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69-515: Balleny was born approximately 1770, and by 1798 was living in St George in the East , then the shipping quarter of London, and was part owner of a 569 ton ship, Blenheim . He was recorded as ship's master for a few trading ships up until 1824, including the trading ship Lord Cathcart and the 269-ton brig Peace . In 1824, he owned part of a whaling barque , Caledonia , but was not longer registered as

138-525: A Poor Law unit for rate collection and administration (including distributions) from 1836. The parish vestry became a local authority in the Metropolis in 1855, nominating one member to the co-governing Metropolitan Board of Works . Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St George in

207-452: A spoiler effect in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. Despite this, the organisation gained support among many Labour and Conservative politicians who agreed with his corporatist economic policy, and among these were Aneurin Bevan and Harold Macmillan . Mosley's corporatism was complemented by Keynesianism , with Robert Skidelsky stating, "Keynesianism

276-565: A "talk-shop" into a "workshop." In 1992, the then UK prime minister, John Major , examined Mosley's ideas in order to find an unorthodox solution to the aftermath of the 1990–91 economic recession . Dissatisfied with the Labour Party, Mosley and six other Labour MPs (two of whom resigned after one day) founded the New Party . Its early parliamentary contests, in the 1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election and subsequent by-elections, arguably had

345-569: A Conservative challenge in the 1922 and 1923 general elections . According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, The Liberal Westminster Gazette wrote that Mosley was "the most polished literary speaker in the Commons, words flow from him in graceful epigrammatic phrases that have a sting in them for the government and the Conservatives. To listen to him is an education in the English language, also in

414-557: A Labour candidate. He therefore decided to oppose Neville Chamberlain in Birmingham Ladywood . Mosley campaigned aggressively in Ladywood, and accused Chamberlain of being a "landlords' hireling". The outraged Chamberlain demanded that Mosley retract the claim "as a gentleman". Mosley, whom Stanley Baldwin described as "a cad and a wrong 'un", refused to withdraw the allegation. Mosley was noted for bringing excitement and energy to

483-523: A by-election in 1926 and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the Labour government of 1929–1931 . In 1928, he succeeded his father as the sixth Mosley baronet , a title in his family for over a century. Some considered Mosley a rising star and possible future prime minister. He resigned in 1930 over discord with the government's unemployment policies. He chose not to defend his Smethwick constituency at

552-565: A clergyman and an intimate friend of the "Indian Saint", as Mosley described him. They met in Kadda , where Gandhi was quick to invite him to a private conference in which Gandhi was chairman. Mosley later called Gandhi a "sympathetic personality of subtle intelligence". Cynthia died of peritonitis in 1933, after which Mosley married his mistress Diana Guinness , née Mitford (1910–2003). They married in secret in Nazi Germany on 6 October 1936 in

621-755: A deal in 1937 with Francis Beaumont , heir to the Seigneurage of Sark , to set up a privately owned radio station on Sark . By the end of the First World War , Mosley had decided to go into politics as a Conservative member of parliament, as he had no university education or practical experience because of the war. He was 21 years old. He was driven by, and in parliament spoke of, a passionate conviction to avoid any future war, and this seemingly motivated his career. Largely because of his family background and war service, local Conservative and Labour associations preferred Mosley in several constituencies—a vacancy near

690-495: A point of speaking in the House of Commons without notes. Mosley was an early supporter of the economist John Maynard Keynes . The economic historian Robert Skidelsky described Mosley as "a disciple of Keynes in the 1920s". Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over their Irish policy, and condemned the operations of the Black and Tans against civilians during

759-447: A storm of applause towards the platform—who could doubt that here was one of those root-and-branch men who have been thrown up from time to time in the religious, political and business story of England. First that gripping audience is arrested, then stirred and finally, as we have said, swept off its feet by a tornado of peroration yelled at the defiant high pitch of a tremendous voice. After his election failure in 1931, Mosley went on

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828-455: A study tour of the "new movements" of Italy's Benito Mussolini and other fascists, and returned convinced, particularly by Fascist Italy 's economic programme, that it was the way forward for Britain. He was determined to unite the existing fascist movements and created the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932. The BUF was protectionist , strongly anti-communist and nationalistic to

