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98-557: Joannes ( Johannes , Jan , or Jean ) Meyssens (17 May 1612 – 18 September 1670) was a Flemish Baroque painter , engraver, and print publisher. He was born in Brussels, but moved to Antwerp at an early age, where he became master of the Guild of St. Luke in 1640. He married Anna Jacobs (died 1678). Joannes Meyssens' son Cornelis became also an engraver who later worked in Vienna. He had

196-602: A constitutional liberalism and Jacobinism inspired by the First French Republic , giving rise to the Constitution of Cádiz (1812) or a more Napoleonic Enlightenment monarchy during the French occupation of Iberia and the Constitution of Bayonne (1808). A third group, seeking to restore the absolute monarchy under Ferdinand VII , also looked to counterrevolutionary France for inspiration and encouragement, culminating in

294-497: A Japanese song that expressed my present sentiment -- a traveler who had immersed himself in love and the arts in France but was now going back to the extreme end of the Orient where only death would follow monotonous life? . . . I felt totally forsaken. I belonged to a nation that had no music to express swelling emotions and agonized feelings." In Lebanon , Francophilia is very common among

392-601: A clearly distinguishable group set apart by their language and customs. Various cultural and linguistic customs are similar to those of the Southern part of the Netherlands. Generally, Flemings do not identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa. There are popular stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders which are mostly based on the 'cultural extremes' of both Northern and Southern culture. Alongside this overarching political and social affiliation, there also exists

490-654: A close diplomatic ally of the French Third Republic . Growing disappointments in French democrats' support and a sense of French political and cultural decline, during the period of the Spanish Civil War , Second World War and Francoism , meant that francophilia in Spain generally declined. Consequently, from the mid-20th-century Spanish elites were generally more likely to express political Atlanticism and cultural Americanophilia than francophilia. As with much of

588-456: A desire to see France (or a certain interpretation of France) as a political model. Often rival groups in Spain, clashing over their desired political vision, would each turn to a different French example to legitimise their arguments. Francophilia in Spain can be documented from at least the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in 1700, when the political model associated with Louis XIV , that of

686-603: A diplomat and intelligence figure; Nader Jahanbani , General under the last Shah ; and Abdullah Entezam-Saltaneh, another famous diplomat to the West. Prince Saionji Kinmochi , a genro (elder statesmen) was educated in France, where he received a law degree at the Sorbonne. In words of the Canadian historian Margaret Macmillan , Saionji "...loved the French, their culture and their liberal traditions. He even spoke French in his sleep. To

784-612: A kitchen helper on a French merchant steamer in Saigon , the Amiral de Latouche-Tréville , using the alias Văn Ba. The ship departed on 5 June 1911 and arrived in Marseille, France on 5 July 1911. The ship then left for Le Havre and Dunkirk , returning to Marseille in mid-September. There, he applied for the French Colonial School but did not succeed. He instead decided to begin traveling

882-631: A lesser extent on Brabantic, which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders . Approximately 75% of the Flemish people are by baptism assumed Roman Catholic , though a still diminishing minority of less than 8% attends Mass on a regular basis and nearly half of the inhabitants of Flanders are agnostic or atheist . A 2006 inquiry in Flanders showed 55% chose to call themselves religious and 36% believe that God created

980-571: A number of mannerist structures, and Willem van den Blocke also has sculpted multiple lavishly decorated epitaphs and tombs in Poland. Flemish people also emigrated at the end of the fifteenth century, when Flemish traders conducted intensive trade with Spain and Portugal , and from there moved to colonies in America and Africa . The newly discovered Azores were populated by 2,000 Flemish people from 1460 onwards, making these volcanic islands known as

1078-463: A number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language. As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish . Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect (spoken in the northwestern Netherlands) and to

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1176-699: A potential ally. The pro-French sentiment was probably strengthened by the overthrow of the French monarchy and the creation of a "brother-republic" in France. Notwithstanding the turmoil of the French Revolution and certain disputes between the two countries (such as the Quasi-War ), generally good relations continued. During the Napoleonic era, the Louisiana Purchase , and the entry of the United States into

1274-502: A series of discussions witnessed a will of emancipation . The establishment of the Crusader Kingdom of Cyprus , in 1192, was the beginning of intense French influence on the island for the next three centuries. That influence, which touched almost every aspect of life on the island, would endure even after the end of Lusignan domination. It survives as part of Cypriot culture . The Republic of Cyprus became an associate member of

