Jitpursimara (also Jeetpursimara or Jeetpur Simara) is a sub-metropolitan city in Bara District in Province No. 2 of southern Nepal that was formed on 10 March 2017 after merging Gadhimai Municipality , Inarwasira , Amlekhganj , as well as parts of Manharwa , Haraiya and Rampur Tokani to form a new sub-metropolitan city. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census , the former settlements that would make up the sub-metropolitan city had a joint population of 117,094 people living in 21,670 individual households.
47-513: Jitpur Simara lies in the Terrai region of Nepal. To the north, it borders Hetauda Sub-metropolitan city , to south and west Birgunj Metropolitan City , and to the east Kalaiya sub-metropolitan city . It is regarded as the youngest sub-metropolitan city in the country. The highest temperature ever recorded in Simara was 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) on 6 June 1979, while the lowest temperature ever recorded
94-578: A dam at Jalkundi that would inundate 71,000 acres (29,000 ha) of farmland in Deukhuri Valley. An alternative dam site is upstream at Naumure on the Pyuthan-Dang district border (27°53'N, 82°48'E). This would be an earthen dam 169 m high with 351 million cubic meters live storage capacity, storing excess monsoon flows for irrigation use during the following dry season and generating up to 207 megawatts. Impoundment would mainly be in gorges through
141-488: A permeable mixture of gravel, boulders and sand evolves, which leads to a sinking water table . But where layers consist of clay and fine sediments, the groundwater rises to the surface and heavy sediment is washed out, thus enabling frequent and massive floods during monsoon , such as the 2008 Bihar flood . In India, the Terai extends over the states of Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. These are mostly
188-570: A reward for Nepal's military aid in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , they returned some of this region in 1860, namely today's districts of Kanchanpur, Kailali, Banke and Bardiya. To promote economic development of the Nepal Terai, people from the hills were invited to settle in the region. Since only a few moved to the Terai, Indian people were further encouraged to settle. Immigration of Indian people increased between 1846 and 1950. They settled in
235-638: A semi-nomadic life to evade outbreaks of diseases. Today, they are subsistence farmers. The Bhoksa people are indigenous to the western Terai in the Indian Kumaon division . Maithils inhabit the Indian Terai in Bihar and the eastern Terai in Nepal. Bhojpuri people reside in the central and eastern Terai, and Awadhi people live in the central and western Terai. Bantawa people reside foremost in two districts of
282-406: Is based on " charkose jhhadi ". Dumarwana is located in the north east corner of the metropolitan region. It is the center of agriculture. A special economic zone is in development. Protection and development of the sugar mill land has been controversial. It created a loss of billions rupees of taxpayer money. Illegal occupation of government lands impeded the development of the local area and caused
329-483: Is called तराइ 'tarāi' meaning "the low-lying land, plain" and especially "the low-lying land at the foot of the Himālayas". It has been described as "low, marshy ground". The Terai is crossed by the large perennial Himalayan rivers Yamuna, Ganges, Sarda , Karnali , Narayani and Kosi that have each built alluvial fans covering thousands of square kilometres below their exits from the hills. Medium rivers such as
376-461: Is increasing and causing sociocultural changes in the region. Since the early 1950s, several political parties advocated for autonomy and independence of the Nepal Terai, such as the Nepal Terai Congress and Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha . Several armed groups were formed, which pursued this aim using violent means. In 2013, more than 24 Madheshi political parties were registered for
423-597: Is joined by east-flowing Arun Kholā ( Nepali : अरुण खोला ) at Devithān ( Nepali : देवीथान ) where it enters a gorge through the Mahabharat Range . Jhimruk Kholā ( Nepali : झिमरुक खोला ) -- east of the Mardi—mainly drains Pyuthan . Below the upper highlands, an alluvial valley opens where [[Brahman ]] and Chhetri rice farmers irrigate paddy fields . At Cherneta , Pyuthan the Jhimruk approaches within 1.5 km of
470-502: Is notable for janajati ethnic groups – Kham Magar among its highland sources and then Tharu in Inner Terai Deukhuri Valley, for its irrigation and hydroelectric potential, and for recurrent floods that led to its nickname "Gorakhpur's Sorrow". Max depth 8.50 Min depth 10.7 Aciravati , Achirvati or Airavati is the ancient name for a river has been identified with the modern Rapti, flowing through what
517-563: Is now Nepal and the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh . The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang knew it as A-chi-lo. Jain texts mention it as Eravai. The ancient city of Sravasti , once capital of Kosala Kingdom , stood on the western bank of the Achirvati. The river was a tributary of the Sarayu . It was one of the five great rivers that constituted the Ganges group of rivers and one of the sacred rivers of
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#1732894592549564-537: Is the most productive region in Nepal with the majority of the country's industries. Agriculture is the basis of the economy. Major crops include rice , wheat , maize , potato , peas , lentil , mustard , sugar cane , ginger , turmeric , cardamom , garlic and chili . Fruits comprise mango , lychee , guava , papaya , banana and jackfruit . The Terai is also known for beekeeping and honey production, with about 120,000 colonies of Apis cerana . In Jhapa District, tea has been cultivated since 1960;
