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74-411: Álvaro José Arroyo González (also known as Joe Arroyo or El Joe ; 1 November 1955 – 26 July 2011) was a Colombian salsa and tropical music singer, composer and songwriter. He is considered one of the greatest performers of Caribbean and salsa music in his country and across Latin America. In 2018 Billboard counted Arroyo's song "La Rebelión" as one of the "15 Best Salsa Songs Ever". Joe Arroyo

148-428: A "salsa craze" that brought back some of the older templates and motivated the development of timba . Before the birth of timba, Cuban dance music lived a period of high experimentation among several bands like the charangas: Los Van Van , Orquesta Ritmo Oriental, and Orquesta Revé; the conjuntos: Adalberto Alvarez y Son 14, Conjunto Rumbavana and Orquesta Maravillas de Florida; and the jazz band Irakere . Timba

222-649: A 1984 album by singer José Alberto "El Canario" with producer Louie Ramírez. Some viewed salsa romántica as a rhythmically watered-down version of the genre. Critics of salsa romántica , especially in the late '80s and early '90s, called it a commercialized, diluted form of Latin pop, in which formulaic, sentimental love ballads were simply put to Afro-Cuban rhythms — leaving no room for classic salsa's brilliant musical improvisation, or for classic salsa lyrics that tell stories of daily life or provide social and political commentary. Some artists of these styles include Ómar Alfann, Palmer Hernández and Jorge Luis Piloto. The 1990s

296-612: A category; both were discontinued after 1994 and reintroduced in the 2010s. In 1978 the category of " vallenato " was introduced, which was also sometimes awarded as "accordion". The "ensemble" prize was occasionally awarded as "group" (Spanish: combo ) instead. From 1981 the ensemble prize was regularly split by either genre ( tropical / salsa ) or by nationality. From 1969 to 1977 the only categories were "orchestra" (Spanish: orquesta ) and "ensemble" (Spanish: conjuto ). Occasionally special Golden Congos are given to recognise particular achievements. The Super Congo (also called

370-736: A cover of Arroyo's song "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" at the Mandalay Bay Events Center as a tribute to the singer. A three-meter tall bronze and copper statue of Arroyo was unveiled in Cartagena, Colombia in 2013. Geotrigona joearroyoi , a species of bee discovered in 2014 in Colombia, was named in honour of Arroyo. A Latin Grammy Award is an accolade by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in

444-599: A cultural identity marker for those nations as well. In 1971, the Fania All-Stars sold out Yankee Stadium . By the early 1970s, the music's center moved to Manhattan and the Cheetah , where promoter Ralph Mercado introduced many future Puerto Rican salsa stars to an ever-growing and diverse crowd of Latino audiences. The 1970s also brought new semi-known Salsa bands from New York City, bands such as Ángel Canales, Andy Harlow, Chino Rodríguez y su Consagracion (Chino Rodríguez

518-506: A hegemony on the music and keep the Cuban musicians from spreading their music abroad." Izzy Sanabria responded that Martínez was likely giving an accurate Cuban viewpoint, "but salsa was not planned that way". Johnny Pacheco, co-founder of Fania Records gave his definition of the term “Salsa” during various interviews. “La salsa es, y siempre ha sido la musica Cubana.” “Salsa is, and always has been, Cuban music.”. The marketing potential from

592-456: A jazz element. Tumbao is the name of the rhythm that is typically played with the conga drums. Its most basic pattern is played on the beats 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8. Tumbao rhythm is helpful for learning to dance contra-tiempo ("On2"). The beats 2 and 6 are emphasized when dancing On2, and the Tumbao rhythm heavily emphasizes those beats as well. The Montuno rhythm is a rhythm that is often played with

666-512: A jury awards Golden Congos in the same genre categories as the Orchestra Festival, and in addition awards the "Antonio María Peñaloza" prize for an unpublished song. The competition at the Night of Orchestras is open to musicians and groups from Barranquilla and the surrounding region. The awards at the Night of Orchestras were first given in 2018, and the winners received automatic entry to

