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53-670: As his surname suggests Burkhardt was a German born at Niederhaslach in Alsace , (today the Bas-Rhin in France ). Of humble origins, he was educated by the collegial chapter of St. Florent in Niederhaslach . He took the degree Doctor of Canon Law ( Decretorum Doctor , as he proclaims in his preface to his Ordo Missae ), and then, on 4 June 1477, was able to purchase the bourgeois citizenship of Strasbourg. He eventually became secretary to Jean Wegeraufft,

106-519: A benefice of his uncle. Francesco held the benefice from 1457 to 1466, and again from 1476 to 1495. Cardinal Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini was elected pope as Pius II on 19 August 1458 . In the excited tumult following the announcement, the Roman mob sacked his house, which was located near the church of S. Agostino , not far from the north end of the Piazza Navona ; even the marble stones were taken. When

159-630: A cardinal on 5 March 1460, naming him Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Eustachio on 26 March. He was also named commendatory abbot of the monastery of San Vigilio, Siena . He reconstructed and extended the residence next to the church, which he continued to use throughout his life. In 1460, the Pope appointed him legate of the March of Ancona , with the experienced Bishop of Marsico as his counsellor. He departed Rome on 30 April, and returned on 1 February 1461 for consultations; he returned to Ancona on 1 June 1461, and

212-464: A compromise between factions, Borgia and della Rovere , picking a frail cardinal with long experience in the Roman Curia over the kin of either Sixtus IV or Alexander VI. On 25 September the new pontiff held an unusual Consistory meeting of cardinals and other officials, including the ambassadors of several states. Normally, a pope did not hold such meetings until after his coronation , but Pius III

265-476: A member of a commission of six cardinals, in a short-lived effort to reform the Roman Curia . On 8 February 1501, Pope Alexander also appointed Piccolomini, in his capacity as Protodeacon, to a commission to take charge of the income from the tithe ( decuma ), and dispensing it for yet another contemplated crusade against the Turks. In 1502 he commissioned a library with access from an aisle of Siena Cathedral that

318-542: A month later. Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, a member of the House of Piccolomini was born in Sarteano on 9 May 1439, as the fourth child of Nanno Todeschini and Laudomia Piccolomini, the sister of Enea Silvio Bartolomeo (Aeneas Silvius) Piccolomini who was Pope Pius II . He had three brothers, Antonio, Giacomo and Andrea. His eldest brother Antonio was made Duke of Amalfi during the pontificate of Pius II. He married Maria,

371-659: A property near the Campo de' Fiori in Rome which had belonged to the recently deceased Cardinal Giovanni Castiglione . The documents made it clear that it was not the Pope or the Papacy which were buying the property, but the Piccolomini family, and that it was private property, not property of the Church, even though Cardinal Francesco's deaconry was not far distant. On this land, Cardinal Francesco, with

424-494: A text by Johannes Tinctoris . Burchard's residence, built in 1491, survives and can be seen at Via del Sudario 44, in Rome. Burchard was also known as "Argentinus" from the Latin name for Strasbourg, and the tower on his palace gave the name "Torre Argentina" to the district, still retained in the Largo di Torre Argentina and other names. Johann Burchard was portrayed by Ralph Nossek in

477-583: Is noteworthy for its Gothic 13th-15th century Niederhaslach Church . This Bas-Rhin geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Pius III Pope Pius III ( Italian : Pio III , Latin : Pius Tertius ; 9 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Francesco Todeschini , was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 September 1503 to his death. At just twenty-six days, he had one of

530-487: Is still maintained by the papal Ceremoniere. Though he only described musical details when in the context of innovations or mishaps, his account is an important source for details of papal choir singing. Among other details, he noted the use of polyphony in settings of the Passion, a practice apparently introduced from Spain, and the performance of the now-lost motet Gaude Roma vetus , written in honor of Pope Alexander VI to

583-558: The Confraternity of Santa Maria dell'Anima and quickly rose to become its provost . It was while he held the office of Praefectus fabricae that the decision was taken to rebuild the church of Santa Maria dell'Anima as part of the celebration of the Jubilee of 1500. The cornerstone was laid by Matthias Lang, the German ambassador and future cardinal, on 11 April 1500. The church was built in