611-572: The Buddhist midland. The Rapti rises south of a prominent E-W ridgeline midway between the western Dhaulagiri Himalaya and the Mahabharat Range . A 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) summit on this ridgeline marks a triple divide . North of the triple divide the Karnali and Gandaki basins are adjacent; south of it the Rapti and similar but smaller Babai River ( Nepali : बबई नदी ; Babaī Nadī ) separate
658-613: The Constituent Assembly of Nepal election. The most significant border dispute of the Indo-Nepal boundary in the Terai region is the Susta area. In the Susta region, 14,500 hectares of land is under dispute but recent development has manage to discuss it bilaterally. After the 2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election , Indian politicians kept on trying to secure strategic interests in
705-513: The Kingdom of Sikkim . The Tulsipur State , in the Dang Valley of Nepal's western Terai, was also an independent kingdom until it was conquered in 1785 by Bahadur Shah of Nepal during the unification of Nepal . Until the mid 18th century, the Nepal Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests and wild places were, largely, left undisturbed. Since the late 18th century, however,
752-635: The Mid-Western Region, Nepal , Bardiya and Banke Districts . Further east, the Outer Terai comprises the Kapilvastu , Rupandehi , Nawalparasi , Parsa , Bara , Rautahat , Sarlahi , Mahottari , Dhanusa , Siraha, Saptari, Sunsari , Morang and Jhapa Districts . Several protected areas were established in the Terai since the late 1950s: Based on the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system ,
799-446: The Rana dynasty as a defensive perimeter called Char Kose Jhadi , meaning 'four kos forest'; one kos equals about 3 km (1.9 mi). A British observer noted, "Plainsmen and paharis generally die if they sleep in the Terai before November 1 or after June 1." British travelers to Kathmandu went as fast as possible from the border at Raxaul to reach the hills before nightfall. Malaria
846-483: The Rapti rise in the Mahabharat Range . The geological structure of the region consists of old and new alluvium , both of which constitute alluvial deposits of mainly sand, clay , silt , gravels and coarse fragments. The new alluvium is renewed every year by fresh deposits brought down by active streams, which engage themselves in fluvial action . Old alluvium is found rather away from river courses, especially on uplands of
893-470: The 14th century forced Hindu and Buddhist people to seek refuge from religious persecution. Rajput nobles and their entourage migrated to the Himalayan foothills and gained control over the region from Kashmir to the eastern Terai during the following three centuries. By the 16th century, the rulers of Palpa and Makwanpur controlled the mid-western Terai and extended this control to the eastern Terai by
940-419: The 17th century. They controlled the area of today's districts of Saptari , Siraha, Dhanusa , Mahottari and Sarlahi. The rulers of Makwanpur controlled the central Terai region of present-day Nepal, and the rulers of Vijayapur controlled today's Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts. The Shah dynasty conquered the eastern Nepal Terai in the 1770s. They also conquered land in the eastern Terai that belonged to
987-618: The Mardi and a 12 megawatt hydroelectric plant exploits the Jhimruk being 200 meters higher. Below Cherneta the Jhimruk loops east, becoming the border between Pyuthan and Arghakhanchi District . Its valley narrows and steepens as it enters the Mahabharat Range. Partway through it joins the Mardi and the combined flow is then named the Rapti. The main river emerges from its gorge into the lower Siwalik Hills and Dang District . At Bhalubang Bazaar Nepal's east-west Mahendra Highway bridges
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#17328945925491034-421: The Nepal Terai experiences a tropical savanna climate type with dry winters and hot summers, a mean annual temperature of 20–28 °C (68–82 °F), a mean annual rainfall of 1,600–1,800 mm (63–71 in) in the west and 2,500–3,000 mm (98–118 in) in the east. Tharu and Dhimal people are the indigenous inhabitants of the Terai forests. Several Tharu subgroups are scattered over most of
1081-430: The Nepal Terai, such as over hydropower energy, development projects, business and trade. The government of Nepal has accused India of imposing an undeclared blockade in 2015 but it is not clear yet, local peoples blame Nepal administration and government. Dhurmus Suntali Foundation handed over an integrated community containing 50 houses to Musahar community of Bardibas at a cost of Rs. 63 million. The Terai
1128-413: The Nepal and Indian Terai. They used to be semi-nomadic, practised shifting cultivation and collected wild fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs . They have been living in the Terai for many centuries and reputedly had an innate resistance to malaria . Dhimal reside in the eastern Nepal Terai, viz Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts. In the past, they lived in the fringes of the forest and conducted
1175-565: The Shah rulers encouraged Indians to settle in the Terai, and supported famine-stricken Bihari farmers in efforts to convert to a more productive agricultural lifestyle in the eastern Nepal Terai. From at least 1786 onward, they appointed government officers in the eastern Terai districts of Parsa, Bara, Rautahat, Mahottari, Saptari and Morang to levy taxes, collect revenues and maintain civil order, as well as to hunt wild game, including Indian elephants and Indian rhinoceros , mostly for their ivory. At