740-594: A life of its own, organically evolving into an authentic pan-Latin American cultural identity. Music professor and salsa trombonist Christopher Washburne wrote: This pan-Latino association of salsa stems from what Félix Padilla labels a 'Latinizing' process that occurred in the 1960s and was consciously marketed by Fania Records: 'To Fania, the Latinizing of salsa came to mean homogenizing the product, presenting an all-embracing Puerto Rican, Pan-American or Latino sound with which

814-580: A month in hospital due to multiorgan failure. The day before his death, he was given his final sacrament by the local bishop. Arroyo died at around 7:45 local time. Between June and December 2011 the RCN channel broadcast a soap opera based on the singer's life called El Joe, la leyenda (The Joe, the legend) . On 9 November 2011, Shakira was honored as Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year and performed

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888-509: A piano. The Montuno rhythm loops over the 8 counts and is useful for finding the direction of the music. By listening to the same rhythm, that loops back to the beginning after eight counts, one can recognize which count is the first beat of the music. Most salsa compositions follow the basic son montuno model based on the Afro-Cuban clave rhythm and composed of a verse section, followed by a coro-pregón (call-and-response) chorus section known as

962-401: A precise musical style but a power to unite in the broadest terms: "Salsa was the force that united diverse Latino and other non-Latino racial and ethnic groups ...Salsa is the harmonic sum of all Latin culture ". On the other hand, even some New York based artists were originally against the commercialization of music under that name; Machito said: "There's nothing new about salsa, it is just

1036-411: A salsa band is either playing with the clave (generally: congas, timbales, piano, tres guitar, bongos, claves (instrument), strings) or playing independent of the clave rhythm (generally: bass, maracas, güiro, cowbell). Melodic components of the music and dancers can choose to be in clave or out of clave at any point. For salsa, there are four types of clave rhythms , the 3-2 and 2-3 Son claves being

1110-479: A short period to New York City taking with him his modern son montuno . During that period his success was limited (NYC was more interested in Mambo), but his guajeos (who influenced the musicians he shared the stage with, such as Chano Pozo, Machito, and Mario Bauzá), together with the piano tumbaos of Lilí Martínez, the trumpet of Félix Chappottín and the rhythmic lead vocals of Roberto Faz would become very relevant in

1184-464: A soloist). During this period Cuba received international salsa musicians for the first time. Venezuelan salsa star Oscar D'León's 1983 tour of Cuba is mentioned prominently by every Cuban I've ever interviewed on the subject. Rubén Blades' album Siembra was heard everywhere on the island throughout the mid-80s and has been quoted extensively in the guías and coros of everyone from Van Van's Mayito Rivera (who quotes [Blades'] 'Plástico' in his guías on

1258-588: Is a Colombian music award that since its founding in 1969 has been presented annually at the Orchestra Festival (Spanish: Festival de Orquestas ) of the Barranquilla Carnival . The current Golden Congo award comprises six genre prizes: Vallenato (since 1978), Merengue (since 1994), Tropical (since 1994), Salsa (since 1994), Urban (since 2012), Folk (1992–4, and again since 2018), and four additional prizes: Newcomer, Best Vocalist, Best Instrumentalist and Lo Nuestro ("What's Ours"). In 2024

1332-584: Is considered a musical style on its own and one of the staples of Hispanic American culture. While the term salsa today is a rebranding of various Latin musical styles, the first self-identified salsa band is Cheo Marquetti y su Conjunto - Los Salseros which was formed in 1955. The first album to mention Salsa on its cover was titled “Salsa” which was released by La Sonora Habanera in 1957. Later on self-identified salsa bands were predominantly assembled by Puerto Rican and Cuban musicians in New York City in

1406-518: Is quite low, and, contrary to songo, salsa remained consistently wedded to older Cuban templates. Some believe the pan-Latin Americanism of salsa was found in its cultural milieu, more than its musical structure. An exception of this is probably found in the work of Eddie Palmieri and Manny Oquendo , who were considered more adventurous than the highly produced Fania records artists. The two bands incorporated less superficially jazz elements as well as

