Johan Huizinga ( Dutch: [ˈjoːɦɑn ˈɦœyzɪŋɣaː] ; 7 December 1872 – 1 February 1945) was a Dutch historian and one of the founders of modern cultural history .
71-614: Born in Groningen as the son of Dirk Huizinga, a professor of physiology , and Jacoba Tonkens, who died two years after his birth, he started out as a student of Indo-European languages , earning his degree in 1895. He then studied comparative linguistics , gaining a good command of Sanskrit . He wrote his doctoral thesis on the role of the jester in Indian drama in 1897. In 1902 his interest turned towards medieval and Renaissance history. He continued teaching as an Orientalist until he became
142-481: A glottal stop , thus making the words ending in [ʔŋ] , [ʔn] or [ʔm] . The Groningen people speak quite fast compared to the Dutch people, with the result that a lot of words are pronounced together as one word. Gronings is also a dialect with many unique expressions. One third of the language consists of these expressions. In the example sentence n hail ìnde is an example of those expressions. Many of these are given in
213-421: A maritime museum , a university museum , a comics museum and a graphics museum. Groningen is also the home of Noorderlicht , an international photographic platform that runs a photo gallery and organizes an international photo festival. The Forum Groningen that opened in 2019 is a cultural center consisting of a museum, art cinema, library, bars, rooftop terrace and tourist information office. Groningen has
284-618: A red-light district , called Nieuwstad . FC Groningen , founded in 1971, is the local football club, and as of 2000 they play in the Eredivisie , the highest football league of the Netherlands. Winners of the KNVB Cup in the 2014–15 season , their best Eredivisie result was in the 1990–91 season when they finished third. Their current stadium which opened in January 2006 has 22,525 seats. It
355-472: A Professor of General and Dutch History at Groningen University in 1905. In 1915, he was made Professor of General History at Leiden University , a post he held until 1942. In 1916 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1942, he spoke critically of his country's German occupiers, comments that were consistent with his writings about Fascism in the 1930s. He
426-497: A bicycle for regular commute within the city. In 2000, Groningen was chosen as the Fietsstad 2002 , the top cycle-city in the Netherlands for 2002. Similar to most Dutch cities , Groningen has developed to accommodate a large number of cyclists. An extensive network of bike paths were planned to make it more convenient to cycle to various destinations instead of taking a car. The city has segregated cycle-paths, public transport, and
497-909: A city theatre called the Stadsschouwburg, located on the Turfsingel, a theatre and concert venue called Martini Plaza, and a cultural venue on the Trompsingel, called the Oosterpoort. Vera is located on the Oosterstraat, the Grand Theatre on the Grote Markt, and Simplon on the Boterdiep . Several cafés feature live music, a few of which specialize in jazz music, including the Jazzcafe De Spieghel on
568-539: A former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname Jan Wichers , who established the town as a fort in 1790. Numerous canals ( grachten ) surround the city, locally called diep . The major canals that travel from the city are the Van Starkenborghkanaal, Eemskanaal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen’s canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to
639-474: A large group of very differing varieties. Some linguists see it as a variety of Low German , also called Nedersaksisch in the Netherlands, but there is controversy surrounding whether all the dialects that have been called Low German are similar enough to be placed in one category. Other linguists, especially in Germany, see Gronings–East Frisian as a separate group of German dialects . The East Frisian influence,
710-449: A large pedestrianised zone in the city centre. Groningen's city centre was remodeled into a "pedestrian priority zone" to promote walking and biking. This was achieved by applying the principle of filtered permeability —the network configuration favours active transportation and selectively "filters out" traveling in a car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. The streets that are discontinuous for cars connect to
781-602: A million inhabitants. Groningen is nationally known as the "Metropolis of the North". The city is regarded as the main urban centre of the Northern part of the country, particularly in the fields of education, business, music and other arts. It is also known as " Martinistad ", referring to the tower of the Martinitoren , which is named after Groningen's patron saint Martin of Tours . The large student population also contributes to
SECTION 10
#1732869311355852-470: A network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces, increasing aesthetic appeal and encouraging participation. The logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts—the fused grid . Groningen railway station (in Dutch: Hoofdstation )