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636-692: The Normae Generales of the Roman Missal . His diary records an alleged orgy known as the Banquet of Chestnuts , held by Cesare Borgia in the Papal Palace on 30 October 1501. Mandell Creighton accepts the story as basically true, and he cites the corroborative evidence of a dispatch of the Florentine Ambassador, Francesco Pepi. Maria Bellonci also seems to accept the story. However, Picotti believes

689-429: The conclave that elected Pope Paul II in 1464. As a nephew of the late pope, he should have had considerable influence in the politics of the election. Of the twenty cardinals who participated, however, the twelve who had not been named by Pius II agreed among themselves that they would not vote to elect anyone except one of themselves. This excluded Francesco Piccolomini and all of his uncle's cardinals. As it happened,

742-455: The see of Albano on 30 August 1471. Francesco served in a new legation for Pope Sixtus IV , to restore ecclesiastical authority in Umbria . Todeschini-Piccolomini participated in the conclave of 1484 which resulted in the election of Pope Innocent VIII , and as the protodeacon he made the first public announcement of the election and crowned the new pope. According to Stefano Infessura , he

795-521: The 1981 BBC - RAI production TV series The Borgias , by Simon McBurney in the 2011 Showtime series The Borgias , by Victor Schefé in the 2011 French-German series Borgia , and by Shawn Shillingford in the 2018 CNN series Pope: The Most Powerful Man in History . Niederhaslach Niederhaslach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France . It

848-475: The Piccolomini family arrived in Rome, therefore, they had no palazzo of their own to use as their base of operations. Francesco moved into the Vatican Palace with his uncle. Pius II was aware that this was a temporary situation; he remarked in a letter to his nephew Antonio that "One is not the nephew of a pope forever ( non-semper pontificis nepos ). In 1461, the Pope authorized Cardinal Francesco to purchase

901-493: The Pope's help, built the Piccolomini Palace. In 1476, Cardinal Francesco deeded the palace to his brothers Giacomo and Andrea, and their descendants, on the condition that it not be alienated from the male line. The Palazzo Piccolomini no longer survives, having been razed to make room for the new church of Sant'Andrea della Valle , which was begun in 1591. Piccolomini already held the office of protonotary apostolic at

954-603: The Proclamation of the Jubilee (Christmas 1499); the visit of Alexander VI to Piombino (January–March 1502); and obsequies of Pope Alexander VI (August 1503). Burchard was also present at the laying of the foundation stone of the new Basilica of St. Peter on 18 April 1506. Burchard was promoted Bishop of the diocese of Orte and Cività Castellana on 3 October 1503 by Pope Pius III , in acknowledgment of more than twenty years of service as First Master of Ceremonies. He had been promised

1007-588: The Venetian ambassador, Antonio Giustinian: "In consequence of the pressure put upon me by the Spanish cardinals, I have been compelled to some briefs in favour of Cesare Borgia, but I will not give him any further help. I do not intend to be a warlike, but a peace-loving pope." On the morning of 26 September, the newly elected pope underwent an operation on his ulcerous left leg, enduring the pain of cutting in two places. The next day, he announced that he would not carry out

1060-670: The Vicar General of the Bishop of Strasbourg , Ruppert von Simmern. Suspected of trafficking in dispensations from publishing marriage banns, theft of a sword and of a florin, he left his position with the Vicar about 1467. He went to Rome, where he was awarded the expectation of a benefice in Strasbourg, but it was contested in Strasbourg; Burchard won his case before the Roman Rota (court of appeal), but

1113-432: The actions of so many prelates, ill-wishing detractors not laugh at my writings, especially my colleague Johannes Burchard, who is much more of an associate in my office than my friend in charity, of which there is none in him. For when he realized that I aspired to his job, from that point he tried everything against me that he had the power and the knowledge to do, and more, and strove to get me dismissed. The Liber Notarum

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1166-505: The ancient buildings, spending at least 3,000 ducats on the work. Piccolomini was named Vicar of Rome and the rest of the Papal States on 21 June 1464, as Pius II departed Rome for Ancona, where he intended to meet the Venetians and launch a crusade in the Balkans. However, Pius II died at Ancona on 14 August 1464, terminating the project. Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini participated in