1480-626: The Super Congo de Oro or the Supercongo) was created in 1990 specifically to honour Joe Arroyo , who had won a Golden Congo at each of the 6 preceding festivals. Since then the Super Congo has been awarded several times. Twice a Rey del Pueblo (King of the People) has been crowned at the Orchestra Festival, decided by a public vote. Some Golden Congos have only been given once. In 1985 Alejo Durán

1554-495: The Barranquilla Carnival celebrated its 20th incarnation since being proclaimed intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2003. As part of the celebrations, the Orchestra Festival did not hold a competition for the Golden Congo, but instead awarded one to every performer. In 2012 Golden Congos for "best performance" (Spanish: variations on mejor intérprete or mejor instrumentista ) and " urban music " were given for

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1628-613: The Mariel boatlift took hundreds of Cuban musicians to the US, many of them were astonished to hear what sounded to them like Cuban music from the 1950s. Cuban conguero Daniel Ponce summarized this sentiment: "When the Cubans arrived in New York, they all said 'Yuk! This is old music.' The music and the feelings and arrangements [haven't] changed." Nonetheless, there was an awareness of the modern Cuban styles in

1702-453: The bridge of a song, the songo was considered a rhythmic and harmonic hybrid (particularly regarding funk and clave-based Cuban elements). The music analyst Kevin Moore stated: "The harmonies, never before heard in Cuban music, were clearly borrowed from North American pop [and] shattered the formulaic limitations on harmony to which Cuban popular music had faithfully adhered for so long." During

1776-478: The montuno . The verse section can be short, or expanded to feature the lead vocalist and/or carefully crafted melodies with clever rhythmic devices. Once the montuno section begins, it usually continues until the end of the song. The tempo may gradually increase during the montuno in order to build excitement. The montuno section can be divided into various sub-sections sometimes referred to as mambo , diablo , moña , and especial . Many musicologists find many of

1850-556: The "harmonic displacement" technique of the Cuban jazz pianist Gonzalo Rubalcaba . Curiously, it was in Cuba where hip hop and salsa first began to meet. For example, many breakdown sections in NG La Banda 's album En la calle are a combination of guaguancó and hip hop rhythms. During this period, Cuban musicians had more of an impact on jazz than salsa in the United States. Even though

1924-476: The 1970s. The music style was based on the late son montuno of Arsenio Rodríguez , Conjunto Chappottín and Roberto Faz . These musicians included Celia Cruz , Willie Colón , Rubén Blades , Johnny Pacheco , Machito and Héctor Lavoe . During the same period a parallel modernization of Cuban son was being developed by Los Van Van , Irakere , NG La Banda , Charanga Habanera and other artists in Cuba under

1998-419: The 1997 classic Llévala a tu vacilón ), to El Médico de la Salsa (quoting another major hook from 'Plástico'—'se ven en la cara, se ven en la cara, nunca en el corazón'—in his final masterpiece before leaving Cuba, Diós sabe ). Prior to D'León's performance, many Cuban musicians rejected the salsa movement, considering it a bad imitation of Cuban music. Some people say that D'León's performance gave momentum to

2072-510: The Anglo-American pop market with their Latin-influenced hits, usually sung in English. More often than not, clave was not a major consideration in the composing or arranging of these hits. Sergio George is up front and unapologetic about his attitude towards clave: "Though clave is considered, it is not always the most important thing in my music. The foremost issue in my mind is marketability. If

2146-690: The Puerto Rican band La Sonora Ponceña recorded two albums named after songs of Arsenio Rodriguez ( Hachero pa' un palo and Fuego en el 23 ). The 1970s was witness to two parallel modernizations of the Cuban son in Havana and in New York . During this period the term salsa was introduced in New York, and songo was developed in Havana. The band Los Van Van , led by the bassist Juan Formell , started developing songo in