923-514: A separate group of Northwest Low Saxon or Friso-Saxon dialects. The most important similarities are grammar features and the vocabulary. The most important differences are the writing system and the loanwords. The East Frisian writing system is based on High German while Gronings uses many Dutch features. For example, the word for “ice skate” is in Gronings “scheuvel” and in East Frisian “Schöfel”, while
994-510: A strong provincialism in the first half of the 19th century caused Gronings to develop itself in a significant way. The sounds that are used today were formed in this period. Today, according to an investigation among the listeners to the regional broadcasting station ( Radio Noord ), approximately 65% of them can speak and write Gronings. Perhaps, if the larger cities and villages of Groningen , Hoogezand-Sappemeer , Veendam , Stadskanaal , Delfzijl and Winschoten are excluded from this count,
1065-458: A total population of 232,874 people. The majority of people in Groningen, slightly more than 70%, are non-religious. With 25.1%, the largest religion in Groningen is Christianity . Religions in Groningen (2013) The municipality of Groningen has grown rapidly. In 1968 it expanded by mergers with Hoogkerk and Noorddijk, and in 2019 it merged with Haren and Ten Boer. All historical data are for
1136-462: Is The Autumn of the Middle Ages (also released as The Waning of the Middle Ages or Autumntide of the Middle Ages ) (1919). Other works include Erasmus (1924) and Homo Ludens (1938). In the latter book he discussed the possibility that play is the primary formative element in human culture. Huizinga also published books on American history and Dutch history in the 17th century. Alarmed by
1207-631: Is a collective name for some Low Saxon dialects spoken in the province of Groningen and around the Groningen border in Drenthe and Friesland . Gronings and the strongly related varieties in East Frisia have a strong East Frisian influence and take a remarkable position within West Low German . Its typical accent and vocabulary differ strongly from the other Low Saxon dialects. The name Gronings can almost be defined geographically, as can be seen on
1278-435: Is a prestigious annual lecture in the Netherlands about a subject in the domains of cultural history or philosophy in honour of Johan Huizinga. Johan Huizinga’s archive and papers are held by Leiden University Libraries ’ Special Collections and also available in its Digital Collections. A complete inventory has been published. Huizinga's son Leonhard Huizinga became a writer, including his series of tongue-in-cheek novels on
1349-642: Is about 800 mm (31 in). Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600 hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb ". (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds. Night-time temperatures of −10 °C (14 °F) or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded
1420-601: Is called the Hitachi Capital Mobility Stadion ; it was known as the "Euroborg stadium" before 2016, and "Noordlease Stadion" from 2016 to 2018. American sports are fairly popular in Groningen; it has American football , baseball , and basketball clubs. Groningen's professional basketball club Donar play in the highest professional league, the Dutch Basketball League , and have won the national championship seven times. The Groningen Giants are
1491-506: Is much more related to Gronings . In the easternmost part of the Frisian municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân , the western dialect called Westerkwartiers is also spoken, as well as a separate Groningen dialect called Kollumerpompsters . The latter is spoken in the Frisian village of Kollumerpomp and has more West Frisian influences, while most Groningen dialects have a strong influence from
SECTION 20
#17328693113551562-558: Is pronounced like a in the British English word “water” ([ɔː]). In Gronings this sound is written like oa. The word water would be written like “woatah” in Gronings. The pronunciation of the word “quaad” is similar to the Gronings word “kwoad”, which means “angry”. The East Frisian combination ee and eei (for example in neet ) are pronounced like the y in the English word “fly” ([aɪ]) ( [naɪt] ; Gronings: nyt )*. After Limburgish , Gronings
1633-457: Is seen as an essential factor contrasting with the greater influence of High German languages found in the dialects on the other side of the national border. These influences concern especially the vocabulary: for example the Dutch word "voorbeeld" is "veurbeeld" in Gronings, while the East Frisian dialects use "biespööl" , related to the High German word "beispiel" . From this point of view
1704-490: Is spoken, are interested in the language and are willing to take courses. There are two types of courses. The first one is understanding and the second one is understanding and speaking. Every year around March Het Huis van de Groninger Cultuur ( English : House of the Groningen Culture) organises a writing contest in every municipality in Groningen. Everyone can participate and send in a poem or some prose. The winners of