897-543: Is an event of capital importance in domestic politics... We feel that Sir Oswald has acted rightly—as he has certainly acted courageously—in declining to share any longer in the responsibility for inertia." In October he attempted to persuade the Labour Party Conference to accept the Memorandum, but was defeated again. The Mosley Memorandum won the support of the economist John Maynard Keynes , who stated that "it

966-599: Is very great". Among Mosley's supporters at this time included John Strachey , the novelist Henry Williamson , military theorist J. F. C. Fuller , and the future " Lord Haw Haw ", William Joyce . Mosley had found problems with disruption of New Party meetings, and instituted a corps of black-uniformed paramilitary stewards, the Fascist Defence Force , nicknamed "Blackshirts", like the Italian fascist Voluntary Militia for National Security they were emulating. The party

1035-493: Is what it amounts to. ... [The] manifesto offers us a starting point for thought and action. ... It will shock—it must do so—the many good citizens of this country...who have laissez-faire in their craniums, their consciences, and their bones ... But how anyone professing and calling himself a socialist can keep away from the manifesto is a more obscure matter." According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, thirty years later, in 1961, Richard Crossman wrote: "this brilliant memorandum

1104-469: The 1929 general election he was appointed only to the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster , a position without portfolio and outside the Cabinet. He was given responsibility for solving the unemployment problem, but found that his radical proposals were blocked either by Lord Privy Seal James Henry Thomas or by the cabinet. Realising the economic uncertainty that was facing the nation because of

1173-655: The 1931 general election , instead unsuccessfully standing in Stoke-on-Trent . Mosley's New Party became the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932. As leader, he publicly espoused antisemitism and sought alliances with other fascist leaders such as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler . Fascist violence under Mosley's leadership culminated in the 1936 Battle of Cable Street , during which anti-fascist demonstrators including trade unionists , liberals , socialists , communists , anarchists , and British Jews prevented

1242-480: The First World War , Mosley was one of the youngest members of Parliament, representing Harrow from 1918 , first as a Conservative , then an independent, and finally joining the Labour Party . At the 1924 general election he stood in Birmingham Ladywood against the future prime minister, Neville Chamberlain , coming within 100 votes of defeating him. Mosley returned to parliament as Labour MP for Smethwick at

1311-553: The Irish War of Independence . He was secretary of the Peace with Ireland Council. As secretary of the council, he proposed sending a commission to Ireland to examine on-the-spot reprisals by the Black and Tans. In late 1920, he crossed the floor to sit as an independent MP on the opposition side of the House of Commons. Having built up a following in his constituency, he retained it against

1380-620: The Ossulstone hundred of Middlesex . It was split off as a separate combined secular and ecclesiastical parish as all were in 1729 and had a population of 47,157 by 1881. Aside from co-government with London County Council from its 1889 inception, local government was through the Vestry of the Parish of St George from 1855 to 1900. Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , it was constituted

1449-560: The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 during which time overcrowding fell. Larger Whitechapel and St Georges , covered the next years to 1950. It was locally replaced with seat Stepney , amended in 1950 to become Stepney and Poplar , amended in 1983 to become locally Bethnal Green and Stepney then falling almost all in Poplar and Limehouse . Oswald Mosley Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet (16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980),

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1518-476: The Second World War , St George in the East was redeveloped into an almost entirely residential area, which included high-rise flats in tower block style built in the 1970s. Much of the former northern boundary of the parish was with Mile End Old Town and ran alongside Commercial Road . In the west the boundary with Whitechapel fell just short of Back Church Lane. The parish of Wapping bordered it to

1587-543: The 1920s and at the start of the 1930s. Mosley appears in a list of names of Fabians from Fabian News and the Fabian Society Annual Report 1929–31 . He was Kingsway Hall lecturer in 1924 and Livingstone Hall lecturer in 1931. Mosley then made a bold bid for political advancement within the Labour Party. He was close to Ramsay MacDonald and hoped for one of the Great Offices of State , but when Labour won

1656-529: The 1930s, Sir Oswald Mosley British Union of Fascists organized a march east down Cable Street to Stepney with 3,000 supporters in October 1936, which was blocked by protesters' barricades at the junction of Cable Street and Christian Street and was known after as the Battle of Cable Street , a mural painted on the side of the former St George's vestry hall shows this event. After the devastating bomb damage during