2220-538: The US. Tito Puente recorded the Irakere composition "Bacalao con pan" (1980), and Rubén Blades covered Los Van Van's "Muevete" (1985). While the Puerto Rican bands Batacumbele (featuring a young Giovanni Hidalgo ) and Zaperoko fully embraced songo music under the mentorship of Changuito . During the '80s other variants of salsa like salsa romántica and salsa erótica evolved, with lyrics dwelling on love and romance. Salsa romántica can be traced back to Noches Calientes ,

2294-415: The band was a pure charanga, but later a trombone section was added. Nowadays the band could be considered a hybrid. Salsa music typically ranges from 160 bpm (beats per minute) and 220 bpm, which is suitable for salsa dancing . The key instrument that provides the core groove of a salsa song is the clave. It is often played with two wooden sticks (called clave ) that are hit together. Every instrument in

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2368-439: The bongos are executed within the context of a repetitive marcha, known as the martillo ('hammer'), and do not constitute a solo. The bongos play primarily during the verses and the piano solos. When the song transitions into the montuno section, the bongo player picks up a large hand held cowbell called the bongo bell. Often the bongocero plays the bell more during a piece, than the actual bongos. The interlocking counterpoint of

2442-555: The chord beat, the tumbao, and the Montuno rhythm. The chord beat (often played on cowbell) emphasizes the odd-numbered counts of salsa: 1, 3, 5 and 7 while the tumbao rhythm (often played on congas) emphasizes the "off-beats" of the music: 2, 4, 6, and 8. Some dancers like to use the strong sound of the cowbell to stay on the Salsa rhythm. Alternatively, others use the conga rhythm to create a jazzier feel to their dance since strong "off-beats" are

2516-691: The components of salsa music in the Son Montuno of several artists of the 30s and 40s like Arsenio Rodríguez, Conjunto Chappottín (Arsenio's former band now led by Félix Chappottín and featuring Luis "Lilí" Martínez Griñán ) and Roberto Faz. Salsa musician Eddie Palmieri once said "When you talk about our music, you talk about before, or after, Arsenio.....Lilí Martínez was my mentor". Several songs of Arsenio's band, like Fuego en el 23 , El Divorcio , Hacheros pa' un palo , Bruca maniguá , No me llores and El reloj de Pastora were later covered by many salsa bands (like Sonora Ponceña and Johnny Pacheco). On

2590-423: The contemporary Mozambique (music) . They were known for its virtuous trombone soloists like Barry Rogers (and other "Anglo" jazz musicians who had mastered the style). Andy González , a bass player who performed with Palmieri and Oquendo recounts: "We were into improvising ... doing that thing Miles Davis was doing — playing themes and just improvising on the themes of songs, and we never stopped playing through

2664-708: The first time, and the "newcomer" (Spanish: revelación ) prize was reintroduced. In 2016 the Golden Congo for performance was split into separate prizes for vocalists and instrumentalists, and in 2018 "folk" was reintroduced as a genre category. On the 50th anniversary of the Orchestra Festival in 2019 no awards were given; instead, past competitors and winners returned to perform at the festival, including Los Corraleros de Majagual , Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto , Pacho Galán , Checo Acosta , Juan Piña  [ es ] , Poncho Zuleta  [ es ] , Sergio Vargas , Beto Zabaleta  [ es ] , Eddy Herrera , Bazurto All Stars, and Jorge Oñate . In 2021 there

2738-496: The highest-rated radio shows in the New York market with a reported audience of over a quarter of a million listeners every Sunday (per Arbitron Radio Ratings). Ironically, although New York's Hispanic population at that time was over two million, there had been no commercial Hispanic FM. Given his jazz and salsa conga playing experience and knowledge (working as a sideman with such bands as salsa's Frankie Dante's Orquesta Flamboyán and jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp ), Dawson also created

2812-504: The late 1960s. Songo incorporated rhythmic elements from folkloric rumba as well as funk and rock to the traditional son . With the arrival of the drummer Changuito , several new rhythms were introduced and the style had a more significant departure from the son montuno / mambo -based structure. Songo integrated several elements of North American styles like jazz, rock and funk in many different ways than mainstream salsa. Whereas salsa would superimpose elements of another genre in