1775-512: Is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen province in the Netherlands . Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of the northern part of the country; as of December 2021, it had 235,287 inhabitants, making it the sixth largest city/municipality in the Netherlands and the second largest outside the Randstad . Groningen
1846-402: Is the dialect with the farthest distance from Standard Dutch. Reasons for this are vocabulary and pronunciation. The Gronings vocabulary is quite different from Dutch, for example: The pronunciation differs from the writing system. The -en ending of many words is pronounced like (ə or ən) in most varieties of Dutch . In Gronings and many other Low Saxon dialects these words are pronounced with
1917-419: Is the main railway station and has regular services to most of the major cities in the country. The city's remaining two railway stations are Europapark and Noord . Groningen has six railway routes: On those six routes, ten lines stop at: City & Q-Link Lines: Gronings language Gronings ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣroːnɪŋs] ; Gronings : Grunnegs or Grönnegs ),
1988-843: Is the second oldest university in the Netherlands (after the University of Leiden ). The university educated the country's first female student, Aletta Jacobs , the first Dutch national astronaut, Wubbo Ockels , the first president of the European Central Bank , Wim Duisenberg , and two Nobel laureates ; Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (in Physics) and Ben Feringa (in Chemistry). The university has about 31,000 students—22% of which are international. The Hanze University of Applied Sciences (in Dutch: Hanzehogeschool Groningen )
2059-409: Is titled Gezondhaid en Groutnis (sanity and greetings). Although Gronings, as part of Low Saxon, is an official language, it is not a mandatory subject in schools. Still, many primary schools in Groningen choose to give attention to the regional language. This attention varies from inviting storytellers to teaching about the language. In secondary schools Gronings does not receive much attention. At
2130-654: Is used less, but the weather forecast is always presented in Gronings. The news is always presented in Dutch, since not all viewers understand Gronings. In the second half of 2007, the local television broadcast a series in Gronings called Boven Wotter [ nds-nl ] . Another program that is in and about Gronings is Grunnegers , which is actually some kind of education in Gronings. Examples of Gronings magazines are Toal en Taiken [ nds-nl ] (language and signs) and Krödde [ nds-nl ] , which actually means cannabis . There are many Gronings dictionaries as well. The first official dictionary
2201-467: Is −26.8 °C (−16.2 °F) on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter. Hotel and catering industries constitute a significant part of the economy in Groningen. Focus on business services has increased over time and areas such as IT, life sciences, tourism, energy, and environment have developed. Until 2008 there were two major sugar refineries within
Johan Huizinga - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-555: The Martinitoren was built which is considered to be the city's most significant landmark. In 1536, Groningen accepted Emperor Charles V , the King of Spain and the Habsburg ruler of the other Netherlands as its ruler, thus ending the region's autonomy. The city was captured in the Siege of Groningen (1594) by the Dutch and English forces led by Maurice of Nassau . After the siege, the city and
2343-548: The 2022 local elections , was made up as follows: From 2022, the ruling municipal coalition consisted of GroenLinks, PvdA, Party for the Animals, the Socialist Party and ChristenUnie. Groningen is twinned with the following cities: Groningen also has a trilateral partnership with the nearby northern German cities of Bremen and Oldenburg. Groningen is known as the "World Cycling City"; around 57% of its residents use
2414-596: The East Frisian language . Gronings can be subdivided into eight dialects: Though there are several differences between the dialects, they form a single dialect group. Most words are written the same way, but the pronunciation can differ. The examples, all using the sentence "The only thing we're not doing is giving out sweets", show the pronunciation. There are many uncertainties about the classification and categorization of Gronings. Words used in classifying it are often more political than linguistic, because it encompasses
2485-512: The Third Anglo-Dutch War failed and the city walls resisted; an event that is celebrated annually with music and fireworks on 28 August as " Gronings Ontzet " or " Bommen Berend " ("Bombing Bernard"). In the early 19th century when the kingdom of Holland under king Jerôme Bonaparte was founded, Groningen was integrated into the French system of administration, and then annexed in 1811 into
2556-400: The University of Groningen it is possible to study the language. In October 2007 Gronings became an official study within the faculty of letteren (language and literature). Another possible way to learn Gronings is taking classes. In the last few years the trend of people taking courses has risen. More and more people, also people from outside who come to live in the area in which Gronings
