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76-399: John Horne Tooke (25 June 1736 – 18 March 1812), known as John Horne until 1782 when he added the surname of his friend William Tooke to his own, was an English clergyman, politician and philologist . Associated with radical proponents of parliamentary reform, he stood trial for treason in 1794 . He was the third son of John Horne, of Newport Street, Long Acre , Westminster , a member of

152-514: A character who came to the rescue of Junius when it was clear that the public was misinterpreting his messages. There is weak evidence that he also wrote as Veteran , Nemesis and other anonymous correspondents published in the Public Advertiser . There is a marked distinction between the main Letters of Junius , intended for the erudite public, and his miscellaneous letters. The latter deal with

228-497: A civil action, ultimately decided, after the reversal of a verdict which had been obtained through the charge of Lord Mansfield, in Horne's favour, and in the loss by his opponent of his seat in parliament. An influential association, called The Society for Supporting the Bill of Rights , was founded, mainly through the exertions of Horne and Wilkes, with the support of John Wheble , in 1769, but

304-401: A dangerous rival in that kind of fame to which you have hitherto so happily directed your ambition, as long as there is one man living who thinks you worthy of his confidence, and fit to be trusted with any share in his government.... With any other prince, the shameful desertion of him in the midst of that distress, which you alone had created, in the very crisis of danger, when he fancied he saw

380-408: A high degree of artificial elegance and vigour. He shows the influence of Bolingbroke , of Swift , and above all of Tacitus , who appears to have been his favourite author. The imitation is never slavish. Junius adapts, and does not only repeat. No single sentence will show the quality of a style which produces its effect by persistence and repetition, but a typical passage as follows displays at once

456-573: A letter to him which began the quarrel between them. In the summer of 1767 Horne returned, and in 1768 secured the return of Wilkes to parliament for Middlesex. With inexhaustible energy he promoted the legal proceedings over the riot in St George's Fields when a youth named Allen was killed, and exposed the irregularity in the judge's order for the execution of two Spitalfields weavers. His dispute with George Onslow , MP for Surrey , who at first supported and then threw over Wilkes for place, culminated in

532-419: A long struggle, the right was definitely established. In the same year (1771), Horne argued with Junius , and ended in disarming his masked antagonist. Horne resigned his benefice in 1773 and began the study of the law and philology . An accident, however, occurred at this moment which largely affected his future. His friend William Tooke had purchased a considerable estate, including Purley Lodge, south of

608-457: A maternity hospital. The Junius passage is one of 32 parodies of English prose style that make up the episode, in which Joyce charts the development of literary style through history alongside a complex reflection on fecundity and human reproduction. Robert Goddard 's 2005 suspense novel Sight Unseen is set in the present day; however, the identity of Junius is a major theme in the novel. The Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail has carried

684-497: A nit-picking classicist" and only the "technical research into languages and families". In The Space Trilogy by C. S. Lewis , the main character, Elwin Ransom, is a philologist – as was Lewis' close friend J. R. R. Tolkien . Dr. Edward Morbius, one of the main characters in the science fiction film Forbidden Planet , is a philologist. Philip, the main character of Christopher Hampton 's 'bourgeois comedy' The Philanthropist ,

760-585: A number of prominent figures associated with the London Corresponding Society , its opposition to the war with France and call for democratic reform, among them Thomas Hardy , Thomas Spence , Thomas Holcroft , and John Thelwall . For the government of William Pitt their trials in November for treason proved an acute embarrassment. Juries were not ready to accept mere expression of political opinion as evidence of plots against King and Parliament. When

836-513: A prominent Whig not the slightest notice was taken by Fox of the presence of Horne Tooke. It was after the election of Westminster in 1788 that Horne Tooke depicted the rival statesmen ( Lord Chatham and Lord Holland , William Pitt and Charles James Fox ) in his celebrated pamphlet Two Pair of Portraits . At the general election of 1790 , Horne Tooke stood as a candidate for the Westminster constituency, in opposition to Fox and Lord Hood , but

