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89-522: Sakorn was born in 1922 to parents who were both khon (masked drama) performers and puppeteers in the troupe of Krae Suppavanich . Sakorn performed in a likay (Thai folk opera) troupe as comedian , but also learned puppetry from Krae. He adapted and improved upon Krae's large hun luang (royal puppets) and revived the art of the hun lakorn lek puppets, which were not as detailed as the larger puppets but allowed for more mobility and lifelike movements. As many as three puppeteers would be used to control

178-659: A Sanskrit inscription. In the Khmer empire (802–1431 AD), their court performers style was very sensual during Khmer rule, complete with swinging hips and bare breasts. After the Siamese herded thousands of people from Angkor Wat to the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1421. It resulted in a cultural fusion between these two kingdoms. Thais claim that the Siamese Royal Ballet is an adaptation of Thai ballet, and Cambodians claim that it

267-686: A considerable degree of perfection in dramatic exhibitions — and are in this respect envied by their neighbours the Burmans, Laos, and Cambojans who all employ Siamese actors when they can be got. In 1768–81, Thai dance was greatly revived by King Taksin and Thais. There was evidence that there are still performances of Lakhon Nai and Lakhon No k, both actors and actresses, in the capital and outside major cities, such as Nakhon Ratchasima , Chiang Mai , Fang or Sawangkhaburi (now Utaradit ), and Phitsanulok during Taksin's reunification of Siam . There also were collections of dramatic compositions composed during

356-459: A diversion for the common folk who had no access to royal performances. When considering historical evidence and various archaeological studies, together with the consideration of dance postures in the works of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab , The Dance Manual , it is found that Ayutthaya drama originated from Manora, which were popular in southern Ayutthaya. In particular, the Lakhon Chatri , which

445-441: A dramatic showdown in an India Council meeting on 28 May 1872 where the new Hunterian method carried the day. The Hunterian method was inherently simpler and extensible to several Indic scripts because it systematised grapheme transliteration, and it came to prevail and gain government and academic acceptance. Opponents of the grapheme transliteration model continued to mount unsuccessful attempts at reversing government policy until

534-479: A group rather than representing individual characters. Lakhon draws inspiration primarily from the Ramakien (Thai adaptation of Hindu epic Ramayana ). Percussion instruments and piphat , a type of woodwind, accompany the dance. Thai literature and drama draw great inspiration from Indian arts and legends . Khon is the most stylized form of Thai dance. It is performed by troupes of non-speaking dancers,

623-678: A recreational dance and one part of the history of Muay Thai . Archaeological evidence of Thai dance in the Sukhothai period shows that it already existed. However, there is no clear evidence that Thai dance was performed as a story but rather as local folk entertainment, such as the entertainment during the Kaṭhina festival, as stated in King Ramkhamhaeng's inscription. The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription broadly mentioned Thai dance, in which singing and dancing in any form could be performed freely in

712-408: A single mapping into Roman. Hence it is a prefix code,[2] advantageous from a computation point of view. Typically the small case letters are used for un-aspirated consonants and short vowels while the capital case letters are used for aspirated consonants and long vowels. While the retroflexed voiceless and voiced consonants are mapped to 't, T, d and D', the dentals are mapped to 'w, W, x and X'. Hence

801-540: A unique identity of Thai dance. Even cultures, musical instruments, and songs from India , China , Malay , Mon , Khmer , Khom minorities in the Chao Phraya River Basin, and Myanmar , when they came to have influence, were all improved and evolved until they became exquisitely Thai in a way that was different from other nations. From 748, the Tai state of Nanzhao had a martial art of dance called Fon Joeng . It

890-410: Is ASCII-compatible. A pictorial explanation is here from Anthony Stone . The following is a comparison of the major transliteration methods used for Devanāgarī. The Devanāgarī standalone consonant letters are followed by an implicit shwa (/Ə/). In all of the transliteration systems, that /Ə/ must be represented explicitly using an 'a' or any equivalent of shwa . The table below shows just

979-399: Is a poem intermix with Epic and Dramatic, which lasts three days, from eight in the morning till seven at night. They are histories in verse, serious, and sung by several actors always present, and which do only sing reciprocally.... The Rabam is a double dance of men and women, which is not martial, but gallant ... they can perform it without much tyring themselves, because their way of dancing

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1068-591: Is a simple march round, very slow, and without any high motion; but with a great many slow contortions of the body and arms. Of the attires of Siamese Khon dancers, La Loubère recorded that: "[T]hose that dance in Rabam, and Cone, have gilded high and pointed. It was introduced by Persian Lombok hat in King Naraya reign. but which hang down at the sides below their ears, which are adorned with counterfeit stones, and with two pendants of gilded wood." La Loubère also observed