2627-459: The 'Nieuwe Groninger Woordenboek' by K. ter Laan published in 1977, (1280pp). Because of this far distance from Standard Dutch and the official status of the neighbouring West Frisian , Gronings is considered as a separate language by some of its native speakers, while linguists consider it part of Dutch Low Saxon . Lord’s Prayer The Gronings vocabulary is strongly related to East Frisian Low Saxon, Saterfrisian and West Frisian. However, today
2698-541: The 15th century, Groningen could be considered an independent city-state and it remained autonomous until the French era . Today Groningen is a university city, home to some of the country's leading higher education institutes; University of Groningen ( Rijksuniversiteit Groningen ), which is the Netherlands's second oldest university, and Hanze University of Applied Sciences ( Hanzehogeschool Groningen ). Students comprise an estimated 25% of its total population and makes it
2769-496: The American football team of the city who play in the premier league of the AFBN and are nicknamed as the "Kings of the North". The running event called 4 Miles of Groningen takes place in the city on the second Sunday of October every year with over 23,000 participants. The 2002 Giro d'Italia began in Groningen, including the prologue and the start of the first stage. The city hosted
2840-466: The Antilles. These same ships returned to Europe laden with valuable commodities such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco. The University of Groningen was founded in 1614 with initial course offerings in law, medicine, theology and philosophy. During this period the city expanded rapidly and a new city wall was built. The Siege of Groningen (1672) led by the bishop of Münster , Bernhard von Galen during
2911-546: The Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a thousand years . The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce. These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies. Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of
Johan Huizinga - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-848: The Dutch aristocratic twins Adrian and Oliver [ nl ] ("Adriaan en Olivier"). “Text and Subtext in Johan Huizinga’s Writings on America.” From the Halve Maen to KLM. 400 Years of Dutch-American Exchange. Eds. Margriet Bruijn Lacy, Charles Gehring, Jenneke Oosterhof. [Studies in Dutch Language and Culture vol. 2]. Münster (Germany): Nodus Publikationen, 2008, 311-320. Groningen (city) Groningen ( / ˈ ɡ r oʊ n ɪ ŋ ə n / GROH -ning-ən , UK also / ˈ ɡ r ɒ n ɪ ŋ ə n / GRON -ing-ən , Dutch: [ˈɣroːnɪŋə(n)] ; Gronings : Grunn or Grunnen [ˈχrʏnn̩] )
3053-700: The French Empire under emperor Napoleon I (until 1813). During the French administration of the area, Groningen was called Groningue . During World War II , the main square and the Grote Markt were largely destroyed in the Battle of Groningen in April 1945. However, the church Martinitoren , the Goudkantoor , and the city hall were undamaged. There is a town named after Groningen in Saramacca District , Suriname .
3124-422: The Gronings vocabulary is in decline. More and more Gronings words are being replaced by Dutch words that have been "Groningized". For example, the word "stevel" (boot, German "Stiefel") is sometimes replaced by the word "leers" (Dutch "laars"). Although most people do know the Gronings words, they are less and less used, for example because people think others will not understand them or because they are too long and
3195-553: The Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position. Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales. Summers are somewhat warm and humid. Temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around 22 °C (72 °F). Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation
3266-481: The North", or Martinistad (after the Martinitoren tower.) The city was founded at the northernmost point of the Hondsrug area. While the oldest document referring to Groningen's existence dates from 1040, the area was occupied by Anglo-Saxons centuries prior. The oldest archaeological evidence of a settlement in the region stems from around 3950–3650 BC, and the first major settlement in Groningen trace back to
3337-483: The Peperstraat. Groningen is the host city for Eurosonic Noorderslag , an annual music showcase event for bands from across Europe. Groningen's active nightlife depends largely on its student population, with the Grote Markt, Vismarkt, Poelestraat and Peperstraat crowded nightly, most bars not closing until five in the morning. From 2005 to 2007, Groningen was named "best city centre" of the Netherlands. Groningen has
3408-621: The USSR, was the first time the Soviet Union had sent a team to a foreign event. An international chess "Schaakfestival Groningen tournament" has been held in the city in most years since 1946. Groningen is home to the Groninger Museum . Its new building designed by Alessandro Mendini in 1994 echoes the Italian post-modern concepts and is notable for its futuristic and colourful style. The city has