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912-473: A reconstructed text accompanied by a " critical apparatus ", i.e., footnotes that listed the various manuscript variants available, enabling scholars to gain insight into the entire manuscript tradition and argue about the variants. A related study method known as higher criticism studies the authorship, date, and provenance of text to place such text in a historical context. As these philological issues are often inseparable from issues of interpretation, there

988-676: A resentment of perceived Scottish political and Court influence. As with Wilkes's satirically named publication The North Briton , Junius resented the King's identity as a Briton, not an Englishman, claiming "believe me, Sir, you were persuaded to pay a very ill-judged compliment to one part of your subjects at the expense of another" and asserting that the Scots "have no claim to your favour". Junius' private correspondence has been preserved, written in his usual disguised handwriting. He communicated with Pitt, with George Grenville , with Wilkes (all opponents of

1064-522: A script used in the ancient Aegean, was deciphered in 1952 by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick , who demonstrated that it recorded an early form of Greek, now known as Mycenaean Greek . Linear A , the writing system that records the still-unknown language of the Minoans , resists deciphering, despite many attempts. Work continues on scripts such as the Maya , with great progress since the initial breakthroughs of

1140-558: A second title of his elaborate philological treatise of Epea Pteroenta — the Greek phrase ἔπεα πτερόεντα ("winged words") comes from Homer — the more popular though misleading title of The Diversions of Purley . The treatise at once attracted attention in England and the Continent. The first part was published in 1786, the second in 1805. The best edition is that which was published in 1829, under

1216-508: A selection of the miscellaneous letters attributed to Junius, facsimiles of his handwriting, and notes by John Mason Good . Curiosity as to the mystery of the authorship began to replace political and literary interest in the writings. Junius himself had been early aware of the advantage he secured by concealment. "The mystery of Junius increases his importance" is his confession in a letter to Wilkes dated 18 September 1771. Woodfall felt assured that when kings and ministers are forgotten, when

1292-525: A tour in France, acting as a 'bear-leader' (travelling tutor) to a wealthy man. The excitement created by the actions of John Wilkes led Horne into politics, and in 1765 he brought out a scathing pamphlet on Bute and Mansfield , entitled "The Petition of an Englishman". In the autumn of 1765 he escorted another rich young man to Italy . In Paris he met Wilkes, and from Montpellier , in January 1766, addressed

1368-565: A variety of subjects, some of a purely personal nature, such as the alleged injustice of the Viscount Barrington , the secretary at war, to the officials of his department. The Letters of Junius had a definite objective: Foremost in his sights was the ministry of Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton , a fellow Whig whom Junius viewed as particularly corrupt. Grafton's administration had been formed in October 1768, when William Pitt

1444-569: Is a professor of philology in an English university town . Moritz-Maria von Igelfeld , the main character in Alexander McCall Smith 's 1997 comic novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs is a philologist, educated at Cambridge. The main character in the Academy Award Nominee for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012, Footnote , is a Hebrew philologist, and a significant part of the film deals with his work. The main character of

1520-519: Is derived from the Greek φιλολογία ( philología ), from the terms φίλος ( phílos ) 'love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend' and λόγος ( lógos ) 'word, articulation, reason', describing a love of learning, of literature, as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting the range of activities included under the notion of λόγος . The term changed little with the Latin philologia , and later entered

1596-516: Is no clear-cut boundary between philology and hermeneutics . When text has a significant political or religious influence (such as the reconstruction of Biblical texts), scholars have difficulty reaching objective conclusions. Some scholars avoid all critical methods of textual philology, especially in historical linguistics, where it is important to study the actual recorded materials. The movement known as new philology has rejected textual criticism because it injects editorial interpretations into

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1672-417: Is treated amongst other scholars, as noted by both the philologists R.D Fulk and Leonard Neidorf who have been quoted saying "This field "philology's commitment to falsification renders it "at odds with what many literary scholars believe because the purpose of philology is to narrow the range of possible interpretations rather than to treat all reasonable ones as equal". This use of falsification can be seen in

