42-760: Lt. General John Joseph Cusick (born March 11, 1942) is a retired lieutenant general of the United States Army . Cusick served as the 42nd Quartermaster General of the United States Army from July 1991 until August 1993. Cusick began his military career in May 1964, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant from the Army ROTC at the University of Scranton . He received a bachelor's degree in American history from
84-516: A role d'equipage listing the nationalities of each crewmen. Since American ships rarely carried such documents, France had effectively initiated a commerce war. Diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict ended in the 1797 dispute known as the XYZ Affair . However, the hostilities created support for establishing a limited naval force, and on 18 June, President John Adams appointed Benjamin Stoddert
126-616: A convoy of American merchant ships escorted by USS Experiment fought off an attack by French-allied Haitian privateers near Hispaniola . On 1 February, Constellation severely damaged the French frigate La Vengeance off the coast of Saint Kitts . Silas Talbot led a naval expedition against Puerto Plata in early May, capturing the coastal fort and a French corvette. When French troops occupied Curaçao in July, USS Patapsco and USS Merrimack bombarded French positions on
168-413: A general vacates their three or four-star rank at the termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur , who served as a four-star general and Army Chief of Staff, reverted to two stars after his CoS tour ended but chose to stay on active duty in the United States Army. The practice of using lieutenant general and general grades as a temporary rank continues, with
210-451: A local level. The two navies shared a signal system, and allowed their merchantmen to join each other's convoys, most of which were provided by the British, who had four to five times more escorts available. This freed the U.S. Navy to concentrate on French privateers, most of which had very shallow draft and were armed with a maximum of twenty guns. Operating from French and Spanish bases in
252-513: A more conciliatory diplomatic stance by the new French government, had significantly reduced privateer activity. The Convention of 1800 , signed on 30 September, ended the Quasi-War. It affirmed the rights of Americans as neutrals upon the sea and abrogated the 1778 French alliance, but failed to provide compensation for the alleged $ 20 million in American economic losses. While the agreement ensured
294-552: A small flotilla belonging to the United States Revenue Cutter Service and a few neglected coastal forts. This allowed French privateers to roam virtually unchecked; from October 1796 to June 1797, they captured 316 ships, 6% of the entire American merchant fleet, causing losses of $ 12 to $ 15 million. On 2 March 1797, the French Directory issued a decree permitting the seizure of any neutral shipping without
336-462: A three-star rank is a game of musical chairs; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, they have 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or higher importance or involuntarily retire. Historically, officers leaving three-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing
378-413: Is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. Lieutenant generals are nominated for appointment by the president from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above, who also meet the requirements for
420-698: The Air Force Reserve Command . Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as high-level staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon , often as the heads of their departments. In 2014 five women were serving as lieutenant generals in the US Army. After the close of the Second World War, generals were normally promoted permanently to brigadier general and major general, with temporary promotions to lieutenant general and general to fill senior positions as needed. In theory,
462-638: The American Revolutionary War , and in 1794 signed the Jay Treaty with Great Britain . Then engaged in the 1792 to 1797 War of the First Coalition , France retaliated by seizing U.S. ships trading with Great Britain. When diplomacy failed to resolve these issues, in October 1796 French privateers began attacking all merchant ships in U.S. waters, regardless of nationality. Spending cuts following
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#1733093983244504-593: The USS ; Boston captured over 80 enemy vessels, including the French corvette Berceau . With most of the French fleet confined to Europe by the Royal Navy , Secretary Stoddert was able to focus resources on eliminating the few vessels that evaded the blockade and reached the Caribbean. The U.S. also needed convoy protection, and while there was no formal agreement with the British, considerable co-operation took place at
546-668: The United States had agreed to protect the French West Indies in return for French support in the American Revolutionary War . As the treaty had no termination date, France claimed this obligation included defending them against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the 1792 to 1797 War of the First Coalition . Despite popular enthusiasm for the French Revolution , especially among anti-British Jeffersonians , there
588-557: The West Indies and captured ten prizes. Preble turned command of Pickering over to Benjamin Hillar, who captured the much larger and more heavily armed French privateer l ' Egypte Conquise after a nine-hour battle. In September 1800, the Pickering and her entire crew were lost at sea in a storm. Preble next commanded the frigate USS Essex , which he sailed around Cape Horn into