3479-569: The bank of the Hunze , which they called 'Grunoburg', and which was later destroyed by the Vikings. One modern theory is that 'Groningen' meant 'among the people of Groni' ('Groningi' and 'Groninga' in the 11th century), derived from Gronesbeke , which was the old name for a small lake near the Hunze (on the northern border of Zuidlaarderveen ). As the name Grone (variant Groene) is an old Frisian personal name,
3550-561: The city of Groningen ), while the city, the surrounding rural area called Gorecht [ nds-nl ] and the eastern lordship of Westerwolde were Low Saxon. When the city of Groningen developed an important position in the Ommelanden, a switch from East Frisian to Saxon occurred, although it was not a complete switch because there are many East Frisian influences in the "new" Groningen language. Many East Frisian words and grammatic features are still in use today. In less than one century,
3621-630: The city. The Suiker Unie plant was constructed in the outskirts of Groningen, but became a part of the city due to expansion. The factory had 98 employees before it was closed in 2008 due to a reduction in demand. As of 2017, CSM Vierverlaten in Hoogkerk remains the only beet sugar production plant in the city. Other notable companies from Groningen include publishing company Noordhoff Uitgevers , tobacco company Niemeyer , health insurance company Menzis, distillery Hooghoudt , and natural gas companies GasUnie and GasTerra . As of 2020, Groningen had
SECTION 50
#17328693113553692-408: The country's demographically youngest city. The origin and meaning of 'Groningen' and its older variant, 'Groeningen', are uncertain. A folk origin story relates the idea that, in 453 BC, exiles from Troy who were guided by a mythical figure called Gruno (or Grunius, Gryns or Grunus), along with a group of Phrygians from Germany, founded a settlement in what is now Groningen, and built a castle on
3763-580: The different ages succeed to the provincial round. Notable Groningen musical artists include Wia Buze, Alje van Bolhuis, Alex Vissering, Eltje Doddema, Pé Daalemmer & Rooie Rinus, Burdy, Wat Aans!, Hail Gewoon, Erwin de Vries, and Ede Staal (†). Every year the supply of successful artists in regional languages in the Netherlands is rising. Some linguists classify Gronings to North Low Saxon, to which also East Frisian Low Saxon belongs. Both related dialects are characterized by an East Frisian influence. Hence other linguists classify Gronings-East Frisian as
3834-528: The map below. This is especially true for the northern part of Drenthe (number 8 on that map). Drents , spoken in the north of the province of Drenthe ( Noordenveld ) is somewhat related with the Groninger language, but the core linguistics is Drents . For the dialects in the southeast, called Veenkoloniaals , it is a bit different on both sides of the Groningen-Drenthe border, as the dialect spoken there
3905-604: The origin may very well be in a settlement originally founded by the family of Grone and their followers, which in Frisian would be called Groninga. Another theory is that the name was derived from the word groenighe , meaning 'green fields'. In Frisian , it is called Grins . In Groningen province , it is called Groot Loug [ nl ] . Regionally, it is often simply referred to as Stad (the "city"), and its inhabitants are referred to as Stadjers or Stadjeder . The Dutch sometimes refer to it as "the Metropolis of
3976-434: The original city limits, excluding Hoogkerk, Noorddijk, Haren and Ten Boer. It has a land area of 168.93 km (65.22 sq mi), and a total area, including water, of 180.21 km (69.58 sq mi). Its population density is 1,367 residents per km (3,540 per square mile). On 1 January 2019, it was merged with the municipalities of Ten Boer and Haren . The Groningen-Assen metropolitan area has about half
4047-482: The percentage would rise to about 80%. Of course, this is not a representative picture of the linguistic capacity of the inhabitants of Groningen province. Most of the older people use Gronings as their main language. Until the second half of the 20th century, Gronings was more important in Groningen than Dutch. Younger people also speak the language, however in a regiolectical mixed way, because many pure Gronings words are lost. The youngest generation passed to Dutch. Since
4118-566: The pronunciation is almost alike. Here are a few examples of words compared to West Frisian, East Frisian Low Saxon, German, Dutch and English. The East Frisian combination oo (for example in Bloot/Blood = blood) is pronounced like ow in the English word “now” ([aʊ]) ( [blaʊt] ; Gronings: blowd ). In some parts of the Rheiderland they say blyowt , which is a leftover of Frisian in this area. The East Frisian combination aa (for example in quaad )
4189-808: The province joined the Dutch Republic . During the 17th century, Groningen served as a crucial hub for the Dutch West India Company (WIC). This powerful trading company was responsible for maritime trade, colonization, and the transportation of goods and people. The WIC transported over 300,000 slaves from the African coast to the Dutch colonies between 1621 and 1792. Warships like the Groeningen sailed from Groningen’s shipyards to Africa’s west coast, carrying enslaved Africans to plantations in Brazil, Suriname, and