1725-485: The 1930s. He argues that trying to "challenge the 50-year-old system of free trade ... exposes industry in the home market to the chaos of world conditions, such as price fluctuation, dumping, and the competition of sweated labour, which result in the lowering of wages and industrial decay." In a newspaper feature, Mosley was described as "a strange blend of J.M. Keynes and Major Douglas of credit fame". From July 1930, he began to demand that government must be turned from

1794-627: The BUF from marching through London's East End . Mosley subsequently held a series of rallies around London, and the BUF increased its membership there. In May 1940, after the outbreak of the Second World War , Mosley was imprisoned and the BUF was banned. He was released in 1943 and, politically disgraced by his association with fascism, moved abroad in 1951, spending most of the remainder of his life in Paris and two residences in Ireland. He stood for Parliament during

1863-457: The BUF tried to march through an area with a high proportion of Jewish residents. Violence, now called the Battle of Cable Street , resulted between protesters trying to block the march and police trying to force it through. Sir Philip Game , the police commissioner , stopped the march from proceeding and the BUF abandoned it. Mosley continued to organise marches policed by the Blackshirts, and

1932-551: The BUF, the paper was so vitriolic in its condemnation of European fascism that Nazi Germany added the paper's directors to a hit list in the event of a successful Operation Sea Lion . The Mail continued to support the BUF until the Olympia rally in June 1934. John Gunther described Mosley in 1940 as "strikingly handsome. He is probably the best orator in England. His personal magnetism

2001-506: The Berlin home of Germany's Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels . Adolf Hitler was their guest of honour. Mosley spent large amounts of his private fortune on the British Union of Fascists (BUF) and tried to establish it on a firm financial footing by various means including an attempt to negotiate, through Diana, with Hitler for permission to broadcast commercial radio to Britain from Germany. Mosley reportedly made

2070-643: The Birmingham Proposals; they continued to form the basis of Mosley's economics until the end of his political career. Mosley was critical of Winston Churchill 's policy as Chancellor of the Exchequer . After Churchill returned Britain to the Gold Standard , Mosley claimed that "faced with the alternative of saying goodbye to the gold standard, and therefore to his own employment, and goodbye to other people's employment, Mr. Churchill characteristically selected

2139-625: The Blackshirt employees redundant, some of whom then defected from the party with William Joyce . In October 1937 in Liverpool , he was knocked unconscious by two stones thrown by crowd members after he delivered a fascist salute to 8,000 people from the top of a van in Walton . As the European situation moved towards war, the BUF began to nominate parliamentary by-election candidates and launched campaigns on

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2208-758: The Duke and Duchess of Brabant (later King Leopold III and Queen Astrid of Belgium). During this marriage, he began an extended affair with his wife's younger sister, Lady Alexandra Metcalfe , and a separate affair with their stepmother, Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston , the American-born second wife and widow of Lord Curzon of Kedleston. He succeeded to the Mosley baronetcy of Ancoats upon his father's death in 1928. Among his many travels, Mosley travelled to British India accompanied by Lady Cynthia in 1924. His father-in-law's past as Viceroy of India allowed for

2277-613: The East , historically known as Wapping-Stepney , was an ancient parish, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , England . The place name is no longer widely used. Ancient parish areas were historically the same for both civil and ecclesiastical (church) functions, and while St George in the East is no longer a civil parish there is still a smaller continuing ecclesiastical parish. The church, crypts and second floor outreach mission are open and holds regular services, as well as community organising and social justice campaigns. The parish

2346-595: The East was divided into two wards (electing vestrymen ): No. 1 or North (18) and No. 2 or South (18). The board of works was replaced by the directly elected London County Council in 1889 and its area of responsibly became the County of London . St George in the East became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney in 1900 and was abolished as a civil parish in 1927. The vestry hall was on Cable Street and today has non-governmental use. Stepney Borough took over

2415-546: The East" as a suffix which reflected it was then an eastern suburb of London. In 1800, work on constructing the London Docks had begun, with parts of Wapping demolished. In 1820 St. George in the East was at the height of its prosperity with wealthy merchants and traders living and building in the parish. The London Docks caused a large influx of unskilled labour and brought poverty with the population growing dense and causing outbreaks of cholera in 1849, 1855, and in 1866. In