1219-563: The authorities in Strasbourg refused to recognize the ruling, citing Burchard's previous misdeeds. In Rome, Burchard twice admitted his misdeeds to the authorities, but his standing seems not to have suffered. Burchard was ordained a priest in 1476. Burchard arrived in Rome in November 1481. He first practiced as a lawyer in the Roman Curia. He became a Protonotary Apostolic in February 1481/82, and

1272-525: The bishopric of Nepi and Sutri, as Pius was reminded by Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, but the new pope had already promised that diocese to Antonio de' Alberici. Orte was therefore substituted. Burchard retired in May 1504. Burchard's successor, Paris de Grassis, had already been nominated by the time of the conclave of 1503, in anticipation of Burchard's retirement. In June 1504 Burchard paid a brief visit to his new diocese, and returned again from 4 July until mid-August. He

1325-642: The books never reached their splendid destination; yet the Piccolomini Library is a monument of the High Renaissance in Siena. Some of Pope Pius III's most famous portraits can be viewed in the Louvre Museum. Pope Alexander VI died on 18 August 1503, and amid the disturbances consequent upon his death, it took the combined pressures of all the ambassadors in Rome to induce Cesare Borgia to withdraw from

1378-428: The ceremony of the possession of his cathedral on the day of the coronation, as the custom was, because of his lameness. Piccolomini was never ordained a priest, remaining in diaconal orders, until 30 September 1503, when he finally received ordination . Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere ordained him in one of the halls of the papal palace. Della Rovere and two other bishops consecrated him a bishop on 1 October 1503, in

1431-597: The city, so that an unpressured conclave might take place. Despite urgent pleas of the cardinals to stay away, both the Orsini and the Colonna factions entered the city with troops, intending to avenge old and new grievances. Because of these negotiations, the Conclave did not begin until 16 September. Cardinal Piccolomini was elected on 22 September 1503 and took the name "Pius III" after his uncle Pius II. This selection can be seen as

1484-635: The daughter of King Ferdinand I of Naples . Francesco was received as a boy into the household of Aeneas Silvius who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini family. He studied Canon law at the University of Perugia , and obtained a doctorate after the completion of his studies. In 1457, Todeschini-Piccolomini was granted the office of Provost of the Collegiate Church of Sankt Viktor in Xanten (later Xanten Cathedral ), which had been

1537-611: The diary should be regarded with some caution regarding entries concerning the Borgias, since it is fairly apparent that Burchard disliked the Borgias. Burchard's immediate successor as First Master of Ceremonies, Paris de Grassis, left a frank comment on Burchard's character at the beginning of his private ceremonial Diary : Granted however new and untried I may be, like an ass at the lyre, I shall try to do my duty satisfactorily through frequent efforts and entries year by year. And so I ask that at this beginning as I am recording and explaining

1590-528: The document appointing Burchard to the office of Abbreviator de Parco Majore in the Papal Curia, for which Burchard had paid 2,400 ducats. Joannes Burchard died on Saturday evening, 16 May 1506. He was buried in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo at the Flaminian Gate. Burchard's importance derives from his Liber Notarum , a form of official record of the more significant papal ceremonies with which he

1643-477: The first vote was still in progress when Cardinal Pietro Barbo of Venice received the required two-thirds of the votes, and the scrutiny was quickly made unanimous. He chose the name Paul II (1464–1471). Cardinal Piccolomini was named Legatus de latere in Germany on 20 February 1471. He was accompanied as his secretary by Agostino Patrizi Piccolomini, the former private secretary of Pius II, who wrote an account of

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1696-476: The instigation of Pandolfo Petrucci , the ruler of Siena. He was buried in the chapel of San Andrea in Saint Peter's Basilica , next to his uncle Pius II, his brothers Giacomo and Andrea serving as his executors. He had already chosen his burial place when he wrote his will in 1493. When the basilica was being rebuilt, the monument was transferred below to the grottoes and the remains of Pius III and his uncle to