1372-611: A significant number of its residents left after the Great Flood of 1993 . Francophile A Francophile is a person who has a strong affinity towards any or all of the French language , French history , French culture and/or French people . That affinity may include France itself or its history, language, cuisine , literature , etc. The term "Francophile" can be contrasted with Francophobe (or Gallophobe), someone who shows hatred or other forms of negative feelings towards all that

1470-463: A strong tendency towards regionalism , in which individuals greatly identify themselves culturally through their native province , city, region or dialect they speak. Flemings speak Dutch (specifically its southern variant , which is often colloquially called ' Flemish '). It is the majority language in Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population. Its various dialects contain

1568-429: A successful business collaborating with contemporary painters and engravers, and is most notable today for his book of prints called Image de divers hommes d'esprit sublime qui par leur art et science devront vivre eternellement et des quels la lovange et renommée faict estonner le monde, A Anvers mis en lumiere par Iean Meyssens peinctre et vendeur de lart au Cammestraet l'an .M.DC.XLIX , published in 1649. This book, with

1666-660: Is French. A Francophile may enjoy French artists (such as Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Edgar Degas , Paul Cézanne , and Henri Matisse ); authors and poets (such as Victor Hugo , Alexandre Dumas , Voltaire , Honoré de Balzac , and George Sand ), musicians (such as Daft Punk , Jean-Michel Jarre , Serge Gainsbourg , Édith Piaf , Johnny Hallyday , and Carla Bruni ), filmmakers (such as Jean-Luc Godard , François Truffaut , Robert Bresson , and Jean-Pierre Melville ), and cuisine (such as baguettes , croissants , frog legs , French cheeses , and French wine ). Francophilia often arises in former French colonies , where

1764-640: Is brought by sea from India . Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Army of the Central African Republic seized power in 1965 and ruled until he was deposed by French troops in 1979. Bokassa was a great Francophile who maintained extremely close relations with France, often going elephant hunting with the French President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing . In 1977, Bokassa in imitation of his hero Napoleon crowned himself Emperor and renamed his nation

1862-533: Is familiar to many from Tolstoy 's War and Peace and Anna Karenina , and his characters from the Russian aristocracy converse in French and give themselves French names. At the time, the language of diplomacy and higher education across much of Europe was French. Russia, recently "modernized", or "Westernized", by the rule of sovereigns from Peter the Great to Catherine the Great was no exception. The Russian elite, in

1960-689: The August General Uprising throughout Vietnam led by the Communist Party of Indochina which will be later known as the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) after his death in 1969. On 2 July 1976, Vietnam was reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, with Hanoi as the capital of the entire region after the end of the Vietnam War and the Fall of Saigon in 1975. Vietnam was influenced by

2058-612: The Battle of Arara and during the Franco-Turkish War . Francophilia or Rattachism is a marginal political ideology in some parts of Belgium. Rattachism would mean the incorporation of French-speaking Belgium, Wallonia (and sometimes Brussels ; more rarely of entire Belgium) into France . This movement has existed since the Belgian state came into existence in 1830. The Manifesto for Walloon culture of 1983 relaunched in 2003, and

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2156-678: The Belgian Revolution . Prior to this, the term " Vlamingen " in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish, however, had been used since the 14th century to refer to the language and dialects of both the peoples of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant . In 1830, the southern provinces of the United Netherlands proclaimed their independence. French-dialect speaking population, as well as

2254-672: The Christian Maronites who have since the 19th century viewed the French as their "guardian angels", their special protectors and friends in their struggles against the Muslims. In 1860 , the French intervened to put a stop to the massacres of the Maronites by the Muslims and the Druze which were being permitted by the Ottoman authorities, earning them the lasting thanks of the Maronites. Starting in

2352-618: The Enlightenment were inspired by ideas from France earning them the name " Afrancesado " (lit. "turned-French"). These sought to remake Spanish institutions, society and culture on humanist , rationalist and constitutionalist grounds, drawing strongly from the example of the Philosophes . The term later acquired a political dimension following the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte 's First French Empire , as reformers sought to implement their goals through two rival political models:

2450-615: The First Congo War , nicknamed as ( Africa's First World War ). About half of Kinshasa residents feel solidarity towards Francophone countries, and French is seen as important for education and relations with the government. French is the sole official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Omar Bongo , the long time dictator of Gabon from 1967 until his death in 2009 was described by The Economist in 2016 as "every inch