4260-437: The rise of National Socialism in Germany, Huizinga wrote several works of cultural criticism. Many similarities can be noted between his analysis and that of contemporary critics such as Ortega y Gasset and Oswald Spengler . Huizinga argued that the spirit of technical and mechanical organisation had replaced spontaneous and organic order in cultural as well as political life. The Huizinga Lecture (Dutch: Huizingalezing )
4331-468: The same process also started in East Frisia , from the city of Emden, which was influenced by the Hanseatic League . This explains the strong relation between both varieties. In the second half of the 16th century Gronings started to evolve towards Middle Dutch because of the strong influence of the new standard language. But because of the political, geographical and cultural isolation of Groningen,
SECTION 60
#17328693113554402-416: The second half of the 20th century, the usage of the language is declining. Because of globalization, other languages like Dutch and English are becoming more important. Parents today choose to raise their children in the Dutch language. In the media Gronings is used frequently. For example, on the local radio station Radio Noord , Gronings is used by the presenters and listeners. On local television Gronings
4473-468: The separation is not between Westphalian and Groningen–East Frisian (or North Low Saxon), but rather between Groningen on one side and East Frisian on the other, with the national border also functioning as the linguistic border. The Gronings dialects are a kind of mix between two languages: Old Frisian ( East Frisian ) and Middle Low German. East Frisian was spoken in the Ommelanden (surrounding lands of
4544-447: The sounds ou , ai and ui and the typical accent are part of that distinction. Other linguists categorize all Gronings–East Frisian dialects as part of North Low German. When that is the case, all the other Low German varieties in the Netherlands are categorized as Westphalian . Dutch linguists in particular have classified Gronings as Dutch Low Saxon . In this case the Dutch influence
4615-480: The start and finish of the fifth stage of the 2013 Energiewacht Tour . As of 2020, around 25% of the 230,000 inhabitants in Groningen are students. The city has the highest density of students and the lowest mean age in the Netherlands. There are also Middle Schools, such as H.N. Werkman College The University of Groningen (in Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen ), established in 1614
4686-488: The very diverse cultural scene for a city of its size. Since 2016 Groningen has been host of the International Cycling Film Festival , an annual film festival for bicycle related films. It takes place in the art house cinema of the old Roman Catholic Hospital. The first major international chess tournament after World War II was held in Groningen in 1946. The tournament, won by Mikhail Botvinnik of
4757-460: The year 3 AD. In the 13th century Groningen was an important trade centre and its inhabitants built a city wall to underline its authority. The city had a strong influence on its surrounding lands and the Gronings dialect became common. The city's most influential period was at the end of the 15th century, when the nearby province of Friesland was administered from Groningen. During these years
4828-473: Was established more than 950 years ago and gained city rights in 1245. Due to its relatively isolated location from the then successive Dutch centres of power ( Utrecht , The Hague , Brussels ), Groningen was historically reliant on itself and nearby regions. As a Hanseatic city, it was part of the North German trade network, but later it mainly became a regional market centre. At the height of its power in
4899-469: Was founded in 1986 and is more focused on the practical application of knowledge, offering bachelor and master courses in fields like Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Communication and Multimedia Design, and Renewable Energy. With around 8.1% international students, Hanze hosts more than 28,000 students and is one of the largest universities of applied sciences by enrollment in the Netherlands. The Groningen municipal council has 45 members which, after
4970-778: Was held in detention by the Nazis between August and October 1942. Upon his release, he was banned from returning to Leiden. He subsequently lived at the house of his colleague Rudolph Cleveringa in De Steeg in Gelderland , near Arnhem , where he died just a few weeks before Nazi rule ended. He lies buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest . Huizinga had an aesthetic approach to history, where art and spectacle played an important part. His most famous work
5041-431: Was the "Nieuw Groninger Woordenboek" and was put together by Kornelis ter Laan . This dictionary and the writing system used in the book became the basics of each dictionary and writing system ever since. More recent is "Zakwoordenboek Gronings – Nederlands / Nederlands – Gronings" by Siemon Reker [ nl ] , which is a little less specific. K. G. Pieterman wrote a dictionary of Gronings alliterations which
#354645