1157-491: Is also depicted in bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat in Cambodia and could have been the forefather of Khon . Aside from folk and regional dances (such as southern Thailand's Indian-influenced Manora dance), the two major forms of Thai classical dance drama are Khon and lakhon nai . In the beginning, both were exclusively court entertainments and it was not until much later that a popular style of dance theatre, likay , evolved as

1246-510: Is an art of various movements of Thai dance for the belief ceremonies of the northern Thai people and is a martial art for self-defense to show the style of fighting both offensive and defensive. The Fon Joeng has many kinds of drum rhythms and has been passed down from the Nanzhao Period to the Ngoenyang , Lanna , and Sukhothai periods, respectively. Fon Joeng still exists in the present as

1335-402: Is derived from Javanese word, Lakon ( Javanese : ꦭꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ ), a derivation of lakuan , lagon and laku which means "to walk, to act, to run". However, Prince Damrong Rajanubhab hypothesized that Thai term Lakon is derived from the name of Nakhon Si Thammarat , connected to Javanese culture since Ayutthaya period where the dance and drama was originated. Thai dance originated from

1424-603: Is derived from Tamil word, Kon ( Tamil : கோன் , romanized:  kōṉ ) means "King and god, a king, a ruler" as well as Bengali and Iranian word. It is also to be identical with the term Kan , Khan or Khasan in Turko-Mongolian languages . The Thai term Khon is adopted particularly for the Ramakien Thai version from the Indian epic Ramayana . The Thai term, Lakon (alternative spelled, lakorn , lakhon )

1513-571: Is divided into three types: The two golden periods of Burmese literature were the direct consequences of the Thai literary influence. The first transmission happened during the two-decade period (1564–83), in which the Toungoo Dynasty briefly managed to subject Siam as its vassal state. This conquest incorporated many Thai elements into Burmese literature. the most evident ones were the yadu or yatu ( ရာတု ), an emotional and philosophic verse and

1602-557: Is irrelevant. WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. This scheme originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages, and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. The notation (though unidentified) is used, for example, in a textbook on NLP from IIT Kanpur.[1] The salient features of this transliteration scheme are: Every consonant and every vowel has

1691-445: Is more readable but requires diacritic printing) or capitalising them (e.g. making द = d and ड = D , which requires no diacritic printing but is less readable because it mixes small and capital letters in words). The National Library at Kolkata romanisation , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST . It differs from IAST in the use of the symbols ē and ō for ए and ओ (e and o are used for

1780-653: Is much of the computer education available there. Due to low awareness of Devanagari keyboard layouts, many Indian users type Hindi in the Roman script. Before Devanagari was added to Unicode , many workarounds were used to display Devanagari on the Internet, and many sites and services have continued using them despite widespread availability of Unicode fonts supporting Devanagari. Although there are several transliteration conventions on transliterating Hindi to Roman, most of these are reliant on diacritics. As most Indians are familiar with

1869-559: Is now called Yama Zatdaw . Burmese literature during this period was therefore modelled after the Ramayana , and dramatic plays were patronised by the Burmese court. Following the collapse of the Khmer Empire in the 15th century, Cambodian dance and music incorporated influence from Thailand and Vietnam . The earliest mention of Classical Cambodia dance appeared in the 17th century CE in

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1958-689: Is that a single ASCII character is used for each Devanagari letter, a peculiarity that eases reverse transliteration. Hinglish refers to the non-standardised Romanised Hindi used online, and especially on social media. In India, Romanised Hindi is the dominant form of expression online. In an analysis of YouTube comments, Palakodety et al., identified that 52% of comments were in Romanised Hindi, 46% in English, and 1% in Devanagari Hindi. Other less popular ASCII schemes include WX notation , Vedatype and

2047-537: Is the "national system of romanisation in India" and the one officially adopted by the Government of India . The Hunterian system was developed in the nineteenth century by William Wilson Hunter , then Surveyor General of India. When it was proposed, it immediately met with opposition from supporters of the earlier practiced non-systematic and often distorting "Sir Roger Dowler method" (an early corruption of Siraj ud-Daulah ) of phonetic transcription, which climaxed in