2548-527: The First World War , when the "common struggle" against a common enemy would reach its peak. Before the war, France would win sympathy of local population by building railways by opening of French schools and a consulate and a Bank. Several Serbian kings were at universities in Paris as well as a large part of the future diplomats. Serbs have built a sense of Francophilia because the activities moved them away from

2646-454: The Francophonie in 2006. In the 18th century, French was the language of German elites. A notable Francophile was King Frederick the Great of Prussia or Frédéric as he preferred to call himself. Frederick spoke and wrote notably better French than he did German, and all of his books were written in French, a choice of language that was of considerable embarrassment to German nationalists in

2744-700: The Frankish , or French , Crusaders of the Middle Ages as fellow Christians . There was much exchange, and the last dynasty to rule Armenian Cilicia , the Lusignans (who ruled Cyprus ), was of French origin. During the reign of Louis XIV , many Armenian manuscripts were taken into the National Library of France. Armenia and Armenian characters are featured in the works of Montesquieu , Voltaire , and Rousseau . The first instance of Armenian studies began with

2842-756: The French Communist Party in Paris where he organized the Viet Minh independence movement in his homeland of French Indochina with Marxist-Leninist ideologies after it was mixed between Kingdom of Champa with its long history with India and China. He read the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945 after World War II came to an end with the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan which follows

2940-583: The French parliament , Victor Hugo asked France to assist in protecting Serbia and the Serbian population from Ottoman crimes. Diplomatic relations with France were established on 18 January 1879. Rapid development of bilateral relations done that people in Serbia in "mighty France" seen great new friend that will protect them from the Ottomans and Habsburgs . Relations between Serbia and France would go upwards until

3038-617: The Netherlands , but are still host to people of Flemish descent and some continued use of Flemish Dutch. Namely, these are Zeelandic Flanders and the Arrondissement of Dunkirk (historically known as French Westhoek ). The people of North Brabant also share related ancestry. There were migrations of Flemish people to medieval and early modern Poland. The Flemming noble family of Flemish origin first settled in Pomerania and modern Poland in

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3136-614: The War of 1812 , concurrent with the Napoleonic Wars , gave the two nations common interests and diplomatic relations blossomed. Among the most famous early American Francophiles was Thomas Jefferson . Even during the excesses of the Reign of Terror , Jefferson refused to disavow the revolution because he was, as Jean Yarbrough wrote, "convinced that the fates of the two republics were indissolubly linked. To back away from France would be to undermine

3234-443: The elite spoke French and adopted many French habits. In other European countries such as Romania and Russia , French culture has also long been popular among the upper class . Historically, Francophilia has been associated with supporters of the philosophy of Enlightenment during and after the French Revolution , where democratic uprisings challenged the autocratic regimes of Europe . The Armenians of Cilicia welcomed

3332-477: The seal of Philip d'Alsace , count of Flanders of 1162. As of that date the use of the Flemish coat of arms ( or a lion rampant sable ) remained in use throughout the reigns of the d'Alsace, Flanders (2nd) and Dampierre dynasties of counts . The motto "Vlaanderen de Leeuw" (Flanders the lion) was allegedly present on the arms of Pieter de Coninck at the Battle of the Golden Spurs on July 11, 1302. After

3430-534: The "Flemish Islands". For instance, the city of Horta derives its name from Flemish explorer Josse van Huerter . Prior to the 1600s, there were several substantial waves of Flemish migration to the United Kingdom . The first wave fled to England in the early 12th century, escaping damages from a storm across the coast of Flanders, where they were largely resettled in Pembrokeshire by Henry I . They changed

3528-512: The "special relationship" between France and its former African colonies, in which Francophone African nations were in the French political, cultural, military and economic sphere of influence, something which Houphouet-Boigny welcomed, though France's influence in Africa has been highly controversial given that most of the African regimes the French supported have been dictatorships. Léopold Sédar Senghor

3626-483: The 13th century with the village of Buk becoming the first estate of the family in the region. The family reached high-ranking political and military posts in Poland in the 18th century, and Polish Princess Izabela Czartoryska and statesman Adam Jerzy Czartoryski were their descendants. There are several preserved historical residences of the family in Poland. Flemish architects Anthonis van Obbergen and Willem van den Blocke migrated to Poland, where they designed

3724-613: The 1870s, when Saint Boniface proved a popular destination for work in local flour mills, brick yards and railway yards. Similarly, Flemish were drawn to smaller villages in Manitoba , where jobs in farming were available. In the early 20th century, Flemish settled in significant numbers across Ontario , particularly attracted by the tobacco-growing industry, in the towns of Chatham , Leamington , Tillsonburg , Wallaceburg , Simcoe , Sarnia and Port Hope . The original County of Flanders encompassed areas which today belong to France and