1749-405: The kings of France and Spain. Then he promulgated the aims of his pontificate: the immediate reform of the church, with the establishment of a council of cardinals; strict reform of the expenses and financial situation of the church; peace in the Papal States ; and the support of Cesare Borgia, now without his French support, against his enemies who were planning to murder him. The next day, he told

1802-476: The mission. He departed on 18 March, and served in this important legation for the Imperial diet at Regensburg/Ratisbon , and was still there when the Pope died on 26 July 1471. Consequently, he was absent for the Conclave of 1471 which elected Pope Sixtus IV . He returned to Rome on 27 December 1471. He succeeded to the position of Cardinal Protodeacon in 1471, upon the promotion of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia to

1855-714: The papal court at the end of the fifteenth century. As Ceremoniere , he was responsible for the publication of a revised edition of the Liber Pontificalis in 1485, and, along with Agostino Patrizi, for the publication of a new edition of the Caeremoniale Episcoporum in 1488. Perhaps Burchard's most enduring publication was the Ordo Servandus per Sacerdotem in celebratione Missae , published under orders from Pope Alexander VI. This book went through numerous editions before its substance eventually made its way into

1908-499: The pope said Mass sitting. On Thursday, 12 October, as Beltrando Costabili reported to the Ercole I d'Este , Duke of Ferrara, Pope Pius had a long audience and did not eat during the day, having been taking medicine the previous day, on which the fever struck and never left him. After a brief pontificate of 26 days he died on 18 October 1503, of a septic ulcer in his leg. Some have alleged that Pope Pius died of poison administered at

1961-455: The same hall. A Venetian agent in Rome reported the pope's ill health on 3 October, and politicking for the next conclave began. The coronation took place on 8 October 1503. Cardinal Raffaello Riario , the Protodeacon , performed the coronation. Several of the features of the ritual had to be omitted due to Pius' troublesome leg. Johann Burchard , the papal master of ceremonies, noted that

2014-538: The shortest pontificates in papal history. Francesco was the nephew of Pope Pius II , who granted him the use of the family name " Piccolomini ", and appointed the twenty-one-year old Francesco as Archbishop of Siena . He served as papal legate in a number of places. In 1503, the now-frail Francesco, known as Cardinal Piccolomini, was elected pope as a compromise candidate between the Borgia and della Rovere factions. Although he announced plans for reforms, he died less than

2067-630: The style of a Hallenkirche that was typical for Northern Europe. Andrea Sansovino was retained as architect by the confraternity. The facade was completed by Giuliano da Sangallo . Burchard accumulated an array of ecclesiastical benefices in Alsace, including that of the Provost of St. Marien (Basel) (in German) (1475), and Provost of Strasbourg. He was a Canon of the Collegiate Church of S. Thomas in Strasbourg , by papal provision, granted on 31 October 1479. He

2120-459: The time that he was appointed the administrator of the Archdiocese of Siena in 1460. He was granted the title and the insignia of an archbishop, but he did not receive episcopal consecration until a week before his coronation as pope. The episcopal duties at Siena were carried out by an auxiliary bishop, Antonio Fatati . Pope Pius II, who was visiting Siena at the time, appointed his nephew

2173-597: Was also Provost of Basel (1484), and then Dean of Basel (1501). Among the significant events organised by Burchard as Ceremoniere were: the visit of Don Federigo de Aragon to Rome (December 1493 to January 1494); the coronation of Alfonso II of Naples (May 1494); the reception of Charles VIII of France in Rome (November 1494 to February 1495); the Papal Embassy to the Emperor Maximilian in Milan (July–November 1496);

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2226-451: Was appointed Master of Ceremonies to Pope Sixtus IV on 29 November 1483, having bought the office for 450 ducats, with the assistance of Agostino Patrizi , whose colleague he became. He held it until his death on 16 May 1506, successively acting as Ceremoniere to Innocent VIII (1484–1492), Alexander VI (1492–1503), Pius III (1503) and during the early years of Julius II . On the day of his election, 29 August 1484, Pope Innocent