2484-488: The Enderbys, but the crew refused to come on deck to the service early in the journey and the plan was dropped. The ships arrived at Chalky Island near New Zealand on 3 December 1838, where they remained for a month, hunting seals and replenishing supplies. From New Zealand, the expedition reached Campbell Island. There they found a four-man sealing gang that New Zealander had left behind four years earlier. Balleny enlisted

2553-550: The London and Blackwall was within the parish of St George, as was a large part of the London Docks , which have since been filled in. There is an architectural Conservation Area covering the area around the Parish church and Town Hall . St George in the East, in early decades especially also referred to as St George Middlesex; had for centuries been part of Stepney in the Tower division of

2622-587: The U.S. mercantile heiress Mary Leiter . Lord Curzon had to be persuaded that Mosley was a suitable husband, as he suspected Mosley was largely motivated by social advancement in Conservative Party politics and Cynthia's inheritance. The 1920 wedding took place in the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace in London. The hundreds of guests included King George V and Queen Mary , as well as foreign royalty such as

2691-543: The acquaintance of various personalities along the journey. They travelled by ship and stopped briefly in Cairo . Having initially arrived in Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka ), the journey then continued through mainland India . They spent these initial days in the government house of Ceylon, followed by Madras and then Calcutta , where the governor at the time was Lord Lytton . Mosley met Mahatma Gandhi through C. F. Andrews ,

2760-561: The art of delicate but deadly repartee. He has human sympathies, courage and brains." By 1924, he was growing increasingly attracted to the Labour Party , which had just formed a government, and in March he joined it. He immediately joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP) as well and allied himself with the left. When the government fell in October, Mosley had to choose a new seat, as he believed that Harrow would not re-elect him as

2829-497: The campaign. Leslie Hore-Belisha , then a Liberal Party politician who later became a senior Conservative, recorded his impressions of Mosley as a platform orator at this time, claiming that his "dark, aquiline, flashing: tall, thin, assured; defiance in his eye, contempt in his forward chin". Together, Oswald and Cynthia Mosley proved an alluring couple, and many members of the working class in Birmingham succumbed to their charm for, as

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2898-525: The death of its domestic industry, Mosley put forward a scheme in the "Mosley Memorandum" that called for high tariffs to protect British industries from international finance and transform the British Empire into an autarkic trading bloc, for state nationalisation of main industries, for higher school-leaving ages and pensions to reduce the labour surplus, and for a programme of public works to solve interwar poverty and unemployment . Furthermore,

2967-489: The defunct civil parish in 1927, then under the new model of government, Tower Hamlets Borough Council was assigned its functions in 1965. Although the area is no longer a civil parish, there remains a smaller ecclesiastical (church) parish. It was part of the Middlesex two-member (MP) constituency and then that of soon similarly under-represented Tower Hamlets from 1832 to 1885. A St George seat spanned 1885 to 1918, under

3036-526: The ever-increasing globalisation of the world, and thus looked to a modern solution to fix a modern problem. But it was rejected by the Cabinet and by the Parliamentary Labour Party , and in May 1930 Mosley resigned from his ministerial position. At the time, according to Lady Mosley's autobiography, the weekly Liberal -leaning paper The Nation and Athenaeum wrote: "The resignation of Sir Oswald Mosley

3105-502: The family estates seemed to be the best prospect. He was unexpectedly selected for Harrow first. In the general election of 1918 he faced no serious opposition and was elected easily. He was the youngest member of the House of Commons to take his seat, although Joseph Sweeney , an abstentionist Sinn Féin member, was younger. He soon distinguished himself as an orator and political player, one marked by extreme self-confidence, and made

3174-520: The family); a barony was created for Tonman Mosley , brother of the 4th baronet, but also became extinct. After Mosley's parents separated, he was raised by his mother, who went to live at Betton Hall near Market Drayton , and his paternal grandfather, Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet . Within the family and among intimate friends, he was always called "Tom". He lived for many years at his grandparents' stately home, Apedale Hall in Staffordshire , and