2886-655: The leader of Los Diamantes, gave Arroyo the nickname El Joe . Arroyo also spent some time singing with La Protesta in Barranquilla . In 1971 Arroyo was invited to join Fruko y sus Tesos by Julio Ernesto Estrada, the bassist and director of the band. By the end of the decade Arroyo had recorded 15 albums with Fruko y sus Tesos, alongside 4 more with The Latin Brothers , all for Colombian record label Discos Fuentes . Of Arroyo's tenure with Fruko y sus Tesos, El Tiempo wrote "Thus began

2960-538: The legend of the first great salsa orchestra in Colombia, with which Arroyo managed to impose a stamp that Colombia still dances to today". (Spanish: " Así comenzó la leyenda de la primera gran orquesta de la salsa en Colombia, con la cual Arroyo logró imponer un sello que todavía baila Colombia ".) He performed with the band for ten years until 1981, when he began his solo career leading his band, named "La Verdad" (The truth) . In 1981 Arroyo formed his own group, named Joe Arroyo y La Verdad , with whom he played around

3034-585: The long-running "Salsa Meets Jazz" weekly concert series at the Village Gate jazz club where jazz musicians would sit in with an established salsa band, for example Dexter Gordon jamming with the Machito band. Dawson helped to broaden New York's salsa audience and introduced new artists such as the bilingual Ángel Canales who were not given play on the Hispanic AM stations of that time. His show won several awards from

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3108-422: The most important, and the 3-2 and 2-3 Rumba claves . Most salsa music is played with one of the son claves, though a rumba clave is occasionally used, especially during rumba sections of some songs. As an example of how a clave fits within the 8 beats of a salsa dance , the beats of the 2-3 Son clave are played on the counts of 2, 3, 5, the "and" of 6, and 8. There are other common rhythms found in salsa music:

3182-450: The music industry. Joe Arroyo received two nominations, and in 2011 he was presented with a posthumous career award. Arroyo has won the prestigious Congo de Oro prize of the Barranquilla Carnival 10 times. In 1990 the festival created the Super Congo de Oro award specifically to celebrate Arroyo. Salsa music Originally the name salsa was used to label commercially several styles of Hispanic Caribbean music, but nowadays it

3256-410: The musical genres of merengue , tropical , and salsa were introduced, in place of "orchestra" and "ensemble". 1994 was also the last year that "newcomer" and "folk group" were awarded until their return in 2012 and 2018 respectively. In 1989 the category of "newcomer" (Spanish: revelación ) was awarded for the first time, and in 1992 "folk group" (Spanish: grupo folclórico ) was introduced as

3330-411: The musician Beny Moré would shout salsa during a performance to acknowledge a musical moment's heat, making a connection with the hot salsa (sauce) made in the country. Puerto Rican music promoter Izzy Sanabria claims he was the first to use the word salsa to denote a music genre : In 1973, I hosted the television show Salsa which was the first reference to this particular music as salsa . I

3404-487: The name of songo and timba , styles that at present are also labelled as salsa. Though limited by an embargo , the continuous cultural exchange between salsa-related musicians inside and outside of Cuba is undeniable. The word Salsa means sauce in the Spanish language . The origin of the connection of this word to a style of music is disputed by various music writers and historians. The musicologist Max Salazar traced

3478-510: The name was so big, that eventually both Machito, Puente and even musicians in Cuba embraced the term as a financial necessity. The instrumentation in salsa bands is mostly based on the son montuno ensemble developed by Arsenio Rodríguez, who added a horn section, as well as tumbadoras (congas) to the traditional Son cubano ensemble; which typically contained bongos , bass , tres , one trumpet, smaller hand-held percussion instruments (like claves , güiro , or maracas ) usually played by

