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90-408: A johad , also known as a pokhar or a percolation pond , is a community-owned traditional harvested rainwater storage wetland principally used for effectively harnessing water resources in the states of Haryana , Rajasthan , Punjab , and western Uttar Pradesh of North India , that collects and stores water throughout the year, to be used for the purpose of recharging the groundwater in

180-508: A cantonment in Solan , it later relocated to a newly built campus in Chandigarh, and was renamed Panjab University. It is accredited by NAAC at five star level, with the highest NAAC A++ accreditation grade. The university has 78 teaching and research departments and 10 centres/chairs for teaching and research at the main campus located at Chandigarh. It has 201 affiliated colleges spread over

270-438: A cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall , enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough

360-575: A feasible option for rural areas since less material is required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for domestic use ; however, such units can be unaffordable to people in poverty. Rainwater harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting rainwater. Some research

450-532: A gymnasium and a swimming pool for its sports activities. The Directorate of Sports organises about 70 Inter-College and four to five Inter-University Competitions every year. The Directorate of Sports participates in 62 games both for men and women in the Inter-University Competitions and arranges training camps in these games under the supervision of expert coaches. The university has been awarded Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy sixteenth times,

540-407: A heritage building. It has a large collection of works of contemporary Indian art, including paintings, sculptures, graphics and drawings by artists such as Jamini Roy , M.F. Husain , Satish Gujral , J. Swaminathan , Ram Kumar , A. Ramachandran , K.G. Subramanyan , Vivan Sundaram , Bhupen Khakhar , Dhanraj Bhagat , Arpana Caur , Shiv Singh etc. The day-to-day functioning of the university

630-570: A large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly 1,700 m (60,000 cu ft). It was carved out of a solid rock, lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep it from leaking. The Greek island of Crete is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the Minoan period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at Myrtos-Pyrgos , Archanes , and Zakroeach. The cistern found at Myrtos-Pyrgos

720-432: A methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the environmental performance of the system. To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed – the demand to supply ratio (D/S) – identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to

810-448: A professional from outside the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people. The usage of in-situ technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ technologies for rainwater harvesting could be

900-440: A rainwater collection system based on man-made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers. Still, the wells remained in use and were especially important in times of war when an enemy could block access to

990-534: A result, care must be taken to ensure that female mosquitoes can not access the cistern to lay eggs. Larvae eating fish can also be added to the cistern, or it can be chemically treated. Rainwater harvesting is becoming a procedure that many Canadians are incorporating into their daily lives, although data does not give exact figures for implementation. Rainwater can be used for a number of purposes including stormwater reduction, irrigation , laundry and portable toilets. In addition to low costs, rainwater harvesting

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1080-575: A sports complex, hostels and residential housing. The University of the Punjab was established on 14 October 1882 at Lahore (now in Punjab, Pakistan ). The fate of the university after the partition of India in 1947, was deliberated at the Punjab Partition Committee, with representatives from East Punjab advocating for a division of the university. The senate of the university voted to split

1170-403: A storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system. Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting

1260-505: A survey based on 1957 revenue records and satellite survey to identify the ponds, remove encroachments and among those in first phase rejuvenate 1868 ponds by the end of 2022 to use water from pond to irrigate 50 acre land per pond or targeted irrigation of total 93400 land from the rejuvenated ponds. There was a severe drought in Alwar district in Rajasthan during 1985-86. In 1985, volunteers from

1350-535: A viable way to help meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and water security ( Sustainable Development Goal 6 ). The technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban setting. Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use

1440-598: A water source to developing regions facing poverty, the average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary to develop and maintain RWH setups. Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial, centralized water supply systems, such as dams,

1530-583: Is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird feces , mosses and lichens , windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea ( Ca , Mg , Na , K , Cl , SO4 ), and dissolved gases ( CO 2 , NO x , SO x ). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with

1620-425: Is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy and ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments. A concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household drinking purposes has been developed by Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute . Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in most of

1710-788: Is a major renewable resource for any land. Vast areas are being covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration and disinfection processes as rainwater is very low in salinity . Exploiting rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall or cloudy areas by generating additional income. Recently, cost-effective rainwater collection in existing wells has been found highly effective in raising groundwater levels in India. The Groasis Waterboxx