3243-616: The first time I openly and publicly challenge the Jewish interests of this country, commanding commerce, commanding the Press, commanding the cinema, dominating the City of London, killing industry with their sweat-shops. These great interests are not intimidating, and will not intimidate, the Fascist movement of the modern age." The party was unable to fight the 1935 general election . In October 1936, Mosley and

3312-520: The four men and purchased their 165 seal skins. The Balleny squadron logged a partial break in the pack ice surrounding the southern continent, discovered the Balleny Islands in 1839, and caught a brief sight of Antarctica itself at 64°58′S 121°08′E  /  64.967°S 121.133°E  / -64.967; 121.133 . This patch of icy land is today called the Sabrina Coast . On

3381-590: The government was sufficiently concerned to pass the Public Order Act 1936 , which, amongst other things, banned political uniforms and quasi-military style organisations and came into effect on 1 January 1937. In the London County Council elections in 1937, the BUF stood in three wards in East London (some former New Party seats), its strongest areas, polling up to a quarter of the vote. Mosley made most of

3450-511: The historian Martin Pugh described, "a link with powerful, wealthy and glamorous men and women appealed strongly to those who endured humdrum and deprived lives". It took several re-counts before Chamberlain was declared the winner by 77 votes and Mosley blamed poor weather for the result. His period outside Parliament was used to develop a new economic policy for the ILP, which eventually became known as

3519-541: The injury had fully healed and at the Battle of Loos (1915) passed out at his post from pain. He spent the remainder of the war at desk jobs in the Ministry of Munitions and in the Foreign Office . On 11 May 1920, he married Lady Cynthia "Cimmie" Curzon (1898–1933), second daughter of the 1st Earl Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925), Viceroy of India 1899–1905, Foreign Secretary 1919–1924, and Lord Curzon's first wife,

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3588-665: The latter course". In 1926, the Labour-held seat of Smethwick fell vacant, and Mosley returned to parliament after winning the resulting by-election on 21 December. Mosley felt the campaign was dominated by Conservative attacks on him for being too rich, including claims that he was covering up his wealth. In 1927, he mocked the British Fascists as "black-shirted buffoons, making a cheap imitation of ice-cream sellers". The ILP elected him to Labour's National Executive Committee . Mosley and Cynthia were committed Fabians in

3657-436: The master of any ship for the following year, possibly indicating his retirement. Samuel Enderby & Sons had sent two unsuccessful expeditions towards Antarctica in the early 1830s, and had decided to send a third - the 156–ton ( bm ), schooner Eliza Scott and the 54-ton cutter HMS  Sabrina  (18216) . Although the ships set off from London on 12 July 1838 with Thomas Freeman in command of Eliza Scott , by

3726-509: The memorandum laid out the foundations of the corporate state which intended to combine businesses, workers and the government into one body as a way to "Obliterate class conflict and make the British economy healthy again". Mosley published this memorandum because of his dissatisfaction with the laissez-faire attitudes held by both Labour and the Conservative party, and their passivity towards

3795-448: The point of advocating authoritarianism. He claimed that the UK Labour Party was pursuing policies of "international socialism", while fascism's aim was "national socialism". It claimed membership as high as 50,000, and had the Daily Mail and Daily Mirror among its earliest supporters. The Mirror piece was a guest article by the Daily Mail owner Viscount Rothermere and an apparent one-off; despite these briefly warm words for

3864-655: The post-war era but received very little support. During this period he was an advocate of Pan-European nationalism , developing the Europe a Nation ideology, and was an early proponent of Holocaust denial conspiracy theories. Mosley was born on 16 November 1896 at 47 Hill Street , Mayfair , London. He was the eldest of the three sons of Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet (1873–1928), and Katharine Maud Edwards-Heathcote (1873–1948), daughter of Captain Justinian Edwards-Heathcote , of Apedale Hall , Staffordshire . He had two younger brothers: Edward Heathcote Mosley (1899–1980) and John Arthur Noel Mosley (1901–1973). His father

3933-403: The return journey, Sabrina was lost on 24 March 1839. Eliza Scott arrived back in England on 19 September 1839. The voyage was not profitable as the 178 seal skins that Balleny returned with did not cover the cost of the expedition. She left on another whaling voyage on 8 July 1840. She then sailed between London and Saint Helena . St George in the East (parish) St George in