2136-600: Is the main dramatic art form in Thailand . Thai dance can be divided into two major categories, high art ( classical dance ) and low art ( folk dance ). The Dance in Thailand designated in Thai term, Natasin ( Thai : นาฏศิลป์ ) means "Art of the classical Thai dance, art of drama." and the term, Natakam ( Thai : นาฏกรรม ) means "Poetry, music drama and dance." according to The Thai Official Dictionary of Royal Institute 2545 BE . Both terms derived from Sanskrit word namely

2225-612: Is the oldest form of Thai dance and closely related to the Menora . Ram and Rabam are forms of dance that have existed since the Sukhothai period, as appears in various Sukhothai inscriptions and literature. The Khon in the Ayutthaya period originated around the 11th century CE, which is modeled heavily on the Hindu epic, Ramayana , to the Thai version, Ramakien (Glory of Rama). Thai dance

2314-399: The yagan ( ရာကန် ) genre. The next transmission of Thai literary influence to Burma happened in the aftermath of the fall of Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767. After the second conquest of Ayutthaya (Thailand), many Siamese royal dancers and poets were brought back to the court of Konbaung . Ramakien , the Thai version of Ramayana ( ရာမယန ), was introduced and was adapted in Burmese where it

2403-607: The Lakhon Nok that was widely performed outside the Ayutthaya court still remains in large numbers. There are still Siamese people who have witnessed Lakhon Nai drama in the Ayutthaya royal court, such as Princess Pinthawadi, the daughter of King Borommakot , who lived until the Rattanakosin period and was the one who transmitted ancient customs and royal ceremonies to the Rattanakosin royal courts. Hence, ramakien and khon in

2492-498: The Rattanakosin era were reproduced by King Rama I from the Ramayana versions of Hindi, Tamil, and Bengali, which are not the same version of Ayutthaya. In 1958 King Norodom Sihanouk explained the Thai dance costume, which mentioned in Ayutthaya period, to Malcolm John MacDonald , former Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia, that the Thais' idea of costume was different from that of

2581-826: The Royal Ballet of Cambodia are also elaborately clothed showing an unmistakable Siamese influence which is different from the bas-reliefs on the Angkor Wat that portray the scenes of ritual and life of the ancient Khmer ballerinas that were half-naked apsaras and nude dancers performing a sort of grand battement. In 1860–1904, although Cambodia was colonized by France , the Royal Ballet of Cambodia still performed Siamese repertoires due to King Norodom of Cambodia (Ang Voddey) generally importing his dancing girls and concubines aged 13 to 14 years old from Siam. The French scholars also recorded over 300 Siamese female artists remaining in

2670-593: The diacritic marks that IAST contains. Instead of diacritics, Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters . The use of capital letters makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than in IAST but produces words with capital letters inside them. ITRANS is an extension of Harvard-Kyoto . The ITRANS transliteration scheme was developed for the ITRANS software package, a pre-processor for Indic scripts . The user inputs in Roman letters and

2759-416: The th of "this" (voiced, IPA /ð/) nor the th of "thin" (unvoiced, IPA /θ/). The aspiration is generally indicated in both formal and informal transliteration systems. As English is widely used a professional and higher-education language in India, availability of Devanagari keyboards is dwarfed by English keyboards. Similarly, software and user interfaces released and promoted in India are in English, as

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2848-506: The 19th century adopted Devanagari for printed editions of Sanskrit texts. The editio princeps of the Rigveda by Max Müller was in Devanagari. Müller's London typesetters competed with their Petersburg peers working on Böhtlingk 's and Roth's dictionary in cutting all the required ligature types. From its beginnings, Western Sanskrit philology also felt the need for a romanised spelling of

2937-549: The 7-bit ISO 15919. WX notation is a transliteration scheme for representing Indian languages in ASCII. It originated at IIT Kanpur for computational processing of Indian languages and is widely used among the natural language processing (NLP) community in India. This scheme is described in NLP Panini Archived 26 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Appendix B). It is similar to, but not as versatile as, SLP1, as far as

3026-402: The Ayutthaya period is considered to be the main culture among ethnic diversity. The Khmer culture of Angkor Thom was completely lost after Ayutthaya annexed Sukhothai in 1438 as a result. According to Surapone Virulrak, Thai performance art took shape during the Ayutthaya period. At this time, Chak nak Dukdamban , a "ceremony depicting the churning of the ocean to create the immortal spirit",

3115-588: The Ayutthaya period—more than 10 stories. In 1769, in the early period after the establishment of Thonburi Kingdom , King Taksin gathered many scattered actors and actresses. There were actors from Nakhon Si Thammarat sent by the governor of Pattani to King Taksin, and a Thai dance performance was organized at that time on the occasion of the consecration of the Buddha's relics at Wat Phra Mahathat in Nakhon Si Thammarat. When King Taksin led his army to siege