1800-866: Is a rain-fed water storage in the arid areas of the Indian subcontinent , such as Rajasthan , specially in the bagar tract . Diggi is a canal-fed water works for rural drinking water supply. It is usually a purpose-dug open pond, smaller than the typical johad, often concretised to prevent the water loss. Rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households, having been used in South Asia and other countries for many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales, including households, neighborhoods, and communities, and can also serve institutions such as schools, hospitals, and other public facilities. Rooftop rainwater harvesting

1890-504: Is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil or water scarcity . In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion. Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as

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1980-493: Is also known as the south campus. There are eighteen hostels on the campus including eight hostels for men and eleven women hostels including a Working Women Hostel. A Sports Hostel has been built for visiting sports teams. Two more hostels are under construction, one each for boys and girls. There is one International hostel also. All the NRI/Foreign national girls students are accommodated there. The university has playgrounds,

2070-497: Is an example of low scale technology, in this case to assist planting of trees in arid area. It harvests rainwater and dew. Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be sustained. Rainwater harvesting increases

2160-462: Is available to irrigate crops. Frankfurt Airport has the largest rainwater harvesting system in Germany, saving approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$ 63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with

2250-687: Is claimed that in the South East of England there is less water available per person than in many Mediterranean countries. The construction and use of cisterns to store rainwater can be traced back to the Neolithic Age , when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the Levant , a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains , bounded by

2340-454: Is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs and tanks can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater. In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted. Life-cycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al, developed such

2430-635: Is headed by Vice Chancellor . The office of the Dean of University Instruction (DUI) is the academic head of Panjab University and its Regional Centres. Panjab University Internal Structure shown in Orgranogram. UICET is one of the regional centres of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2008 was the Golden Jubilee year of the institute. As part of the celebrations, the institute hosted CHEMCON-2008,

2520-591: Is left open for the rainwater to enter. These catch and conserve rainwater, leading to improved percolation and groundwater recharge. They are very common in most villages of states of Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and the Thar desert of Rajasthan in India. 2019 Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal groundwater scheme), a 5 years (2020-21 to 2024-25) scheme costing INR 6 billion (US$ 85 million) for managing demand side with village panchayat level water security plans entailing johad rejuvenation (wetland) and groundwater recharge,

2610-439: Is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of water rather than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a first flush diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of

2700-527: Is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits, including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by

2790-628: Is stored in johads and used throughout the year. Johad in Haryanvi language and Rajasthani language are also called sarovar , taal and talab in Hindi language , and water pond or lake in English. A similar structure to a johads, called a khadin, consists of a very low and long earthen bund in the Jaisalmer district . Over 4,500 working johads in Alwar district and surrounding districts Rajasthan were revived by

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2880-417: Is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution systems, less generated stormwater in sewer systems , and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies. A large body of work has focused on

2970-570: Is the techno-cultural fest and Umang is the annual sports fest of UIET. Panjab University is active on social media websites such as Facebook , Twitter and Instagram . The office of the Panjab University Campus Students Council (PUCSC) is located in the student centre. The student centre is the hub of students' activities – academic, cultural, social and political – besides being the favourite eating and hanging out zone for students. The Students' Council consists of

3060-509: Is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the establishment of the 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized regulating its agriculture industry. Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and drinking. Studies by Stout et al. on

3150-765: Is useful for landscape irrigation . Many Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and lavatory plumbing. Provincial and municipal legislation is in place for regulating the rights and uses for captured rainwater. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting. While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times. Rainwater harvesting in

3240-548: The Government of Haryana announced a plan to map the district-wise map of water flow and to create a database of all water bodies within the state. These water bodies have contributed to the economic development through fisheries in the landlocked state of Haryana. Haryana ranks second in India in terms of the average annual fish production per unit area in the country with 7000 kg per hectare average annual fish production. Fish production has increased from 600 tonnes in 1966-67 at

3330-548: The Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. By the late 4000 BC , cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in dry-land farming . Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of Jerusalem and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell),