4002-423: The seats they held and won none. As the New Party gradually became more radical and authoritarian , many previous supporters defected from it. According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, shortly after the 1931 election Mosley was described by The Manchester Guardian : When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his Free Trade Hall speech in Manchester and the audience, stirred as an audience rarely is, rose and swept

4071-431: The south, with Wapping forming a buffer in the west and south, beyond which are for example St Botolph Without Aldgate , colloquially Aldgate in the tube system. The parish of Shadwell was to the east, and the parishes of Wapping and Shadwell almost met in the south, giving the old form of St George in the East a central frontage to the Tideway of 53 feet (16 m). Shadwell and St George's East railway station on

4140-399: The time they had reached Deal, Kent two days later, Balleny was in command and Freeman was master of Sabrina , evidently brought out of retirement for the expedition. Eliza Scott had not been built for such an arduous journey, making the trip quite a difficult one for Balleny and his crew. In addition, Balleny had intended to hold religious services on a Sunday, which had endeared him to

4209-414: Was a British aristocrat and politician who rose to fame during the 1920s and 1930s when, having become disillusioned with mainstream politics, he turned to fascism . He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Harrow from 1918 to 1924 and for Smethwick from 1926 to 1931. He founded the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932 and led it until its forced disbandment in 1940. After military service during

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4278-528: Was a third cousin to the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne , father of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother . The progenitor, and earliest-attested ancestor, of the Mosley family was Ernald de Mosley ( fl. 12th century), Lord of the Manor of Moseley, Staffordshire, during the reign of King John . The family were prominent landholders in Staffordshire and seated at Rolleston Hall , near Burton upon Trent . Three baronetcies were created, two of which are now extinct (see Mosley baronets for further history of

4347-408: Was a very able document and illuminating". Keynes also wrote, "I like the spirit which informs the document. A scheme of national economic planning to achieve a right, or at least a better, balance of our industries between the old and the new, between agriculture and manufacture, between home development and foreign investment; and wide executive powers to carry out the details of such a scheme. That

4416-400: Was a whole generation ahead of Labour thinking." As his book, The Greater Britain , focused on the issues of free trade, the criticisms against globalisation that he formulated can be found in critiques of contemporary globalisation. He warns nations that buying cheaper goods from other nations may seem appealing but ultimately ravage domestic industry and lead to large unemployment, as seen in

4485-408: Was commissioned into the British cavalry unit the 16th The Queen's Lancers and fought in France on the Western Front . He transferred to the Royal Flying Corps as a pilot and air observer , but while demonstrating in front of his mother and sister he crashed, which left him with a permanent limp, as well as a reputation for being brave and somewhat reckless. He returned to the trenches before

4554-416: Was educated at West Downs School and Winchester College . Mosley was a fencing champion in his school days; he won titles in both foil and sabre , and retained an enthusiasm for the sport throughout his life. In January 1914, Mosley entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , but was expelled in June for a "riotous act of retaliation" against a fellow student. During the First World War , he

4623-470: Was frequently involved in violent confrontations and riots, particularly with communist and Jewish groups and especially in London. At a large Mosley rally at Olympia on 7 June 1934, his bodyguards' violence caused bad publicity. This and the Night of the Long Knives in Germany led to the loss of most of the BUF's mass support. Nevertheless, Mosley continued espousing anti-Semitism . At one of his New Party meetings in Leicester in April 1935, he said, "For

4692-503: Was his great contribution to fascism." It also gained the endorsement of the Daily Mail newspaper, headed at the time by Harold Harmsworth (later created 1st Viscount Rothermere). The New Party increasingly inclined to fascist policies, but Mosley was denied the opportunity to get his party established when during the Great Depression the 1931 general election was suddenly called—the party's candidates, including Mosley himself running in Stoke which had been held by his wife, lost

4761-423: Was largely rural at the time of its creation, the main settlement a Hamlet (administrative sub-division of Stepney) and former farm estate known as Wapping-Stepney , or Wapping . The parish church of St George in the East was completed in 1729 by the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches . To distinguish it from other parishes in and near London with the same name, an addition was made which denoted it as "in

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