2279-466: Was appointed legate to King Charles VIII of France , whose army was then entering Tuscany, in the consistory of 1 October 1494, departing Rome on 17 October; he returned to Rome on 5 March 1495, after the King declined to meet him. On 27 May 1495, he and numerous other cardinals accompanied Pope Alexander VI on a visit to Orvieto , which had been arranged to avoid a meeting between the Pope and King Charles, who

2332-400: Was back in Rome on 15 August for the commemoration of Pope Alexander VI, and then returned again to his diocese, until 8 October 1504. In 1505 Burchard suffered an attack of "goutte" , which kept him confined to his room. Thuasne notices that from this point the entries in his diary are less regular and without the usual historical detail as earlier. On 21 April 1506, Pope Julius II signed

2385-509: Was back in Rome on 8 November. He proved studious and effective in his job. Piccolomini was made the archdeacon of Brabant in Cambrai in 1462 and he held that benefice until 1503. On 26 March 1463, Pope Pius II granted Cardinal Francesco the monastery of San Saba on the Aventine Hill in commendam . The cardinal immediately began extensive restoration, construction, and decoration works on

2438-605: Was conducted to his new apartments in the Vatican Palace by the Master of Ceremonies. Burchard took the opportunity, a completely appropriate one, to ask the new Pope for the office of Papal Chamberlain. The Pope replied that he would think about it. Burchard did not pursue the matter, and nothing was done. In 1490 Burchard was given a leave of absence to return to Strasbourg by Pope Innocent VIII, to begin on 29 June. His diary does not resume until 8 August 1491. In Rome, Burchard joined

2491-453: Was faced with an emergency, and he was being hard pressed by the Spanish cardinals. A French army, which was nominally under the command of Cesare Borgia, who was ill and in bed, was demanding passage through Rome in order to attack the Spanish government in Naples. Naples was a papal fief , which complicated diplomacy. At the consistory, Pius first announced his desire to bring about peace between

2544-490: Was intended to house the library of humanist texts assembled by his uncle. Francesco commissioned the artist Pinturicchio to fresco its vault and ten narrative panels along the walls, depicting scenes from the life of Pope Pius II . Its iconography illustrating the donor's career gives an edited version of Pius II's life, passing over his former support of the Antipope Felix V . Though Pinturicchio labored for five years,

2597-444: Was involved. The first volume of the first critical edition of this work was published by E. Celani in 1906 as Johannis Burckardi Liber Notarum ab anno MCCCCLXXXIII usque ad annum MDVI . A second volume followed (1911). Celani's edition collated various earlier printed editions of the work, and a collection of uncertain notations, with Burchard's original manuscript, thereby establishing an important critical edition of this account of

2650-454: Was one of the half-dozen cardinals who had slept soundly in their beds on the night between 28 August and 29 August, and had not participated in the clandestine midnight conferences that produced a two-thirds majority for Cardinal Giovanni Battista Cibo. Neither had he engaged in the extensive simoniac trading that took place. He was made the administrator of Fermo in 1485; he resigned the position in 1494, in favor of Agostino Piccolomini . He

2703-514: Was reappointed when Agostino resigned in 1496, and he kept that post until his election to the Papacy. He was appointed papal legate to Perugia on 5 November 1488, and departed Rome on 15 November. He served in Perugia until 1489. Todeschini-Piccolomini participated in the conclave of 1492 which elected Pope Alexander VI . He belonged to the faction of the more senior cardinals who gathered around Cardinal Oliviero Carafa of Naples. Cardinal Francesco

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2756-456: Was returning from his expedition against Naples . Charles was in Rome from 1 to 4 June, and the Pope and his retinue returned to the city on 27 June. He was named the administrator of the diocese of Pienza and Montalcino on 31 October 1495, and occupied it until 14 March 1498, when he resigned in favor of his relative, Girolamo Piccolomini. Following the murder of his son Giovanni Borgia in 1497, Alexander VI appointed Francesco Piccolomini

2809-431: Was sufficiently respected that he received six votes at the first scrutiny (Sixteen were needed to elect), seven on the second, and one on the third. He resisted the election of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia almost to the end, as one of the five hold-outs. As Cardinal Protodeacon Piccolomini announced and crowned the new pontiff. He served as the protector of England at the Roman Curia from 1492 to 1503, and of Germany . He

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