3822-629: The 19th and 20th centuries when Frederick became the preeminent German national hero. One source noted: "Nor did Frederick have any time for German cultural chauvinism. As an ardent Francophile in matters literary and artistic, he took a low view of the German language, spoke it imperfectly himself, and once boasted that he had not read a book in German since his early youth. His preferences in music, art and architecture were overwhelmingly Italian and French". The French philosophe Voltaire when he visited Berlin to meet his admirer Frederick noted that everyone at

3920-685: The 19th and early 20th century Francophilia include the famous Pera Palace hotel in Istanbul . The French Revolution and its ideals of "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" inspired many secular and progressive movements in Ottoman Turkey , including the Young Turk movement that would go on to create the Republic of Turkey . Napoleon 's breaking of the age-old Franco-Ottoman alliance by conquering Ottoman -controlled Egypt also had an effect. Muhammad Ali

4018-584: The 19th century, much of the Maronite elite was educated at Jesuit schools in France, making the Maronites one of the most ardently Francophile groups in the Ottoman Empire . The Lebanese writer Charles Corm in a series of poems in French published after World War I portrayed the Lebanese as a "Phoenician" people whose Christianity and Francophilia made them part of the West and who had nothing to do either with

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4116-508: The 19th century. The Ottoman Empire granted France special privileges on account of the Franco-Ottoman alliance . French mercantilism was protected, French subjects were exempt from the taxes and tributes normally required of Christian residents of the Empire, no French subjects could be taken into Ottoman slavery and French subjects were granted full freedom of worship. Thus, France became

4214-437: The Arabs or Islam. Orientalism first arose in Early Modern France with Guillaume Postel and the French Embassy to the court of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . Later, when Mehmed IV sent the ambassador Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa to the court of Louis XIV in 1669, it caused a sensation that triggered the Turquerie fashion craze in France and then the rest of Western Europe, which lasted until well into

4312-489: The Central African Empire. Bokassa was also notorious as one of Africa's most brutal dictators, engaging in cannibalism, becoming so vicious that even the French could not stand supporting his regime anymore and thus the French Foreign Legion deposed the Emperor in 1979. Bokassa once nonchalantly told a French diplomat after his overthrow about the banquets he used to organize with the French style cooking that: "You never noticed it, but you ate human flesh." Patrice Lumumba

4410-445: The Francophile" who was very close to successive governments in Paris from the time he came to power until his death. In 2012, the country declared an intention to add English as a second official language, as Ali Bongo who succeeded his father as president does not share his father's Francophilia. However, it was later clarified that the country intended to introduce English as a first foreign language in schools, while keeping French as

4508-441: The French have created Senegalese Tirailleurs and transforming the African populations within its sphere into French citizens. Following the end of both World War I and World War II which led the liberation of Paris from the Nazi regime in August 1944, Senghor became the first President of Senegal on 6 September after the country gained independence from France on 4 April 1960, with Dakar as its capital remain. Senghor wrote

4606-404: The Great , who became the Ottoman vali (governor) of Egypt in 1805 and ruled as a de facto independent ruler until his death in 1848 had been strongly impressed with the Napoleon's Armée d'Orient , and imported French veterans of the Napoleonic wars to train his army. Egypt was very much in the French sphere of influence politically, economically and culturally in the 19th century, and French

4704-401: The Indian-origin religion Buddhism via the strong impact of culture of China as it also considered sacred by many native Vietnamese and Chinese influences with 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area practice a devotional form of Hinduism. Hinduism in Vietnam is associated with the Cham ethnic minority as the first religion of the Champa kingdom was a form of Shaivite Hinduism which

4802-412: The Ottoman and Habsburg Empires. For Serbs until 1914, French have become major allies what were even a threat for traditional inclination towards Russia. The great humanitarian and military assistance that France sent to Serbia during First World War, assistance in the evacuation of children, civilians and military at the end, and the support of French newspaper headlines even today are deeply ingrained in

4900-456: The Prussian Court spoke the most exquisite French and German was only used when addressing servants and soldiers. Another German Francophile was King Ludwig II of Bavaria , a.k.a. "Mad King Ludwig". Ludwig felt a great deal of affinity for King Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King" and liked to call himself the "Moon King" to suggest a parallel between himself and his hero. Ludwig loved to collect memorabilia relating to Louis and his Linderhof Palace