3204-920: The Ayutthaya residents are foreigners; even the Palace Law Chulasakarat 720 (enacted in 1358) of the Ayutthaya royal court mentioned Indian , Khmer, Lao, Khom minorities in the Chao Phraya River basin, Burmese , HMong , Mon, Muslims , Jang, Chinese, Chams , Javanese , and all other ethnics. According to the Ayutthaya Royal Palace Law , under the entertainment chapter, stated that there were len , ram , rabam , ra-beng , kulati-mai , and Nang yai . Simon de la Loubère also mentioned three types of performances: dance (rabam), drama (lakhon), and masked drama-dance ( khon ). There are three genres of drama-dance: Lakhon chatri , Lakhon nok , and Lakhon nai , of which Lakhon chatri

3293-590: The Burmese court, resulting in Burmese dance being greatly influenced by the Ayutthaya. However, it was an opportunity to be able to revive Thai dance during the Thonburi period until the Rattanakosin period because Thai dance can be traced back to the Thai-Burmese multiculturalism in another way. Lakhon features a wider range of stories than Khon , including folk tales and Jataka stories. Dancers are usually female who play both male and female roles and perform as

3382-517: The Cambodian royal court. Some of the songs, musical instruments, and plays had Thai names, and some of the lyrics were composed imitating a Thai style. In 1868–1910, Aunt Chawiwat, also known as Princess Chawiwat Pramoj, daughter of Siamese Prince Vorachak Tharanubhab, took the Siamese Royal dance and Siamese troupe of Chao Chorm Manda Ampa [a high-ranking Siamese court lady], with all accessories, and

3471-607: The Hindi कानपुर is transliterated as kānpur (and not kānapura ) but the Sanskrit क्रम is transliterated as krama (and not kram ). The system has undergone some evolution over time. For instance, long vowels were marked with an accent diacritic in the original version, but this was later replaced in the 1954 Government of India update with a macron . Thus, जान ( life ) was previously romanised as ján but began to be romanised as jān . The Hunterian system has faced criticism over

3560-515: The ITRANS preprocessor converts the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic scripts). The latest version of ITRANS is version 5.30 released in July 2001. The disadvantage of the above ASCII schemes is case-sensitivity, implying that transliterated names may not be capitalised. This difficulty is avoided with the system developed in 1996 by Frans Velthuis for TeX , loosely based on IAST, in which case

3649-637: The Joe Louis Puppet Theatre with his children, performing adaptations of epic Thai literature, such as the Ramakien , with his puppets constructed from light wood, papier-mâché and fabric. The performances are accompanied by a piphat (traditional Thai classical music) orchestra. His daughter, Thitawan Yangkheiosod (the leader of the present troupe) and Kru Sakorn Yangkheiosod are the founders of Sakorn Hunlakornlek (JoeLouis) since 1965. Later, in September 2007, Sakorn Hunlakornlek (JoeLouis) owned

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3738-582: The Khmers. Moreover, Thai court dance uniforms were gorgeous and, to their taste, infinitely superior to the flimsy simplicity of the Khmer corps de ballet, while the court of the ancient Khmer Empire dancers were lightly clad like the half-naked Apsara as sculptured friezes at Angkor Wat . The first detailed European record of Khon and other Thai classical dances was made during the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The tradition and styles employed are almost identical to

3827-454: The Roman script through the English language (which traditionally does not use diacritics), these transliteration systems are much less widely known. Most such "Romanagari" is transliterated arbitrarily to imitate English spelling, and thus results in numerous inconsistencies. It is also detrimental to search engines, which do not classify Hindi text in the Roman script as Hindi. The same text may also not be classified as English. Regardless of

3916-975: The Siamese Piphat ensemble to court of the Norodom Palace in the Fifth Reign of King Rama V . In Cambodia history— Le Royaume du Cambodge (1883) by Jean MOURA (1827–85), a French administrator, it is mentioned that Siamese females provided recruits of Siamese dancers to the ballet corps of King Norodon's palace: Les femmes siamoises sont charmantes; elles sont grandes généralement et bien faites; elles fournissent des recrues appréciées au corps de ballet du palais du roi Norodon, et ce sont des Siamois qui, moyennant finances, se chargent de ce recrutement en allant, à leurs risques et périls, faire des chargements de filles à Bangkok. (Translation): The Siamese women were generally attractive, tall, and beautiful. They assisted in recruiting young Siamese female dancers for