1748-482: The Church of England , and he was ordained deacon on 23 September 1759 and priest on 23 November 1760. For a few months he was usher (assistant teacher) at a boarding school at Blackheath . On 26 September 1760 he became perpetual curate of New Brentford , the incumbency of which his father had purchased for him. Horne Tooke retained this poor living until 1773. During part of this time (1763–1764) he travelled on

1824-457: The Duke of Grafton ), and also with Henry Sampson Woodfall , printer and part owner of the Public Advertiser . The letters are of interest on three grounds: The matter of his letters is considered by some to be invective, though close inspection of his writings reveals a principled man ahead of his time, exposing blatant corruption by the only means available (anonymity) in a country struggling with

1900-633: The House of Commons , and Horne Tooke sat for only that parliament. The last years of Horne Tooke's life, from 1792 until his death in 1812, were spent in retirement, at Chester House on the west side of Wimbledon Common . The traditions of Horne Tooke's Sunday parties lasted unimpaired up to this point, and the most pleasant pages penned by his biographer describe the politicians and the men of letters who gathered around his hospitable board. Horne Tooke's conversational powers rivalled those of Samuel Johnson ; and, if more of his sayings have not been chronicled for

1976-918: The Junius Pamphlet in Switzerland in April 1916, and it was secretly distributed in Germany. The text, also known as The crisis in German Social Democracy , had been started in prison in February 1915. It was adopted as the founding policy statement of the International Group, better known as the Spartacus League , which became one element of the Communist Party of Germany in January 1919. The pseudonym

2052-646: The Library of Pergamum and the Library of Alexandria around the fourth century BC, continued by Greeks and Romans throughout the Roman and Byzantine Empire . It was eventually resumed by European scholars of the Renaissance , where it was soon joined by philologies of other European ( Romance , Germanic , Celtic ), Eurasian ( Slavic , etc.), Asian ( Arabic , Persian , Sanskrit , Chinese , etc.), and African ( Egyptian , Nubian , etc.) languages. Indo-European studies involve

2128-607: The Worshipful Company of Poulters . As a youth at Eton College , he had claimed "that his father was an eminent Turkey merchant " implying that, rather than a dealer in poultry, he traded with the Eastern Mediterranean. Before Eton, he had been at school in Soho Square , in a Kentish village, and from 1744 to 1746 at Westminster School . He was blinded in his right eye during a schoolboy fight. On 12 January 1754 he

2204-467: The second Lord Camelford , he was returned to parliament at a by-election on 14 February 1801 for the pocket borough of Old Sarum . When he took his seat two days later an observer described him as "very old" (he was then aged 64) and "lame", "walking about the House from bench to bench ... followed by Sir Francis Burdett ", his sponsor and a former pupil. Lord Temple endeavoured to secure his exclusion on

2280-498: The Elder was compelled by ill health to retire from office, and was a reconstruction of his cabinet of July 1766. Junius fought for the return to power of Pitt, who had recovered and was not on good terms with his successors. Amongst the letters' promotion of Whig causes (e.g. sympathy with the American colonists and with John Wilkes ) is the recurrent Whig hostility towards Scots and

2356-872: The English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie , in the sense of 'love of literature'. The adjective φιλόλογος ( philólogos ) meant 'fond of discussion or argument, talkative', in Hellenistic Greek , also implying an excessive (" sophistic ") preference of argument over the love of true wisdom, φιλόσοφος ( philósophos ). As an allegory of literary erudition, philologia appears in fifth-century postclassical literature ( Martianus Capella , De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii ), an idea revived in Late Medieval literature ( Chaucer , Lydgate ). The meaning of "love of learning and literature"

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2432-564: The Roman monarchy . Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Roman poet Juvenal , who was thought also to have had the nomen Junius. Some say that the author of the Junius letters had previously written under numerous other pseudonyms, and that he continued to do so, under different pseudonyms, after the 36-month period (January 1769 – January 1772) in which the Junius letters were published. He may, for example, have written as Philo-Junius ,