4998-400: The Southern Francophile elites. The efforts of this movement during the following 150 years, have to no small extent facilitated the creation of the de jure social, political and linguistic equality of Dutch from the end of the 19th century. After the Hundred Years War many Flemings migrated to the Azores . By 1490 there were 2,000 Flemings living in the Azores. Willem van der Haegen

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5096-426: The Western world and the Middle East at the time, Francophilia was quite common in Iran in the 19th century, and even so more in the 20th century. In Iran, many key politicians and diplomats of the 20th century were French-educated or avid Francophiles. Among them Teymur Bakhtiar , the founder of the Iranian intelligence agency, SAVAK ; Amir-Abbas Hoveida , Prime Minister of Iran from 1965 to 1977; Hassan Pakravan ,

5194-402: The acquisition of Flanders by the Burgundian dukes the lion was only used in escutcheons. It was only after the creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that the coat of arms (surmounted by a chief bearing the Royal Arms of the Netherlands ) once again became the official symbol of the new province East Flanders . The first sizeable wave of Flemish migration to Canada occurred in

5292-400: The administration and elites, feared the loss of their status and autonomy under Dutch rule while the rapid industrialization in the south highlighted economic differences between the two. Under French rule (1794–1815), French was enforced as the only official language in public life, resulting in a Francization of the elites and, to a lesser extent, the middle classes. The Dutch king allowed

5390-443: The area during this era, who would lay their cloths out in the sun to bleach them. These waves of settlement are also evidenced by the common surnames Fleming , Flemings, Flemming and Flemmings. In the United States , the cities of De Pere and Green Bay in Wisconsin attracted many Flemish and Walloon immigrants during the 19th century. The small town of Belgique was settled almost entirely by Flemish immigrants, although

5488-526: The cause of republicanism in America." Commenting on the continuing revolutions in the Netherlands and France , Jefferson predicted that "this ball of liberty, I believe most piously, is now so well in motion that it will roll round the globe, at least the enlightened part of it, for light & liberty go together. it is our glory that we first put it into motion." Jefferson would often sign his letters "Affectionately adieu" and commented late in life "France, freed from that monster, Bonaparte, must again become

5586-413: The centralised Catholic absolute monarchy , was developed under his grandson king Philip V of Spain. During this period France served as a model for the monarchy's political and administrative reforms, as well as cultural and intellectual inspiration: the Real Academia for instance, was founded on the model of the Académie Française . During the second half of the 18th century, Spanish supporters of

5684-456: The collective consciousness of large number of Serbs. Notable Serbian Francophiles include Ilija Garašanin and Sava Šumanović . Between 1700 and the mid 20th century, francophilia played a major role in Spain both culturally and politically, comparable to the Atlanticism - Americanophilia that emerged in the second half of the 20th century. Francophilia was closely linked both to a cultural appreciation for French civilisation, but also to

5782-441: The creation of an Armenian department in the School of Oriental languages , at the initiative of Napoleon . An important figure of Armenian Francophilia was that of Stepan Vosganian (1825–1901). Arguably the first Armenian "intellectual" and literary critic, Vosganian "represents the prototype of a long line of Armenian intellectuals nurtured in and identified with European, and particularly French, culture". Educated in Paris, he

5880-504: The culture and accent in south Pembrokeshire to such an extent, that it led to the area receiving the name Little England beyond Wales . Haverfordwest and Tenby consequently grew as important settlements for the Flemish settlers. In the 14th century, encouraged by King Edward III and perhaps in part due to his marriage to Philippa of Hainault , another wave of migration to England occurred when skilled cloth weavers from Flanders were granted permission to settle there and contribute to

5978-460: The currency of West African CFA franc and Central African CFA franc remained. In Canada, the term has two distinct meanings, that of "appreciation of, or support for, France" and, more commonly, "appreciation of, or support for, French as an official language of Canada". With the expansion of French immersion programs in many schools following the passage of Official Languages Act of 1969 which elevated French to an equal official language of

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6076-460: The early 18th century, was educated in the French tradition and made a conscious effort to imitate the manners of France . Their descendants, a generation or two later, were no longer "imitating" French customs but grew up with them, and the strong impact of the French culture on Russian upper and even middle classes was evident, on a smaller scale than in the 18th century, until the Revolution of 1917 . The oldest documented possible contact between