4005-516: The Sukhothai kingdom, prior to the establishment of the Ayutthaya Kingdom . Thai dance in the Ayutthaya period was influenced heavily by Indian cultures different from the Sukhothai period due to its being home to various ethnic groups. Simon de la Loubère recorded the society of Ayutthaya in his famous work, Du royaume de Siam , that there were forty different ethnic groups. The Moors alone have as many as 10 ethnic groups. Nicolas Gervaise  [ fr ] also said more than one third of

4094-556: The Thai traditions we still see today. Historical evidence establishes that the Thai art of stage plays was already perfected by the 17th-century. Louis XIV , the Sun King of France, had a formal diplomatic relation with Ayutthaya's King Narai . In 1687, France sent the diplomat Simon de la Loubère to record all that he saw in the Siamese Kingdom and its traditions. In his famous account Du Royaume de Siam , La Loubère carefully observed

4183-517: The Thai version, Ramakien . He ordered the establishment of several royal drama theaters for training. There were performances of the Khon , Ramakien , Inao , and royal drama competitions in the Emerald Buddha celebration in 1782 near the end of the reign. Meanwhile, at the Burmese royal court, the royal family members of the Ayutthaya court and Thais who were taken to Burma brought the Thai dance to

4272-510: The assembly of Chao Phra Fang, he organized a Thai dance performance in Fang and Phitsanulok to celebrate the cities after his victory. Prince Damrong Rajanubhap stated that the actors and actresses of Nakhon Si Thammarat were members of the Lakhon Nai who had fled from Ayutthaya. Throughout the reign of King Taksin, he composed five additional episodes (Four Folding-book manuscripts in total) of

4361-407: The ballet troupe to perform in the palace of King Norodom, and the Siamese took upon themselves the responsibility of taking the errand at their own risk to bring the shipload of dancers back to Bangkok with a charge. Romanization of Sanskrit Devanagari is an Indic script used for many Indo-Aryan languages of North India and Nepal , including Hindi , Marathi and Nepali , which

4450-613: The classic 17th-century theatre of Siam, including an epic battle scene from a Khon performance, and recorded what he saw in great detail: The Siamese have three sorts of Stage Plays: That which they call Cone [Khon] is a figure dance, to the sound of the violin and some other instruments. The dancers are masked and armed and represent rather combat than a dance. And though everyone runs into high motions, and extravagant postures, they cease not continually to intermix some word. Most of their masks are hideous and represent either monstrous Beasts or kinds of Devils. The Show which they call Lacone

4539-513: The common Unicode basis for Roman transliteration of South-Asian texts in a wide variety of languages/scripts. ISO 15919 transliterations are platform-independent texts so that they can be used identically on all modern operating systems and software packages, as long as they comply with ISO norms. This is a prerequisite for all modern platforms so that ISO 15919 has become the new standard for digital libraries and archives for transliterating all South Asian texts. ISO 15919 uses diacritics to map

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4628-525: The coverage of Vedic Sanskrit is concerned. Comparison of WX with other schemes is found in Huet (2009), App A. . Vedatype is another scheme used for encoding Vedic texts at Maharishi University of Management . An online transcoding utility across all these schemes is provided at the Sanskrit Library . ISO 15919 includes a so-called "limited character set" option to replace the diacritics by prefixes, so that it

4717-632: The creation (in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE) of the Kharoshti and Brahmi scripts. These writing systems, though adequate for Middle Indic languages , were not well-adapted to writing Sanskrit. However, later descendants of Brahmi were modified so that they could record Sanskrit in exacting phonetic detail. The earliest physical text in Sanskrit is a rock inscription by the Western Kshatrapa ruler Rudradaman , written c. 150 CE in Junagadh , Gujarat . Due to

4806-679: The culture of the ancient Tamils in southern India thousands of years ago, which modeled the Natya Shastra ’s 108 puppets from the Tandava sculpture in the Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram to worship the Nataraja . Archaeological evidences that have been discovered and related to the origin of Thai dance, such as stuccos and sculptures dating back to 6th–11th century in Dvaravati era, were discovered at

4895-593: The differences between ISO 15919 and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Devanāgarī consonants include an "inherent a" sound, called the schwa , that must be explicitly represented with an "a" character in the transliteration. Many words and names transliterated from Devanāgarī end with "a", to indicate the pronunciation in the original Sanskrit . This schwa is obligatorily deleted in several modern Indo-Aryan languages , like Hindi , Punjabi , Marathi and others. This results in differing transliterations for Sanskrit and schwa-deleting languages that retain or eliminate