3420-717: The Middle East . RWH is useful for developing areas as it collects water for irrigation and domestic purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately filtered to ensure safe drinking. Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province, for example, solar water disinfection is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called " appropriate technology " methods provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. While rainwater itself

3510-565: The Panjab University found 60 fish species of 19 families, 11 commercial and 6 exotic species, in the water bodies of Haryana. Water bodies remain under risk from encroachment, shrinking of catchment area and pollution. In 2010, India's first ever diatom data basing was done in ten different water bodies at ten different stations in Haryana. A 2015 study of 24 water bodies of Haryana, found 39 morphologically different types of diatoms. In 2016,

3600-602: The Tarun Bharat Sangh (TBS), a voluntary organization led by Rajendra Singh , came to Alwar . The Alwar District had once thrived, but logging, mining, and other industrial activities resulted in land degradation that intensified flooding and droughts. The traditional water management system using johads was abandoned. TBS revived the tradition of building johads, an example of traditional technology that provided water for use and recharging ground water. Now smaller cemented johads are popularly known as tankas in most parts of

3690-639: The University of Florida , the University of Cincinnati , SRI International USA, and Lakehead University in Canada. The centre has helped the states of Haryana , Punjab and Himachal Pradesh , U.T. Chandigarh, J&K State, and the North-Eastern states in solving problems associated with energy planning and management and Environmental protection. The university has participated in the project called International Collaboration for Research for Elementary Particles and

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3780-470: The 61st annual session of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, which also included a joint US-India Conference on Energy. The university has two departments for teaching law. The  National Institutional Ranking Framework  (NIRF) has ranked Faculty of Law, Panjab University 15 in the National Law Rankings 2020. The department conducts a separate admission test, for both courses, on

3870-719: The Empire. For example, in Pompeii , rooftop water storage was common before the construction of the aqueduct in the 1st century BC. This history continued with the Byzantine Empire; for example, the Basilica Cistern in Istanbul. Though little known, the town of Venice for centuries depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon surrounding Venice is brackish water, which is unsuitable for drinking. Venice's ancient inhabitants established

3960-434: The Haryana state. As of 2020, Government of Haryana is reviving various johads of Gurugram . In June 2020, for the revival of pond at Gwal Pahari , the estimates were being prepared to undertake erection of boundary wall, building a walking track around the johad, clearing of bushes and planting of trees and to connect the seasonal rivulet to the johad to ensure it retains water year around. In 2021, Haryana will undertake

4050-516: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) CERN , Geneva CMS Experiment with a Government of India grant of Rs. 24.9 million. "Cyanide" is the annual festival of DCET/UICET. The festival often hosts star performers, DJ nights and other events. Tatva is the student magazine of DCET/UICET. There is an annual debate competition called the Polemic. Aavishkar was the technical fest of UIET until 2013. Goonj

4140-636: The NGO Tarun Bharat Sangh by Rajendra Singh . Haryana formed the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in the state, including the development of 60 lakes in Delhi NCR falling within the state. Smaller cemented water tanks called taankas in parts of Rajasthan are also sometimes mistakenly referred to as johads. Concretized rain-fed taanka and canal-fed diggi are different from

4230-679: The UGC as the "University with Potential for Excellence in Bio-Medical Sciences" with facilities for Stem Cell Research and Drug Development. The university is one of six centres in the country for super-computing facilities to serve the north-western region in the Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), DST. The government of India has identified the university as a Special Centre. The university provides internet connections for more than 1800 terminals for

4320-569: The United Kingdom is a practice of growing importance. Rainwater harvesting in the UK is both a traditional and a reviving technique for collecting water for domestic uses. The water is generally used for non-hygienic purposes like watering gardens, flushing toilets, and washing clothes. In commercial premises like supermarkets it is used for things like toilet flushing where larger tank systems can be used collecting between 1000 and 7500 litres of water. It

4410-525: The academic-industry interface. The Energy Research Centre was established in 1983 at Panjab University to promote R&D and Extension activities in Renewable Energy. The Energy Research Centre is the only R&D centre in the country designated as a Nodal Agency for the implementation of the programmes of MNES. The centre has been designated as a regional test centre for testing solar thermal equipment by MNES. The Bureau of Indian Standard has approved