6174-568: The efforts to build Romania into a modern nation-state, with a national language and common national heritage, in the 19th century, the Romanian language was deliberately reoriented to its Latin heritage by a steady import of French neologisms suited to contemporary civilization and culture. "For ordinary Romanians, keen on the idea of the Latin roots of their language, 'Romance' meant 'French.'" An estimated 39% of Romanian vocabulary consists of borrowings from French, with an estimated 20% of "everyday" Romanian vocabulary. Boia writes: "Once launched on

6272-413: The end of his life, he drank Vichy water and wore Houbigant cologne, which had to be imported specially for him". Prince Saionji was merely an extreme case of the Francophilia that characterized Meiji Japan. The Justice Minister, Etō Shimpei was an admirer of the French who modeled the legal and administrative systems together with the police force after that of France. A French lawyer Gustave Boissonade

6370-703: The engraved portraits of many famous men, including many painters, was used again and again as a source for art historians, most notably in Cornelis de Bie 's, Het Gulden Cabinet (Antwerp, 1662), who wrote this work at the instigation of Meyssens. In 1694, an English version was published in London with the title The True Effigies of the most Eminent Painters, and other famous artists that have flourished in Europe . The descriptions in French that Meyssens added under each engraving were used as biographical notes by later art historians such as Filippo Baldinucci , Joachim von Sandrart and Arnold Houbraken . He influenced Theodoor van Merlen. Flemish people Flemish

6468-420: The general medium of instruction and the sole official language. President Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Côte d'Ivoire was described as a "staunch Francophile" who maintained very close links with France, and successfully insisted that the French name for his country be used instead of the Ivory Coast. It was Houphouet-Boigny who coined the term France-Afrique (later shortened to Françafrique ) to describe

6566-508: The height of sophistication by Americans of all social classes. French support of the American Revolution was a significant factor in shaping American's feelings towards France. Prior to that, the French had been seen as rivals for control of North America until their defeat in the French and Indian War . With the elimination of France as a major colonial power in North America, the rivalry between American colonists and Parliament back home came into focus, and France's role switched to that of

6664-432: The left, as well as right-wing ideologies such as doctrinaire liberalism , Constitutional monarchism , bonapartism and Carlism - Legitimism . During the Second Republic the democratic regime's governing class were in general strongly francophile and inspired by French republicanism , with the cultural and political attachment of figures such as Manuel Azaña , Alejandro Lerroux or Niceto Alcalà-Zamora making Spain

6762-471: The masses are black. General Antonio López de Santa Anna liked to call himself the "Napoleon of the West", and during his rule, the Mexican Army wore uniforms that closely resembled the uniforms of Napoleon's Grande Armée . In the United States, there is great interest in French culture, including French food, art, philosophy, politics, as well as the French lifestyle in general. Historically, French style, particularly that of Paris, has long been considered

6860-503: The military assistance of Louis XVIII and the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis . In the mid 19th century, francophiles such as Javier de Burgos introduced liberal administrative reforms of the restored Spanish monarchy, modelled on the French administrative reforms of Napoleon and of the July Monarchy . During the 19th century, Spanish political movements were also strongly inspired by ideologies popular in France, such as republicanism , radicalism , socialism and anarchism on

6958-421: The most agreeable country on earth." The 1995 film Jefferson in Paris by James Ivory , recalls the connection. The "staunchly Francophile" Jefferson and, by extension, his adherents or " Jeffersonians ", were characterized by his political enemies, the Federalists , as "decadent, ungodly and immoral Francophiles". Benjamin Franklin , who spent seven years as the popular United States Ambassador to France

7056-480: The most famous contemporary Romanian Francophile is Eugen Weber (1925–2007), a prodigious author and lecturer in Romania on French history . In his book "My France: politics, culture, myth", he writes: "Social relations, manners, attitudes that others had to learn from books, I lived in my early years. Romanian francophilia, Romanian francophony.... Many Romanians, in my day, dreamed of France; not many got there". With

7154-516: The national anthem of Le Lion rouge , meaning ( The Red Lion ). French is the sole official language of Senegal while Wolof became the most spoken language in the country, the RTS were broadcast in French and even the money of CFA franc which was created by France as its former colony that is located in Dakar being the sole capital of Francophone Africa as Senegal and France have become both friendships with

7252-532: The national bureaucracy, many Anglophone Canadians have developed a greater appreciation for the French culture that is a part of the Canadian identity . Graduates of such programs (and others who speak French as an additional language) are called francophiles in Canada, as opposed to francophones which is the term typically reserved for native speakers or near-native fluent speakers of French. The Republic of Haiti