4984-625: The existence of muay Thai and muay Lao , noting that they looked similar (i.e., using both fists and elbows to fight), but the hand-wrapping techniques were different. The accomplishment and influence of Thai art and culture, developed during the Ayutthaya Period, on neighboring countries was evident in the observation of Captain James Low a British scholar of Southeast Asia, during the early Rattanakosin Era: The Siamese have attained to

5073-587: The following archaeological sites, Khok Mai Den and Chansen archaeological sites in Nakhon Sawan , Ban Khu Bua archaeological site in Ratchaburi , and Prasat Phimai in Nakhon Ratchasima , in the late Dvaravati era; all of these are dance pose models that have been influenced mainly by Indian culture . As time passed, Thai dance was developed until the identity of the original dance was erased until it became

5162-415: The language. Franz Bopp in 1816 used a romanisation scheme, alongside Devanagari, differing from IAST in expressing vowel length by a circumflex (â, î, û), and aspiration by a spiritus asper (e.g. bʽ for IAST bh). The sibilants IAST ṣ and ś he expressed with spiritus asper and lenis, respectively (sʽ, sʼ). Monier-Williams in his 1899 dictionary used ć, ṡ and sh for IAST c, ś and ṣ, respectively. From

5251-567: The moves of one puppet. His puppet troupe was popular in the years following the Second World War , and it was during this time he was given the nickname Joe Louis, taking the name from a mispronunciation of his Thai nickname, "Liew", and in honor of the American heavyweight boxing champion . He revived the art of Thai puppetry, which dates back to the 11th century, but struggled to keep the artform relevant as Thailand modernized. In 1985, he formed

5340-797: The much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard, IAST : "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration", and to ALA-LC , the United States Library of Congress standard. Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. There are some differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN. Compared to IAST , Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. It does not contain any of

5429-427: The name of the scheme "WX", referring to the idiosyncratic mapping. Ubuntu Linux provides a keyboard support for WX notation. SLP1 (Sanskrit Library Phonetic) is a case-sensitive scheme initially used by Sanskrit Library which was developed by Peter Scharf and (the late) Malcolm Hyman, who first described it in appendix B of their book Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit. The advantage of SLP1 over other encodings

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5518-418: The need for transliteration. Where the letter "h" appears after a plosive consonant in Devanāgarī transliteration, it always indicates aspiration . Thus "ph" is pronounced as the p in "pit" (with a small puff of air released as it is said), never as the ph in "photo" ( IPA /f/). (On the other hand, "p" is pronounced as the p in "spit" with no release of air.) Similarly "th" is an aspirated "t", neither

5607-433: The patronage of King Ang Duong , who came to the throne in 1841, retaining many of Thai-acquired elements more elaborate and heavy costumes than had been traditional Khmer court dance. The King is known to had taken refuge in the court of Siam which influenced his decision to set a new standardization for his own court dance , following the styles and manners of Thai classical dance. The modern costumes and crowns used by

5696-450: The performance of Hunlakornlek in the 578-seat Aksara Grand Theatre at the King Power Complex on Soi Langnam, Bangkok, Thailand. And Sakorn Hunlakornlek is still stand till these days with the effort to distribute the art of traditional Thai puppet performance to next generations. From 2001, his Joe Louis Puppet Theatre put on nightly shows in the Suan Lum Night Bazaar in Bangkok. The troupe nearly collapsed in 2004 when it could not afford

5785-443: The period of King Taksin and King Rama I . On the contrary, the ancient Khmer dance disappeared almost four centuries ago and was reintroduced only by the Siamese from the Rattanakosin era with Siamese chorus, Siamese postures, and Siamese troupe. Therefore, the Cambodian Royal Ballet these days is so strongly infused with Siamese influences. In 19th century, the Khmer court dance began to be restored by Thai dancers and, under

5874-413: The period to be more refined and beautiful until it became a unique culture of the Ayutthaya royal court, including traditions, local amusements, and even costumes. The clothing and accessories of Thai dance in the Ayutthaya period flourished greatly during the reign of King Borommakot. Many literary works and plays related to dance were created, such as Ramakien , Inao , and other dances outside and inside

5963-683: The physical keyboard's layout, it is possible to install Unicode-based Hindi keyboard layouts on most modern operating systems. There are many online services available that transliterate text written in Roman to Devanagari accurately, using Hindi dictionaries for reference, such as Google transliteration or Microsoft Indic Language Input Tool . This solution is similar to input method editors, which are traditionally used to input text in languages that use complex characters, most notably those that use logographies. Early Sanskrit texts were originally transmitted by memorisation and repetition. Post-Harappan India had no system for writing Indic languages until