630-475: The deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency . The president may also add three-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. All statutory limits may be waived at the president 's discretion during time of war or national emergency. The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, so the rank
672-639: The Air Force and Space Force. The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of generals that may be concurrently active to 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, and 198 for the Air Force. For the Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the service's active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including
714-519: The American Revolution, it led to a rapid expansion of trade between the two countries. Between 1794 and 1801, American exports to Britain nearly tripled in value, from US$ 33 million to $ 94 million. As a result, in late 1796, French privateers began seizing American ships trading with the British. An effective response was hampered by the almost complete lack of a United States Navy , whose last warship had been sold in 1785, leaving only
756-502: The Army and discontinued. An Army or Marine Corps lieutenant general typically commands a corps -sized unit (20,000 to 45,000 soldiers for an Army Corps and a similar number of Marines for a Marine Expeditionary Force), while an Air Force lieutenant general commands a large Numbered Air Force consisting of several wings or a smaller USAF Major Command (MAJCOM) such as the Air Force Special Operations Command or
798-413: The Caribbean ...they entered a European theater where the war had been underway since 1793...British ships chased and fought the same French cruisers and privateers. Both navies escorted each other's merchantmen. American warships operated from British bases. And most importantly, British policies and shifts in deployment had dramatic effects on American operations. From the perspective of the U.S. Navy,
840-566: The Caribbean, particularly Guadeloupe , they made opportunistic attacks on passing ships, before escaping back into port. To counter those tactics, the U.S. used similarly-sized vessels from the Revenue Cutter Service, as well as commissioning their own privateers. The first American ship to see action was the USS Ganges , a converted East Indiaman with 26 guns, but most were far smaller. The revenue cutter USS Pickering , commanded by Edward Preble , made two cruises to
882-630: The East. On February 28, 1855, President Franklin Pierce nominated Winfield Scott to be breveted lieutenant general, effective March 29, 1847, as an honor for his capture Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa , during the Mexican–American War . The grade was re-established by a vote in House of Representatives on 1 February 1864, with 96 for and 41 against. On June 1, 1888, the rank was merged with General of
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#1733093983244924-863: The French First Republic by the Consulate in November 1799 led to the Convention of 1800 , which ended the war. The right of Congress to authorize military action without a formal declaration of war was later confirmed by the Supreme Court . This ruling formed the basis of many similar actions since, including U.S. participation in the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War . Under the Treaty of Alliance (1778) ,
966-520: The French had seized over 2,000 American merchant ships by the time the war ended. It has been suggested that since the war was primarily driven by domestic political considerations, neither side was able to identify what a successful resolution entailed. This was enhanced by the tendency of individual commanders to pursue their own objectives, and on the American side, focusing on ship to ship actions rather than overall strategy. In any event, by late 1800 U.S. and British naval operations, combined with
1008-571: The Pacific to protect U.S. merchantmen in the East Indies . He recaptured several U.S. ships that had been seized by French privateers. The first significant study of the war was written by U.S. naval historian Gardner W. Allen in 1909, and focused exclusively on ship-to-ship actions. This is how the conflict is generally remembered in the U.S., but historian Michael Palmer argues American naval operations cannot be assessed in isolation. When operating in
1050-557: The President and the Department of Defense creating temporary or indefinite three- and four-star assignments, with a fixed term of office, with the approval of the Senate. Even with the temporary status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade. Listed in order of receiving
1092-458: The Quasi-War consisted of a series of ship-to-ship actions in U.S. coastal waters and the Caribbean; one of the first was the Capture of La Croyable on 7 July 1798 by Delaware outside Egg Harbor, New Jersey . On 20 November, a pair of French frigates , Insurgente and Volontaire , captured the schooner USS Retaliation , commanded by Lieutenant William Bainbridge ; Retaliation
1134-620: The Secretary of Defense, the president, or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by an act of Congress but this is extremely rare. Other than voluntary retirement, the statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all general officers must retire
1176-561: The Treaty of Alliance applied only to a "defensive conflict" and thus did not apply, since France had declared war on Britain and the Dutch Republic. To ensure the U.S. did not become involved, Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1794 , while President George Washington issued an executive order forbidding American merchant ships from arming themselves. France accepted these acts on