7350-689: The precise limits of these borders, so their spiritual accomplishments will approach those of the French, and the immaterial substance of their souls will take on the luminous clarity, the smoothness and brilliance of the French mentality." Bucharest was rebuilt in the style of Paris in the 19th century, giving the city the nickname the "Paris of the East". Other notable Romanian Francophiles include Georges Enesco , Constantin Brâncuși , Emil Cioran , Mircea Eliade , Eugène Ionesco and Nobel Peace Prize winner Elie Wiesel . 18th and 19th century Russian Francophilia

7448-470: The revolt, the language reforms of 1823 were the first Dutch laws to be abolished and the subsequent years would see a number of laws restricting the use of the Dutch language. This policy led to the gradual emergence of the Flemish Movement , that was built on earlier anti-French feelings of injustice, as expressed in writings (for example by the late 18th-century writer, Jan Verlooy ) which criticized

7546-605: The road of Westernization, the Romanian elite threw itself into the arms of France, the great Latin sister in the West. When we speak of the Western model, what is to be understood is first and foremost the French model, which comes far ahead of the other Western reference points." He quotes no less than the leading Romanian politician Dimitrie Drăghicescu , writing in 1907: "As the nations of Europe acquire their definitive borders and their social life becomes elaborated and crystallized within

7644-591: The then booming cloth and woollen industries. These migrants particularly settled in the growing Lancashire and Yorkshire textile towns of Manchester , Bolton , Blackburn , Liversedge , Bury , Halifax and Wakefield . Demand for Flemish weavers in England occurred again in both the 15th and 16th centuries, but this time particularly focused on towns close to the coastline of East Anglia and South East England . Many from this generation of weavers went to Colchester , Sandwich and Braintree . In 1582, it

7742-475: The two sides was the marriage of Stephen Uroš I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou in the 13th century. The first important contacts of French and Serbs came only in the 19th century, when the first French travel writers wrote about their travels to Serbia. At that time Karađorđe Petrović , the leader of the Serbian Revolution , sent a letter to Napoleon expressing his admiration. On the other hand, in

7840-541: The universe. The official flag and coat of arms of the Flemish Community represents a black lion with red claws and tongue on a yellow field ( or a lion rampant sable armed and langued gules ). A flag with a completely black lion had been in wide use before 1991 when the current version was officially adopted by the Flemish Community. That older flag was at times recognized by government sources (alongside

7938-512: The unofficial protector of all Catholics in the East. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, French influence increased in Anatolia and the Middle East , and the French language and customs penetrated deep into the Ottoman learned classes and aristocracy; French was the preferred second language, rich Ottomans sent their children to school and universities in France and the Western " Enlightenment "

8036-711: The use of both Dutch and French dialects as administrative languages in the Flemish provinces. He also enacted laws to reestablish Dutch in schools. The language policy was not the only cause of the secession; the Roman Catholic majority viewed the sovereign, the Protestant William I , with suspicion and were heavily stirred by the Roman Catholic Church which suspected William of wanting to enforce Protestantism . Lastly, Belgian liberals were dissatisfied with William for his allegedly despotic behaviour. Following

8134-405: The version with red claws and tongue). Today, only the flag bearing a lion with red claws and tongue is recognized by Belgian law, while the flag with the all-black lion is mostly used by Flemish separatist movements. The Flemish authorities also use two logos of a highly stylized black lion which show the claws and tongue in either red or black. The first documented use of the Flemish lion was on

8232-626: The world by working on ships and visiting many countries from 1911 to 1917. While working as the French cook's helper on a ship in 1912, Ho Chi Minh traveled to the United States . From 1912 to 1913, he may have lived in Harlem , New York City and Boston , Massachusetts in New England where he claimed to have worked as a baker at the Parker House Hotel . He was also one of the founding members of

8330-847: Was a champion of liberalism and the positivist philosophy of Auguste Comte , and he took part in the French Revolution of 1848 . The French political classes were on the whole supportive of the Armenian national movement . The French–Armenian Agreement (1916) was a political and military accord to create the Armenian Legion in the French Army to fight on the Allied side of World War I , in return for promises of recognition of Armenian independence. The Armenian Legion engaged successfully in Anatolia and Palestine during World War I , particularly at

8428-566: Was also a Francophile. Massachusetts Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. spent his first three grades in a Parisian school and majored in Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard . Henry Cabot Lodge Sr. , his grandfather, was also a Francophile and befriended Jean Jules Jusserand , the French Ambassador to the US. Thomas Paine was another American founding father that was also