2508-611: The advertisement soliciting subscriptions for the relief of the relatives of the Americans "murdered by the king's troops at Lexington and Concord ," he was tried at the Guildhall on 4 July 1777, before Lord Mansfield, found guilty, and committed to the King's Bench Prison in St George's Fields, from which he only emerged after a year's durance, and after a loss in fines and costs amounting to £1,200. Soon after his release he applied to be called to

2584-579: The ancient languages of the Near East progressed rapidly. In the mid-19th century, Henry Rawlinson and others deciphered the Behistun Inscription , which records the same text in Old Persian , Elamite , and Akkadian , using a variation of cuneiform for each language. The elucidation of cuneiform led to the decipherment of Sumerian . Hittite was deciphered in 1915 by Bedřich Hrozný . Linear B ,

2660-568: The bar , but his application was rejected on the grounds that his orders in the Church were indelible. Horne thereupon tried his fortune, but without success, on farming some land in Huntingdonshire . Two tracts about this time exercised great influence in the country. One of them, Fads Addressed to Landholders, etc. (1780), written by Horne in conjunction with others, criticizing the measures of Lord North 's ministry, passed through numerous editions;

2736-484: The benefit of posterity, the defect is due to the absence of a James Boswell . Through the liberality of Horne Tooke's friends, his last days were freed from the pressure of poverty, and he was enabled to place his illegitimate son in a position which soon brought him wealth, and to leave a competency to his two illegitimate daughters. Illness seized Horne Tooke early in 1810, and for the next two years his sufferings were acute. He died in his house at Wimbledon, London , and

2812-451: The case, and though he himself was placed for a time in the custody of the serjeant-at-arms , the clauses which were injurious to the interest of Tooke were eliminated from the bill. Tooke declared his intention of making Horne the heir to his fortune, and during his lifetime he bestowed upon him large gifts of money. No sooner had this matter been happily settled than Horne found himself involved in serious trouble. For his conduct in signing

2888-486: The collection titled Junius: Stat nominis umbra , with a dedication to the English people and a preface. Other independent editions followed in quick succession. In 1801 one was published with annotations by Robert Heron . In 1806 another appeared with notes by John Almon . The first new edition of real importance was issued by the Woodfall family in 1812. It contained the correspondence of Junius with Henry Sampson Woodfall ,

2964-485: The comparative philology of all Indo-European languages . Philology, with its focus on historical development ( diachronic analysis), is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussure 's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis . While the contrast continued with the emergence of structuralism and the emphasis of Noam Chomsky on syntax , research in historical linguistics often relies on philological materials and findings. The term philology

3040-559: The country. Contrary to some opinions, the practical effect of the letters was highly significant—they made Grafton unpopular enough to end his ministry in January 1770. Junius could only have been disappointed by Grafton's replacement, Lord North . Junius confessed himself beaten in his private letter to Woodfall of 19 January 1773 for not having achieved his goals. Despite this, Junius' letters were noticed and talked about for generations afterwards and spread throughout Europe in many languages. His concepts on democratic elections, freedom of

3116-477: The debate surrounding the etymology of the Old English character Unferth from the heroic epic poem Beowulf . James Turner further disagrees with how the use of the term is dismissed in the academic world, stating that due to its branding as a "simpleminded approach to their subject" the term has become unknown to college-educated students, furthering the stereotypes of "scrutiny of ancient Greek or Roman texts of

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3192-422: The editorship of Richard Taylor , with the additions written in the author's interleaved copy. Between 1782 and 1790 Horne Tooke gave his support to Pitt, and in the election for Westminster , in 1784 , threw all his energies into opposition to Fox. With Fox he was never on terms of friendship, and Samuel Rogers , in his Table Talk , asserts that their antipathy was so pronounced that at a dinner party given by