6052-445: The region. The first fon originated in the northern region of Thailand. It was designed and taught by Chao Dararasami of Chiang Mai . Since then, a variety of fon came into practice, featuring the music and style of each province, such as the fon lep ( Thai : ฟ้อนเล็บ ; RTGS :  fon lep ) fingernail dance from Chiang Mai and the fon ngiew from Chiang Rai , which was influenced by Burmese music and costume. Fon

6141-418: The remarkable proliferation of different varieties of Brahmi in the Middle Ages, there is today no single script used for writing Sanskrit; rather, Sanskrit scholars can write the language in a form of whatever script is used to write their local language. However, since the late Middle Ages, there has been a tendency to use Devanagari for writing Sanskrit texts for a widespread readership. Western scholars in

6230-509: The rent of its venue, but was saved after a public outcry and funds were raised. At the time of Sakorn's death in 2007, the future of the Suan Lum Night Bazaar was in doubt. Sakorn had nine children. His son, Pisutr Yang-keawsot led the Joe Louis Puppet Theatre, which won the "Best Traditional Performance Award" at the 10th World Festival of Puppet Art in Prague in June 2006. Sakorn suffered from lung disease and kidney failure and had been admitted to Kasemrad Rattanathibet Hospital on 9 May. He

6319-427: The royal court. In 1768, after the second fall of Ayutthaya, many Siamese actors and actresses for the Lakhon Nai drama disappeared. Most drama and the ramakien works were all lost in abundance when the Ayutthaya was sacked by the Burmese in 1767. Some fled to cities that were not lost to the Burmese troops, e.g., Phitsanulok and Nakhon Sri Thammarat, while others were rounded up and taken to Myanmar . However,

6408-646: The royal processions. When the Thai people of Sukhothai got involved with some tribes with Indian cultural influences, such as the Mon, and Khom ethnic minorities of the Chao Phraya River basin, Thai dance began to appear as having a structured form of story performance. The Sumon Kut Inscription No. 8, aged 1360, also mentioned Thai dance called Ram (to dance; general word for dance), Rabam (to dance; short choreographed non-narrative dance pieces), Ten (to dance), and Len (to play), along with musical instruments,

6497-449: The same as mentioned in the Sukhothai literature, Traibhumikatha (composed in 1345). Although those inscriptions and the literature do not clearly state what kind of dance it is, these evidences show that Thais were well familiar with singing, playing, and dancing in the Sukhothai period at that time. Although there is a theory that the term rabam (to dance) has its roots in the Khmer ,

6586-430: The schwa as appropriate: Some words may keep the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: Because of this, some words ending in consonant clusters are altered in various modern Indic languages as such: Mantra=mantar. Shabda=shabad. Sushumna=sushumana. Most Indian languages make a distinction between the retroflex and dental forms of the dental consonants. In formal transliteration schemes,

6675-545: The short vowels present in many Indian languages), the use of 'ḷ' for the consonant (in Kannada ) ಳ , and the absence of symbols for ॠ , ऌ and ॡ . A standard transliteration convention not just for Devanagari, but for all South-Asian languages was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001, providing the basis for modern digital libraries that conform to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) norms. ISO 15919 defines

6764-485: The standard Roman letters are used to indicate the dental form, and the retroflex form is indicated by special marks, or the use of other letters. E.g., in IAST transliteration, the retroflex forms are ṇ, ṭ, ḍ and ṣ. In most informal transcriptions the distinction between retroflex and dental consonants is not indicated. However, many capitalise retroflex consonants on QWERTY keyboard in informal messaging. That generally obviates

6853-461: The story being told by a chorus at the side of the stage . Choreography follows traditional models rather than attempting to innovate. Most Khon performances feature episodes from the Ramakien . Costumes are dictated by tradition, with angels , both good and bad, wearing colored masks . Fon ( Thai : ฟ้อน ; RTGS :  fon ) is a form of folk dance accompanied by the folk music of

6942-571: The story of Inao (Thai version from Panji tales ), Nang yai , and Likay into Ayutthaya from the southern region, is the Borobudur , built in the 9th century CE in the Srivijaya period. Since the Ayutthaya period, Thai dance evolved after being mixed with multiple cultures of the northern (Sukhothai) and southern (Chaiya) cities, the Khmer of Angkor Thom, and many local ethnic diversity; it evolved and improved both dance, drama, and Khon throughout