1218-422: The U.S. to conduct undeclared wars , or " police actions ". Since ships of the line were expensive to build and required highly specialised construction facilities, in 1794 Congress compromised by ordering six large frigates . By 1798, the first three were nearly complete and on 16 July 1798, additional funding was approved for the USS Congress , USS Chesapeake , and USS President , plus
1260-462: The United States Army , Marine Corps , Air Force , and Space Force . A lieutenant general ranks above a major general and below a general . The pay grade of lieutenant general is O-9. It is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks . It is abbreviated as LTG in the Army, LtGen in the Marine Corps, and Lt Gen in
1302-570: The University of Scranton. He also obtained a master's degree in American history from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and a master's in management from Webster University in Missouri . He retired honorably from the U.S. Army on May 31, 1998. Lieutenant General (United States) In the United States Armed Forces , a lieutenant general is a three-star general officer in
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1344-425: The basis of "benevolent neutrality". They interpreted this as allowing French privateers to enter U.S. ports, and to sell captured British ships in American prize courts , but not vice versa. However, the U.S. viewed it as the right to provide the same privileges to both. These differences were further exacerbated in November 1794 when the U.S. and Britain signed the Jay Treaty . By resolving outstanding issues from
1386-542: The end of the American Revolutionary War left the U.S. unable to mount an effective response, and within a year over 316 American ships had been captured. In March 1798, Congress reconstituted the United States Navy , and in July authorized the use of force against France. By 1799, losses had been significantly reduced through informal cooperation with the Royal Navy , whereby merchant ships from both nations were allowed to join each other's convoys. The replacement of
1428-512: The first Secretary of the Navy . On 7 July 1798, Congress approved the use of force against French warships in American waters, but wanted to ensure conflict did not escalate beyond these limits. As a result, it was called a "limited" or "Quasi-War", and led to political debate over whether it was constitutional. A series of rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States confirmed the ability of
1470-565: The frigates USS General Greene and USS Adams . The provision of naval stores and equipment by the British allowed these to be built relatively quickly, and all saw action during the war. These vessels were enhanced by so-called "subscription ships", privately funded vessels provided by individual cities. They included five frigates, among them the USS Philadelphia , commanded by Stephen Decatur , and four merchantmen converted into sloops . Primarily intended to attack foreign shipping, they earned huge profits for their owners;
1512-527: The island and landed marines to support the local Dutch troops before the French withdrew. On 12 October, the frigate Boston captured the corvette Le Berceau . On 25 October, USS Enterprise defeated the French brig Flambeau near Dominica . Enterprise also captured eight privateers and freed eleven U.S. merchant ships from captivity, while Experiment captured the French privateers Deux Amis and Diane and liberated numerous American merchant ships. Although U.S. military losses were light,
1554-536: The month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officer's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday and the president can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday. General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a finite number of three-star slots available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted. Maintaining
1596-691: The position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute. Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries,
1638-625: The promotion flow. During the Quasi War with France, President John Adams promoted George Washington to lieutenant general to celebrate his service in the American Revolution . The rank of lieutenant general would not be awarded to an active American military commander until Ulysses S. Grant was promoted sixty years later, shortly before the end of the American Civil War, to recognize his position as overall commander of Union forces in
1680-559: The rank: Quasi War The Quasi-War was an undeclared war from 1798 to 1800 between the United States and French First Republic . It was fought almost entirely at sea, primarily in the Caribbean and off the East Coast of the United States , with minor actions in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea . In 1793, Congress unilaterally suspended repayment of French loans from
1722-685: Was little support for this in Congress . Neutrality allowed New England shipowners to earn huge profits evading the British blockade, while Southern plantation owners feared the example set by France's abolition of slavery in 1794. In 1793, Congress suspended repayment of French loans incurred during the Revolutionary War, arguing the execution of Louis XVI and establishment of the French First Republic rendered existing agreements void. They further argued American military obligations under
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1764-525: Was recaptured on 28 June 1799. On 9 February 1799, the frigate Constellation captured the French Navy's frigate L'Insurgente . By 1 July, under the command of Decatur, USS United States had been refitted and repaired and embarked on her mission to patrol the South Atlantic coast and West Indies in search of French ships which were preying on American merchant vessels. On 1 January 1800 ,
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