3268-465: The evidence running to four printed volumes failed to impress in the case of Hardy, the courts were unable to take seriously the charges against his associates. Horne Tooke jeered at the Attorney-General and clowned in the dock. His jury took only eight minutes to settle on acquittal. Horne Tooke's public life after this event was only distinguished by one act of importance. Through the influence of

3344-520: The famous decipherment and translation of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion in 1822, some individuals attempted to decipher the writing systems of the Ancient Near East and Aegean . In the case of Old Persian and Mycenaean Greek , decipherment yielded older records of languages already known from slightly more recent traditions ( Middle Persian and Alphabetic Greek ). Work on

3420-493: The force and direction of personal satire is no longer understood, and when measures are only felt in their remotest consequences; this book will, I believe, be found to contain principles worthy to be transmitted to posterity. The identity of Junius is open to question and debate, and may never be finally resolved unless documents are found which establish his identity. Some scholars support the identification of Philip Francis . William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne claimed to know

3496-422: The ground that he had taken orders in the Church of England, and one of James Gillray 's caricatures delineates the two politicians, Temple and Camelford, playing at battledore and shuttlecock, with Horne Tooke as the shuttlecock. The ministry of Addington would not support this suggestion, but a bill was at once introduced by them and carried into law, which rendered all persons in holy orders ineligible to sit in

3572-447: The hand which rewards them; and though I am not so partial to the royal judgment as to affirm that the favour of a king can remove mountains of infamy, it serves to lessen at least, for undoubtedly it divides, the burden. While I remember how much is due to his sacred character, I cannot, with any decent appearance of propriety, call you the meanest and the basest fellow in the kingdom. I protest, my Lord, I do not think you so. You will have

3648-497: The idea of freedom of speech. He began with a general attack on the ministry for their personal immorality . An ill-judged defence of John Manners, Marquess of Granby , the popular Commander-in-Chief of the Forces , by Sir William Draper gave Junius an easy victory over a vulnerable opponent with weak arguments. It was in this short tussle that Junius' style and wit first developed a reputation and public audience. Junius then realised

3724-546: The identity of Junius a fortnight before his death on 7 May 1805, but died without revealing what he thought he knew. Samuel Saenger , political editor of the Fischer publishing house's journal Neue Rundschau from 1908 to 1934, signed several of his articles as 'Junius'. Most of these were political chronicles that presented a critical left-liberal perspective on German politics. Many of these texts were titled 'Aus Junius' Tagebuch' – 'From Junius' Diary'. Rosa Luxemburg published

3800-401: The members were soon divided into two opposite camps, and in 1771 Horne and Wilkes, their respective leaders, broke out into open dispute. On 1 July 1771 Horne obtained at Cambridge his degree of M.A. , though not without some opposition from members of both the political parties. Earlier in that year he claimed for the public the right of printing an account of parliamentary debates, and after

3876-421: The method and the spirit. It is taken from Letter XLIX to the Duke of Grafton , 22 June 1771: "The profound respect I bear to the gracious prince who governs this country with no less honour to himself than satisfaction to his subjects, and who restores you to your rank under his standard, will save you from a multitude of reproaches. The attention I should have paid to your failings is involuntarily attracted to

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3952-507: The original principles of textual criticism have been improved and applied to other widely distributed texts such as the Bible . Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants. This method was applied to classical studies and medieval texts as a way to reconstruct the author's original work. The method produced so-called "critical editions", which provided

4028-517: The origins of older texts. Philology also includes the study of texts and their history. It includes elements of textual criticism , trying to reconstruct an author's original text based on variant copies of manuscripts. This branch of research arose among ancient scholars in the Greek-speaking world of the 4th century BC, who desired to establish a standard text of popular authors for both sound interpretation and secure transmission. Since that time,

4104-494: The other, A Letter on Parliamentary Reform (1782), addressed by him to Dunning, set out a scheme of reform, which he afterwards withdrew in favour of that advocated by William Pitt the Younger . On his return from Huntingdonshire he became once more a frequent guest at Tooke's house at Purley , and in 1782 assumed the name of Horne Tooke. In 1786 Horne Tooke conferred perpetual fame upon his benefactor's country house by adopting, as