7031-537: The term ram (to dance) also has its roots in the Northern-Tai . Hence, there is no clear archaeological evidence that the Thais in the Sukhothai kingdom were influenced by the Khmer dances of the Angkor period; in fact, in the Sukhothai period of the 13th–14th centuries, the Thais assertively rejected the authority of the Khmer empire. Ayutthaya was a pre-existing city and home of Mon and later Siamese that aged older than

7120-603: The transliteration of Sanskrit , Prakrit and Pāḷi into Roman script with diacritics. IAST is a widely used standard. It uses diacritics to disambiguate phonetically similar but not identical Sanskrit glyphs. For example, dental and retroflex consonants are disambiguated with an underdot: dental द=d and retroflex ड=ḍ. An important feature of IAST is that it is losslessly reversible, i.e., IAST transliteration may be converted back to correct Devanāgarī or to other South Asian scripts without ambiguity. Many Unicode fonts fully support IAST display and printing. The Hunterian system

7209-623: The turn of the century, with one critic calling appealing to "the Indian Government to give up the whole attempt at scientific (i.e. Hunterian) transliteration, and decide once and for all in favour of a return to the old phonetic spelling." Over time, the Hunterian method extended in reach to cover several Indic scripts, including Burmese and Tibetan . Provisions for schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages were also made where applicable, e.g.

7298-625: The word, Nata ( Sanskrit : नाट , romanized :  naṭa ) means "Dancing, acting, a dance.", the word, Sin ( Sanskrit : शिल्प , romanized :  śilpa ) means "Artistic work." and the word, Kam ( Sanskrit : कर्म , romanized :  karma ), respectively. The term dance in Thai language are variant in each region of Thailand also known as the Dance of the Four Regions namely, The term drama in Thai word such as, Khon which

7387-452: The years for not producing phonetically accurate results and being "unashamedly geared towards an English-language receiver audience." Specifically, the lack of differentiation between retroflex and dental consonants (e.g. द and ड are both represented by d ) has come in for repeated criticism and inspired several proposed modifications of Hunterian, including using a diacritic below retroflexes (e.g. making द = d and ड = ḍ , which

7476-527: Was based on the ancient Angkor ballet as it was before the Ayutthaya Kingdoms sacked the Angkor Wat. Meanwhile, after the second fall of Ayutthaya in the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767) , almost all of the royal court dances of the Ayutthaya period were completely lost. From the Thonburi and Rattanakosin eras, a lot of Siamese verses and dramatic compositions were reproduced and recomposed again in

7565-474: Was discharged on 18 May because he wanted to return home, but was re-admitted on 20 May and was being treated in its intensive care unit at the time of his death. Funeral rites were at Wat Bangpai in Bang Bua Thong , Nonthaburi Province . Dance of Thailand Dance in Thailand ( Thai : นาฏศิลป์ , pronounced [nāːt.tà.sǐn] or Thai : นาฏกรรม , pronounced [nāːt.tà.kām] )

7654-646: Was influenced by Indian and Javanese cultures, was the origin in the South. It was later classified as the Lakhon Nok and the Lakhon Nai . Even the term lakhon was borrowed from the Javanese, Lakon , ( Javanese : ꦭꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ , romanized:  lakon ) perhaps the Malay, lakhan . Evidence showing that Srivijaya culture spread from the Malay Peninsula to Chaiya (modern Nakhon Si Thammarat ) and other regions, including

7743-483: Was later mixed with the Khmer culture after Ayutthaya sacked the Angkor Thom in 1431 in the reign of King Borommarachathirat II , which integrated an influx of Khmer cultures—Hinduism−influenced into the Siamese court. In time passed, Thai dance in this period was created by combining various dance forms until it improved into Ayutthaya Royal Court dance. When considering the social context of that period, Thai dance in

7832-601: Was performed on special occasions. This ceremony drew from the Indian epic of the Mahābhārata . Virulrak states, "These performing arts were gradually developed into Khon (masked play), lakhon nok (public dance drama) and lakhon nai (court dance drama) during the Late Ayutthaya Period (1456-1767)", adding, "this period also enjoyed various imported performing arts from neighbouring countries." According to Paul Cravath, this ceremony performed by Khmer dancers

7921-513: Was the script used to write Classical Sanskrit . There are several somewhat similar methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Roman script (a process sometimes called romanisation ), including the influential and lossless IAST notation. Romanised Devanagari is also called Romanagari . The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a subset of the ISO 15919 standard, used for

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