3552-566: The origin of the connection to 1930 when Ignacio Piñeiro composed the song Échale salsita (Put some sauce in it). The phrase is seen as a cry from Piñeiro to his band, telling them to increase the tempo to "put the dancers into high gear". In the mid-1940s, Cuban Cheo Marquetti emigrated to Mexico. He named his group Conjunto Los Salseros, with whom he recorded a couple of albums for the Panart and Egrem labels. Later on, while based in Mexico City ,

3626-428: The other hand, a different style, Mambo , was developed by Cachao , Beny Moré and Dámaso Pérez Prado . Moré and Pérez Prado moved to Mexico City where the music was played by Mexican big band wind orchestras. During the 1950s, New York became a hotspot of Mambo with musicians like the aforementioned Pérez Prado, Luciano "Chano" Pozo , Mongo Santamaría, Machito and Tito Puente. The highly popular Palladium Ballroom

3700-654: The people from all of Latin America and Spanish-speaking communities in the United States could identify and purchase.' Motivated primarily by economic factors, Fania's push for countries throughout Latin America to embrace salsa did result in an expanded market. But in addition, throughout the 1970s, salsa groups from Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela, among other Latin American nations, emerged, composing and performing music that related to their own specific cultural experiences and affiliations, which posited salsa as

3774-432: The readers of Latin New York magazine, Izzy Sanabria's Salsa Magazine at that time and ran until late 1980 when Viacom changed the format of WRVR to country music . Despite an openness to experimentation and a willingness to absorb non-Cuban influences, such as jazz , rock , bomba and plena , and already existing mambo-jazz, the percentage of salsa compositions based in non-Cuban genres during this period in New York

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3848-476: The region a decade later. In 1966, the Palladium closed because it lost its liquor license. The mambo faded away, as new hybrid styles such as boogaloo, the jala-jala and the shing-a-ling had brief but important success. Elements of boogaloo can be heard in some songs of Tito Puente, Eddie Palmieri, Machito and even Arsenio Rodríguez. Nonetheless, Puente later recounted: "It stunk ... I recorded it to keep up with

3922-426: The same old music that was played in Cuba for over fifty years." Similarly, Tito Puente stated: "The only salsa I know is sold in a bottle called ketchup. I play Cuban music. Cuban musicologist Mayra Martínez wrote that "the term salsa obscured the Cuban base, the music's history or part of its history in Cuba. And salsa was a way to do this so that Jerry Masucci, Fania and other record companies, like CBS, could have

3996-459: The same period, Cuban super group Irakere fused bebop and funk with batá drums and other Afro-Cuban folkloric elements; Orquesta Ritmo Oriental created a new highly syncopated, rumba-influenced son in the charanga ensemble; and Elio Revé developed changüí . On the other hand, New York saw in the 1970s the first use of the term salsa to commercialize several styles of Latin dance music. However, several musicians believe that salsa took on

4070-431: The singers, and sometimes a piano . Machito's band was the first to experiment with the timbales . These three drums (bongos, congas and timbales) became the standard percussion instruments in most salsa bands and function in similar ways to a traditional drum ensemble. The timbales play the bell pattern, the congas play the supportive drum part, and the bongos improvise, simulating a lead drum. The improvised variations of

4144-461: The song hits, that's what matters. When I stopped trying to impress musicians and started getting in touch with what the people on the street were listening to, I started writing hits. Some songs, especially English ones originating in the United States, are at times impossible to place in clave." As Washburne points out however, a lack of clave awareness does not always get a pass: Congo de Oro The Golden Congo (Spanish: Congo de Oro )

4218-611: The songo style. For this reason some Cuban musicians of this period like Manolito y su Trabuco , Orquesta Sublime, and Irakere referred to this late-80s sound as salsa cubana , a term which for the first time, included Cuban music as a part of salsa movement. In the mid-1990s California-based Bembé Records released CDs by several Cuban bands, as part of their salsa cubana series . Nonetheless, this style included several innovations. The bass tumbaos were busier and more complex than tumbaos typically heard in NY salsa. Some guajeos were inspired by

