was 10,829. Its county seat is Sussex . It was formed in 1754 from Surry County . The county is named after the county of Sussex , England. Sussex County is included in the Greater Richmond Region . Native Americans may have settled near Cactus Hill along the Nottoway River as long as 10,000 years ago. This area later

1224-407: The tribe. Tribal members married European-American and African-American spouses. In 1808, only 17 Nottoway survived, including Billy Woodson and Edith Turner, who became a chief. They owned 3,900 acres and cultivated 144 acres of corn. Turner, who ran a successful farm on the reservation, successfully advocated for four Nottoway orphans to return to the tribe. In 1818, tribal members petitioned

1260-402: Was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was spread out, with 19.60% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 34.40% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 135.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 142.30 males. The median income for

1296-567: Was organized by English colonists as Sussex County. The historic Nottoway people , although they spoke an Iroquoian language , were loosely part of the Powhatan Confederacy . It was composed mainly of Algonquian -speaking peoples from the coastal zone. When colonists arrived from England in 1607, some traveled along the Nottoway River. But when they established the first counties in the colony, James City County included both sides of

#584415