4180-601: The phonetic approach championed by Yuri Knorozov and others in the 1950s. Since the late 20th century, the Maya code has been almost completely deciphered, and the Mayan languages are among the most documented and studied in Mesoamerica . The code is described as a logosyllabic style of writing. In English-speaking countries, usage of the term "philology" to describe work on languages and works of literature, which had become synonymous with

4256-525: The potential he had to influence public opinion. Confidently, Junius then went on to expose the problems at their cause—the ministries of Grafton , Lord North (Grafton's cousin) and the Duke of Bedford . The core of Junius' arguments were the arbitrary appointments made by Grafton, presumably to stay in favour with the Duke of Bedford and his party (also known as the Bedfordites or Bloomsbury Gang ). Most notable

4332-626: The practices of German scholars, was abandoned as a consequence of anti-German feelings following World War I . Most continental European countries still maintain the term to designate departments, colleges, position titles, and journals. J. R. R. Tolkien opposed the nationalist reaction against philological practices, claiming that "the philological instinct" was "universal as is the use of language". In British English usage, and British academia, philology remains largely synonymous with "historical linguistics", while in US English , and US academia,

4408-416: The press, legal history and the constitutional rights of individuals are now common-place. Few in history have influenced so many and sparked an interest in such real concepts of liberty. Latin literature (such as the satires of Juvenal , and the speeches of Cicero against Verres and Catiline ) was not only studied but imitated at that time, and supplied the inspiration for numerous writings. If Junius

4484-529: The public. The sacrifice of Lord Chatham was not lost on him. Even the cowardice and perfidy of deserting him may have done you no disservice in his esteem. The instance was painful, but the principle might please." The pre-established harmony between Junius and his readers accounts for the rapidity of his success, and for the importance attributed to him by Burke and Johnson . Before 1772 there appeared at least twelve unauthorized republications of his letters, made by speculative printers. In that year he revised

4560-449: The relationship between languages. Similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first noted in the early 16th century and led to speculation of a common ancestor language from which all these descended. It is now named Proto-Indo-European . Philology's interest in ancient languages led to the study of what was, in the 18th century, "exotic" languages, for the light they could cast on problems in understanding and deciphering

4636-503: The results of human mental processes. This science compares the results of textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology and artificial intelligence production systems. In the case of Bronze Age literature , philology includes the prior decipherment of the language under study. This has notably been the case with the Egyptian , Sumerian , Assyrian , Hittite , Ugaritic , and Luwian languages. Beginning with

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4712-400: The same writer, in a letter written on 21 November 1768. These works, along with numerous other personal letters, were included in his Letters of Junius collection that was published in 1772. The name may have been chosen because the same author had already signed Lucius and Brutus , and wished to exhaust the name of Lucius Junius Brutus , the Roman patriot who led the overthrow of

4788-487: The science fiction TV show Stargate SG-1 , Dr. Daniel Jackson , is mentioned as having a PhD in philology. Junius (writer) Junius was the pseudonym of an anonymous British writer who contributed a series of letters to the Public Advertiser , a London -based political newspaper run by Henry Sampson Woodfall , from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772. The signature had been already used, apparently by

4864-404: The text and destroys the integrity of the individual manuscript, hence damaging the reliability of the data. Supporters of new philology insist on a strict "diplomatic" approach: a faithful rendering of the text exactly as found in the manuscript, without emendations. Another branch of philology, cognitive philology, studies written and oral texts. Cognitive philology considers these oral texts as

4940-424: The throne already surrounded by men of virtue and abilities, would have outweighed the memory of your former services. But his majesty is full of justice, and understands the doctrine of compensations; he remembers with gratitude how soon you had accommodated your morals to the necessities of his service, how cheerfully you had abandoned the engagements of private friendship, and renounced the most solemn professions to