4292-435: The term salsa was not developed by musicians: "Musicians were busy creating the music but played no role in promoting the name salsa." For this reason the use of the term salsa has been controversial among musicians. Some have praised its unification element. Celia Cruz said, "Salsa is Cuban music with another name. It's mambo, chachachá, rumba, son ... all the Cuban rhythms under one name." Willie Colón described salsa not as

4366-868: The timbale bell and bongo bell provides a propelling force during the montuno. The maracas and güiro sound a steady flow of regular pulses (subdivisions) and are ordinarily clave-neutral. Nonetheless, some bands instead follow the Charanga format, which consists of a string section (of violins , viola , and cello ), tumbadoras (congas) , timbales , bass , flute , claves and güiro . Bongos are not typically used in charanga bands. Típica 73 , Orquesta Broadway , Orquesta Revé and Orquesta Ritmo Oriental where popular Salsa bands with charanga instrumentation. Johnny Pacheco, Charlie Palmieri , Mongo Santamaría and Ray Barretto also experimented with this format. Throughout its 50 years of life, Los Van Van have always experimented with both types of ensembles. The first 15 years

4440-634: The times. Popular Boogaloo songs include "Bang Bang" by the Joe Cuba Sextet and "I Like It Like That" by Pete Rodríguez and His Orchestra. During the late 1960s, the Dominican musician Johnny Pacheco and Italian-American businessman Jerry Masucci founded the recording company Fania Records . They introduced many of the artists that would later be identified with the salsa movement, including Willie Colón, Celia Cruz, Larry Harlow , Ray Barretto , Héctor Lavoe and Ismael Miranda . Fania's first record album

4514-547: The whole set." Andy and his brother Jerry González started showing up in the DownBeat Reader's Poll, and caught the attention of jazz critics. During the 1980s, several Latin American countries, such as Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico and Panama, began producing their own salsa music. Two of the biggest stars from this period are Oscar D'León from Venezuela and Joe Arroyo from Colombia. Other popular acts are Fruko y sus Tesos , Grupo Niche and Rubén Blades (now as

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4588-553: The world. The group recorded more than 20 albums between 1981 and 2007. Arroyo became very successful by mixing salsa , cumbia , porro , soca , compas (or konpa ), zouk and other music from the African Diaspora in a unique style. Some of his most famous songs are " Rebelión ", "La Noche", "Tania", "El Ausente" and "En Barranquilla Me Quedo". Arroyo suffered from health problems throughout his career, which forced him to cancel several performances. On at least one occasion he

4662-482: Was "Cañonazo", recorded and released in 1964. It was panned by music critics as 10 of the 11 songs were covers of previously recorded tunes by such Cuban artists as Sonora Matancera , Chappottín y Sus Estrellas and Conjunto Estrellas de Chocolate. Pacheco put together a team that included percussionist Louie Ramírez , bassist Bobby Valentín and arranger Larry Harlow to form the Fania All-Stars in 1968. Meanwhile,

4736-454: Was able to transition into the salsa movement, eventually becoming known as the Queen of Salsa . Larry Harlow stretched out from the typical salsa record formula with his opera Hommy (1973), inspired by The Who 's Tommy album , and also released his critically acclaimed La Raza Latina, a Salsa Suite . In 1975, Roger Dawson created the "Sunday Salsa Show" over WRVR FM, which became one of

4810-687: Was awarded the "Special Congo" (Spanish: Congo Especial ). In 1989 Alfredo de la Fe won a Golden Congo for "Best Solo Artist". In 1994 Cristian del Real received an honourable mention as the "boy genius of the timbal ." Golden Congos are also given for floats and dancers that take part in the Battle of the Flowers parade of the Barranquilla Carnival. At the Barranquilla Carnival Night of Orchestras (Spanish: Noche de Orquestas )