8526-820: Was also a great francophile as well as Joseph-Désiré Mobutu because of its relations between Belgium and the Democratic Republic of the Congo which was ruled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians when he claimed the Congo Free State before it was reconstituted as a new territory, the Belgian Congo in 1908. On 30 June 1960, after 75 years of Belgian colonial rule in Central Africa , The Congo achieved its independence from Belgium, which later renamed as Zaire in 1971, before returning to its original name in 1997 with

8624-543: Was associated with French culture. Modern Turkish continues to have many French loanwords that were adopted in this period, and 5,350 Turkish words are of French origin, according to the Turkish Language Society, one eighth of a standard dictionary (See List of replaced loanwords in Turkish#Loanwords of French origin .). Francophilia still exists to a rather limited extent in modern Turkey. Vestiges of

8722-818: Was divided into prefectures as the French administrative system was considered by the Japanese to be the best in Europe. The Japanese received a French military mission in 1870 to train their army as the French Army was considered the best in the world. After France's defeat in the war of 1870–71, the Japanese sent the French military mission home, to be replaced by a German military mission. The Japanese writer Kafū Nagai wrote after visiting France: "No matter how much I wanted to sing Western songs, they were all very difficult. Had I, born in Japan, no choice but to sing Japanese songs? Was there

8820-548: Was estimated that there could have been around 1,600 Flemish in Sandwich, today almost half of its total population. London , Norwich and North Walsham , however, were the most popular destinations, and the nickname for Norwich City F.C. fans, Canaries, is derived from the fact that many of the Norfolk weavers kept pet canaries. The town of Whitefield , near Bury, also claims to owe its name to Flemish cloth weavers that settled in

8918-520: Was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings" irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval duchy of Brabant and the medieval county of Loon , where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed. The sense of "Flemish" identity increased significantly after

9016-456: Was modelled after the Palace of Trianon. An even more striking example of Ludwig's architectural Francophilia was the Palace of Herrenchiemsee , which was a copy of the Palace of Versailles. The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139. Romania has a long and deeply entrenched tradition of Francophilia beginning after the Enlightenment and Revolutionary periods. No doubt

9114-491: Was not French enough for the elite. About 10% of Haiti's population speak French as their first language while the other 90% speak Kréyol (a mixture of French and various West African languages) that has often been mocked by the Francophile Haitian elite as a bastardized French. In Haiti, the question of whatever one speaks French or Kréyol is racially charged as the elite tended to be of Afro-European ancestry while

9212-550: Was once the French colony of Saint-Domingue until a successful slave revolt drove the French out. Despite this history, the Haitian elite was traditionally very Francophile to the point that the Haitian writer Jean Price-Mars published a book in 1928 Ainsi Parla l'Oncle (So Spoke the Uncle) accusing the elite of bovarysme , of intentionally neglecting and ignoring traditional Haitian folk culture as it had too many West African elements and

9310-467: Was recruited to draft the Japanese legal code, which is why the Japanese legal code today very closely resembles the Napoleonic Code . Another French lawyer, Prosper Gambet-Gross served as the special advisor to Kawaji Toshiyoshi who created a French-style police force for Japan. The Japanese educational system from 1872 onward was modeled after the French educational system and in the same year Japan

9408-492: Was the first African to become the member of the Académie Française in Paris after he wrote the memoirs of his native country of Senegal as its leader of Francophone Africa since it was colonized by France in 1677 that has located the oldest colonial city of Saint-Louis as a trading post. Dakar became the capital of French West Africa in 1902, with Louis Faidherbe and his black soldiers that once recruited by

9506-554: Was the original sea captain who brought settlers from Flanders to the Azores. Today many Azoreans trace their genealogy from present day Flanders. Many of their customs and traditions are distinctively Flemish in nature such as windmills used for grain, São Jorge cheese and several religious events such as the imperios and the feast of the Cult of the Holy Spirit . Within Belgium, Flemings form

9604-669: Was the preferred language of Egypt's elites right up to the 1952 revolution. At the court of the Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt, better known as Isma'il the Magnificent the languages used were French and Turkish. Reflecting his Francophilia, the French-educated Isma'il emulated Baron Haussmann by tearing down much of Cairo to rebuild it in the style of Paris. Even today, the architecture of downtown Cairo closely resembles that of downtown Paris. Ho Chi Minh applied to work as

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