4500-456: The arid state of Rajasthan. The water revolution spread by tanki and johads in the Alwar district has spread far and wide. Now there are around 5,000 johads all over Rajasthan and this has greatly helped in reducing water shortage and improving water quality. Following are similar to the johads but are still distinct types of water bodies with specific differentiating features. Taanka or Tanki

4590-435: The availability of water during dry seasons by increasing the levels of dried borewells and wells. Surface water supply is readily available for various purposes thus reducing dependence on underground water. It improves the quality of ground by diluting salinity. It does not cause pollution and is environmentally friendly. It is cost-effective and easily affordable. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater

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4680-616: The available surface water fully for use in the dry season. Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters (see e.g. vortex filter ), drains/gutters, storage containers, and depending on whether

4770-404: The banks of johads, which also have ghats for the sacred rituals, bathing and other religious, social and practical human activities. Johads can be of several types, such as dug out in areas to which rainwater can be easily channeled. Alternatively, simple mud and rubble barrier check dams may be built across the contour of a slope with a high embankment on the three sides while the fourth side

4860-513: The benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during combined sewer overflow events. Generally, check dams are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the subsoil strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and ANFO explosives as used in open cast mining . Thus, local aquifers can be recharged quickly using

4950-576: The campus. The centre runs a library, a seminar complex and a guest house for visiting scholars under its study-grants programme. Institute of Social Science Education and Research (commonly known as ISSER or PU-ISSER) is a liberal arts institution and a constituent department of the Panjab University. The institute offers a five-year integrated, honour-school Masters of Arts degree in the Social Sciences . The university has been recognised by

5040-409: The captured water. For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns). Good quality water resources near populated areas are becoming scarce and costly for consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rainwater

5130-928: The centre for testing wood-burning stoves. The centre has provided consultancy to countries in the Asia-Pacific region such as the Maldives, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Kiribati and Tuvalu, in the area of renewable energy sources, energy management and environmental protection. The centre has helped the states of Haryana, Panjab and Himachal Pradesh in solving problems associated with energy planning, management and environmental protection. The centre has done work on solar thermal energy storage, solar detoxification, biomethanation of agricultural/industrial/forest wastes, biomass combustion and gasification, indoor air quality, energy and environmental conservation and management, and hydrodynamics of polymeric solutions. The Energy Research Centre has professional contacts with universities such as

5220-537: The centre it was shut down during COVID 19 Pandemic but now resumed its operations. Various events and plays are performed in the Student Centre. The Central Library is named after its late Vice-Chancellor of the university, Prof. A C Joshi . It is located near the student centre. It was designed by Swiss architect Pierre Jeanneret . The foundation stone of the Library was laid in 1958 by Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ,

5310-450: The departmental representatives and other office bearers i.e. president, vice-president, secretary and joint-secretary directly elected by the students from the various teaching departments on the campus. The Dean of Student Welfare is ex officio chairman of the council. The Students' Council organises youth festivals, both national and international, academic debates, literary and cultural events and educational tours, besides looking after

5400-466: The developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy. Rainwater cisterns can also act as habitat for pathogen-bearing mosquitoes. As

5490-433: The development of life cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems. Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater

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5580-400: The eight districts of Punjab state and union-territory of Chandigarh, with Regional Centres at Muktsar , Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur . It is one of the well-ranked universities in India. The campus is residential, spread over 550 acres (220 ha) in sectors 14 and 25 of the city of Chandigarh. The main administrative and academic buildings are located in sector 14, beside a health centre,

5670-424: The environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one. Although standard RWH systems can provide

5760-753: The faculties of Arts, Science, Languages, Law, Education, Design and Fine Arts, Business Management and Commerce, Engineering and Technology, Hotel Management and Tourism, Medical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Sciences. There are also departments of Evening Studies and Distance Learning. Most departments have their own libraries. The Faculty of Languages also has courses in foreign languages. The Department of Chinese and Tibetan languages runs 7 courses. One in Buddhist Studies and three each in Tibetan and Chin. besides providing research guidance in Buddhist Studies. The Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) at Panjab University