4884-769: Was born and raised in the Nariño neighborhood of Cartagena . His mother was Ángela González, a hotel manager. His father was Guillermo Arroyo, who fathered in total 39 children, with six wives, all named Ángela. At the age of eight Arroyo began singing in brothels in Tesca, a red-light district of Cartagena, which he did for several years. Arroyo's first credited release as vocalist was in 1970 with Manuel Villanueva Y Su Orquesta on their LP Hasta La Madrugada....! . He also sang with El Super Combo Los Diamantes in Sincelejo , and in 1970 performed vocals on their LP Capullito . Rubén Darío Salcedo,

4958-430: Was created by musicians of Irakere who later formed NG La Banda under the direction of Jose Luis "El Tosco" Cortez. Many timba songs are more related to main-stream salsa than its Cuban predecessors earlier in the decade. For example, the song "La expresiva" (of NG La Banda ) uses typical salsa timba/bongo bell combinations. The tumbadoras (congas) play elaborate variations on the son montuno-based tumbao, rather than in

5032-576: Was falsely reported dead. In September 1983 Arroyo was nearly killed by a thyroid problem, and in 2000 a combination of diabetes and pneumonia brought him close to death while touring in Spain. He had to go through surgery because of problems with his eyes. Arroyo's health issues have been attributed, in varying degrees, to drug use. He denied the involvement of drugs in his September 1983 illness. Arroyo died in Barranquilla on 26 July 2011, after spending nearly

5106-543: Was marked by "pop salsa" in the US, and the "timba explosion" in Cuba. Sergio George produced several albums that mixed salsa with contemporary pop styles with Puerto Rican artists like Tito Nieves , La India , and Marc Anthony . George also produced the Japanese salsa band Orquesta de la Luz . Brenda K. Starr , Son By Four , Víctor Manuelle , and the Cuban-American singer Gloria Estefan enjoyed crossover success within

5180-495: Was no Barranquilla Carnival due to the Covid-19 pandemic ; the Orchestra Festival held a virtual event featuring past performances. In 1995 the categories "newcomer" and "folk group" were discontinued, and a prize was introduced called the " Premio Rescate de lo Nuestro " (English: rescuing what is ours prize). It later became known as simply "Lo Nuestro", and at one point as "Lo Nuestro 'Roberto de Castro'". In 1994 prizes for

5254-537: Was one of the first Chinese Puerto Rican artists that caught the eye of Fania Record's owner Jerry Masucci and later became the booking agent for many of the Fania artists.), Wayne Gorbea, Ernie Agusto y la Conspiración, Orchestra Ray Jay, Orchestra Fuego, and Orchestra Cimarron, among other bands that were performing in the Salsa market on the East Coast. Celia Cruz, who had had a successful career in Cuba with Sonora Matancera,

5328-581: Was taken for granted, and the stage was set for the emergence of mambo music in New York, where music fans were becoming accustomed to innovation." He later notes that Mambo helped pave the way for the widespread acceptance of salsa years later. Another popular style was cha-cha-cha , which originated in the Charanga bands in Cuba. By the early 1960s, there were several charanga bands in New York led by musicians (like Johnny Pacheco , Charlie Palmieri , Mongo Santamaría and Ray Barretto ) who would later become salsa stars. In 1952, Arsenio Rodríguez moved for

5402-553: Was the epicenter of mambo in New York. Ethnomusicologist Ed Morales notes that the interaction of Afro-Cuban and jazz music in New York was crucial to the innovation of both forms of music. Musicians who would become great innovators of mambo, like Mario Bauzá and Chano Pozo, began their careers in New York working in close conjunction with some of the biggest names in jazz , like Cab Calloway , Ella Fitzgerald , and Dizzy Gillespie , among others. Morales noted that: "The interconnection between North American jazz and Afro-Cuban music

5476-591: Was using [the term] salsa , but the music wasn't defined by that. The music was still defined as Latin music. And that was a very, very broad category, because it even includes mariachi music. It includes everything. So salsa defined this particular type of music ... It's a name that everyone could pronounce. Sanabria's Latin New York magazine was an English language publication. Consequently, his promoted events were covered in The New York Times , as well as Time and Newsweek magazines. Sanabria confessed

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