5016-518: The town of Croydon in Surrey. The possession of this property brought about frequent disputes with an adjoining landowner, Thomas de Grey, and, after many actions in the courts, de Grey's friends endeavoured to obtain, by a bill forced through the houses of parliament, the privileges which the law had not assigned to him (February 1774). Horne, thereupon, by a bold libel on the Speaker, drew public attention to

5092-401: The wider meaning of "study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition" remains more widespread. Based on the harsh critique of Friedrich Nietzsche, some US scholars since the 1980s have viewed philology as responsible for a narrowly scientistic study of language and literature. Disagreements in the modern day of this branch of study are followed with the likes of how the method

5168-451: Was Col. Henry Lawes Luttrell (later 2nd Earl Carhampton), whom Grafton appointed MP for Middlesex (instead of the duly elected Wilkes), and Richard Rigby , whom Grafton made Paymaster of the Forces . Junius ended with an assault on Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , who Junius argued had set dangerous legal precedents regarding press freedom and political libel from the Wilkes affair. Junius

5244-481: Was admitted as sizar at St John's College, Cambridge , and took his degree of B.A. in 1758, as last but one of the senior optimes , Richard Beadon , his lifelong friend, afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells , being a Wrangler in the same year. Horne had been admitted on 9 November 1756, as student at the Inner Temple , becoming friends with John Dunning and Lloyd Kenyon . His father wished him to take orders in

5320-592: Was buried with his mother at Ealing ; the tomb which he had prepared in the garden attached to his house at Wimbledon was found unsuitable for the interment. An altar-tomb still stands to his memory in Ealing churchyard. A catalogue of his library was printed in 1813. Many of Horne Tooke's sayings are preserved in the table talk of Samuel Rogers and of Samuel Taylor Coleridge ; the main facts of his life were set out by Thorold Rogers , in his Historical Gleanings , 2nd series. The Life of Horne Tooke , by Alexander Stephens,

5396-542: Was defeated. At a second attempt in 1796 , he was again at the bottom of the poll. In the meantime, the excesses of the French republicans had provoked reaction in England, and the Tory ministry adopted a policy of repression. Early on the morning of 16 May 1794 Horne Tooke was detained and conveyed to the Tower of London . His was one of a series of arrests that placed him in the company of

5472-425: Was doing what others did, he did it better than anybody else, a fact which sufficiently explains his rapid popularity. His superiority lay in his style. Here also he was by no means original, and he was uneven. There are passages in his writings which can be best described in the words which Burke applied to another writer: "A mere mixture of vinegar and water, at once vapid and sour". But at his best Junius attains to

5548-461: Was highly disappointed not to have influenced King George III in his 19 December 1769 letter. He tried to encourage the King to overcome his resentments towards the petty Wilkes and also to relinquish his trust in corrupt officials. Junius was not a radical anti-royal Whig, as many texts suggest, though he did trouble himself with explaining to the public the real constitutional role of the royal prerogative , and (if engaged correctly) how it benefited

5624-413: Was narrowed to "the study of the historical development of languages" ( historical linguistics ) in 19th-century usage of the term. Due to the rapid progress made in understanding sound laws and language change , the "golden age of philology" lasted throughout the 19th century, or "from Giacomo Leopardi and Friedrich Schlegel to Nietzsche ". The comparative linguistics branch of philology studies

5700-445: Was used as well by the great Italian economist Luigi Einaudi , who expressed his liberal beliefs in two series of letters signed 'Junius': the former published in 1920, the latter in 1944, while he was living as a refugee in Switzerland. Irish novelist James Joyce satirised the style of Junius in the 14th episode of his 1922 novel Ulysses , known as "Oxen of the Sun", which takes place in

5776-660: Was written by an admirer who only knew Horne Tooke as an old man. William Hamilton Reid made a compilation, noticed in the Quarterly Review , June 1812, by John William Ward . He is the subject of Coleridge's poem "Addressed to J. Horne Tooke and the Company Who Met on June 28, 1796 to Celebrate His Poll at the Westminster Election". Attribution: Philology Classical philology studies classical languages . Classical philology principally originated from

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