5850-924: The feasibility of RWH in India found it most beneficial for small-scale irrigation, which provides income from produce sales, and for groundwater recharge. In regards to urban agriculture, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban 'green' rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius ref name Amos 174–190 Cite journal last1 Amos first1 Caleb Christian last2=Rahman first2=Ataur last3=Karim first3=Fazlul last4=Gathenya first4=John Mwangi date=November 2018 title=A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus journal=Journal of Cleaner Production volume=202 pages=174–190 doi=10.1016 j.jclepro.2018.08.108 =2018JCPro.202..174A s2cid=158718294|issn=0959-6526 ref Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be

5940-457: The first universities in India to grant menstrual leave to female students, starting from the session 2024-25. The policy will allow leave of one day per one calendar month of teaching and maximum of four days leave per semester. The university's chequerboard layout was devised by Swiss-French Architect Pierre Jeanneret. The main campus at Chandigarh is spread over 550 acres in Sectors 14 and 25,

6030-424: The highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration

6120-458: The johads. Matsya Purana , a Hindu text , has a Sanskrit language shloka (hymn), which explains the importance of reverence of ecology in Hinduism. It states, "A pond equals ten wells , a reservoir equals ten ponds, while a son equals ten reservoirs, and a tree equals ten sons." Gramadevata (village deity) temples and Jathera shrines of pitrs for ancestral worship are usually found on

6210-430: The latest being in the year 2021 and making a hat-trick twice. MAKA Trophy represents the highest award given for inter-university sports and university sportsperson performance in the international and national arena by the Government of India . The Gandhi Bhawan is a major landmark of the city of Chandigarh . Designed by the architect Pierre Jeanneret , a cousin of Le Corbusier , it is an auditorium hall that sits in

6300-589: The mainland water. Panjab University Panjab University ( PU ) is an Indian collegiate public state university located in Chandigarh . Funded through both State and Union governments , it is considered a state university . It traces its origins to the University of the Punjab in Lahore , which was founded in 1882. After the partition of India , the university was established on 1 October 1947, and called East Punjab University. Initially housed primarily at

6390-481: The middle of a pond of water. It also houses a collection of books on Gandhi . The Student Centre, popularly known as StuC, is a major landmark of the city of Chandigarh and a hub for student activities. It was inaugurated in 1975. It houses the office of the Dean University Welfare and university students' council. There is a cafeteria called Indian Coffee House with a panoramic view on the top floor of

6480-436: The nearby bani (forest). State fisheries departments also promote the use of these johads for raising fishes on contract basis for commercial fishing . Johads are often seen surrounded by embankment, with water well and trees around them. In many parts, specially in dry state of Rajasthan , the annual rainfall is very low (between 450 and 600 mm) and the water can be unpleasant to drink. Rainfall during July and August

6570-465: The nearby water wells , washing, bathing and drinking by humans and cattle . Some johads also have bricked or stones masonry and cemented ghat (series of steps and/or ramp). Rainwater fills the pit. These are connected to other small pits like this. The extra rainwater is filled in the smaller pits. They are then used for cleaning, drinking and washing purposes. Johads also cater to resident and seasonal migrant birds as well as wildlife animals from

6660-704: The pattern of the Union Public Service Commission. Originally, the university had three regional centres, one each in Ludhiana , Rohtak and Shimla. Currently, the university has following regional centres in the state of Punjab: The university comprises 78 departments, 15 centres/chairs on the campus and six Constituent Colleges located at Sikhwala (Sri Muktsar Sahib), Balachaur (SBS Nagar), Nihalsingh Wala (Moga), Dharamkot (Moga), Mokham Khan Wala (Ferozepur) and Guru Harsahai (Ferozepur) and one rural regional centre. Three regional centres are grouped under

6750-452: The re-organisation of Punjab in 1966, the university had its regional centres at Rohtak , Shimla , Jalandhar and its affiliated colleges were in the present-day states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. With the re-organisation of Punjab, the university became an Inter-State Body Corporate catering to the newly organised state of Punjab and the union-territory of Chandigarh. In April 2024, Panjab University in Chandigarh became one of

6840-462: The system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment. Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain

6930-802: The teaching area is in the north-east, with the Central Library, Fine Arts Museum, and three-winged structure of the Gandhi Bhawan forming its core; the sports complex, the health centre, the dolphinarium, student centre and the shopping centre in the middle; 16 university hostels and residential area in the south-east, stretching into the adjacent Sector 25 which also houses the University Institute of Engineering and Technology , Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, UIAMS , and Institute of Biological Sciences. The campus in Sector 25

7020-551: The then vice-president of India, and it was formally inaugurated in 1963 by the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru . With a collection of 6,70,000 titles, it is one of the largest libraries in North India. Museum of Fine Arts is a part of the Department of Art History and Visual Arts, inaugurated in 1968. The Museum building, made in red sandstone , is one of the landmarks in the university campus and has been earmarked as

7110-638: The time of formation of Haryana to 121000 tonnes of fish during the year 2015-16, providing a livelihood to over 30000 families in fisheries sector. On 1 November 2017, Chief Minister of Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar announced that Government of Haryana will form the Haryana State Waterbody Management Board to rejuvenate and manage 14,000 ponds in Haryana by digging the silt out every year. This includes development of 50 to 60 lakes in National Capital Region falling within

7200-406: The university had no campus of its own for nearly a decade. The administrative office was in Solan and the teaching departments functioned from Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Delhi, and Amritsar. The name was later shortened to Panjab University in 1950. In 1956 the university was relocated to Chandigarh, on a red sandstone campus designed by Pierre Jeanneret under the guidance of Le Corbusier . Until

7290-642: The university, and the matter reached the Partition Council at the centre, but a decision could not be made. With no university for the colleges in its territory, the government in East Punjab was compelled to bring an ordinance to set up a new university on 27 September 1947. The new university was then established in Solan (Shimla) of the Indian Punjab as the "East Punjab University" on 1 October 1947. After 1947,

7380-476: The use of faculty members and students. All the buildings of the university including hostels are connected through ATM and Gigabit technology. The university has a DST supported Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre along with a Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL) and a University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC) to serve the scientific community on the campus and in the region. The Centre for Industry Institute Partnership Programme (CIIPP) promotes

7470-510: The water. When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low rainfall , enough water

7560-603: Was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's blackwater recycling program. Traditionally, stormwater management using detention basins served a single purpose. However, optimized real-time control lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the EPA headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has

7650-456: Was approved for implementation in 8,350 water-stressed villages across 7 states, including Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. In 2007, Haryana Irrigation Department spent INR435.26 crore (INR4.3 billion or US$ 7 million) to renovate and restore water bodies in the state for the conservation of water, recharging of ground water, preservation of environment and enhancement of tourism. A study by

7740-703: Was collected in Shivaganga tank. During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 AD) in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m ). Rainwater harvesting was also common in the Roman Empire . While Roman aqueducts are well-known, Roman cisterns were also commonly used and their construction expanded with

7830-602: Was established on May 1, 2003. The IQAC is integral to the university's commitment to continuous improvement and excellence in higher education. IQAC is currently headed by Prof. Sanjeev K. Sharma, Director IQAC, and Prof. Sakshi Kaushal, Associate Director. Panjab University has undergone multiple cycles of accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) , reflecting its commitment to maintaining high educational standards. The accreditation details are as follows: Internationally, Panjab University

7920-669: Was found to have a capacity of more than 80 m (2,800 cu ft) and to date back to 1700 BC. Around 300 BC, farming communities in Balochistan (now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and Kutch , India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. Rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings as well. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple (located in Balaganapathy Nagar, Thanjavur , India)

8010-497: Was identified and selected suitable sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order, soil quality , and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater. Harvested water from RWH systems can be minimal during below-average precipitation in arid urban regions such as

8100-991: Was ranked 1001–1200 in the QS World University Rankings of 2025 and 301–350 in Asia. It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023, 201–250in Asia in 2023 and 201–250 among emerging economies. In India, the 2024 National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) rankings have ranked Panjab University 60th overall, 35th in Research, 38th among Universities, 92nd in Management, 7th in Pharmacy and 27th in Dental. The Indian Council of Social Science Research has set up its North-Western Regional Centre on

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