1222-596: The Terai include: West Rapti River The West Rapti , also known as the Kuwano , is a river which drains Rapti Zone in Mid-Western Region, Nepal , then Awadh and Bhojpur - Purvanchal regions of Uttar Pradesh state, and finally India before joining the Ghaghara . It is a major left bank tributary of the Ganges , and is also known as the Karnali in Nepal. The West Rapti
1269-449: The Terai rises the Bhabar , a narrow but continuous belt of forest about 8–12 km (5.0–7.5 mi) wide. The Urdu word ترائی tarāʼī means "lands lying at the foot of a watershed" or "on the banks of a river; low ground flooded with water, valley, basin, marshy ground, marsh, swamp; meadow". In Hindi , the region is called तराई 'tarāī' meaning "foot-hill". In Nepali , the region
1316-614: The annual production of 2005 was estimated at 10.1 million kg. The Mahendra Highway crosses the Nepal Terai from Kankarbhitta on the eastern border in Jhapa District, Province No. 1 to Mahendranagar near the western border in Kanchanpur District, Mahakali Zone . It is the only motor road spanning the country from east to west. Tea cultivation was introduced in the Darjeeling Terai in 1862. Tourist attractions in
1363-533: The city it is joined by the smaller Rohini rising further east in Nepal's Nawalparasi and Rupandehi Districts , draining 794 km in Nepal then 1892 km following through Maharajganj District in India. 60 km beyond Gorakhpur the Rapti joins the Ghaghara (Karnali) at Rajpur. About 120 km further on at Chhapra , the Ghaghara reaches the Ganges. The Rapti's flow has great seasonal variation because
1410-418: The deforestation process in the Terai. Between 1961 and 1991, the annual population growth in the Terai was higher than the national average, which indicates that migration from abroad occurred at a large scale. Deforestation continued, and forest products from state-owned forest were partly smuggled to India. Community forestry was introduced in 1995. Since the 1990s, migration from the Terai to urban centres
1457-723: The districts of these states that are on the India–Nepal border : The Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal consists of five elongated valleys located between the lower Himalayan Range and Sivalik Hills . From north-west to south-east these valleys are: The Outer Terai begins south of the Sivalik Hills and extends to the Indo-Gangetic Plain . In the Far-Western Region, Nepal , it comprises the Kanchanpur and Kailali Districts; in
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1504-456: The eastern Nepal Terai, living in close proximity with native Terai peoples. The Indian Terai remained largely uninhabited until the end of the 19th century, as it was arduous and dangerous to penetrate the dense marsh - and malaria -filled jungle with its predators. Dacoit gangs retreated to the Terai jungles, and the area was considered lawless and wild by the British, who sought control of
1551-441: The eastern Terai in Nepal. Following the malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, a large and heterogeneous non-Tharu population settled in the Nepal Terai. Pahari people from the mid-hills including Bahun , Chhetri and Newar moved to the plains in search of arable land. In the rural parts of the Nepal Terai, distribution and value of land determine economic hierarchy to a large extent. High caste migrants from
1598-619: The end of the 18th century, between 200 and 300 elephants were caught annually, using snares or nooses. The far-western and mid-western regions of the Nepal Terai (called ' Naya Muluk ', or ‘new country’) lay on the northern periphery of the Awadh dynasty. After Nepal lost the Anglo–Nepalese War of 1816, the British annexed these regions of the Terai when the Sugauli Treaty was ratified; as
1645-740: The hills and traditional Tharu landlords who own agriculturally productive land constitute the upper level of the economic hierarchy. The poor are the landless or near landless Terai Dalits , including the Musahar , Chamar and Mallaah . Several Chepang people also live in Nepal's central and eastern Terai districts. As of June 2011, the human population in the Nepal Terai totalled 13,318,705 people in 2,527,558 households comprising more than 120 different ethnic groups and castes such as Badi , Chamling , Ghale , Kumal , Limbu , Magar , Muslim , Rajbanshi , Teli , Thakuri , Yadav and Majhi speaking people. The Muslim invasion of northern India during
1692-410: The late 1960s, and about 10,000 Bihari Muslims from Bangladesh in the 1970s. Timber export continued until 1969. In 1970, King Mahendra granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of Jhapa, Sunsari, Rupandehi and Banke Districts, where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over uncultivated forest and 'waste' land, thus accelerating
1739-537: The loss of significant agricultural jobs. The plan is to recover these encroached lands and reestablish the Birgunj Sugar Mill for farmers. Destruction of the natural forest and river by domestic and cross border gangs created flood and desertization of fertile lands. Electricity theft using unauthorized hooks disturbed electricity availability. Terrai The Terai or Tarai is a lowland region in parts of southern Nepal and northern India that lies to
1786-419: The plain where silting is a rare phenomenon. A large number of small and usually seasonal rivers flow through the Terai, most of which originate in the Sivalik Hills. The soil in the Terai is alluvial and fine to medium textured. Forest cover in the Terai and hill areas has decreased at an annual rate of 1.3% between 1978 and 1979, and 2.3% between 1990 and 1991. With deforestation and cultivation increasing,
1833-458: The region's valuable timber reserves. The region was densely forested with stands of foremost Sal . Heavy logging began in the 1920s. Extracted timber was exported to India to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture. But still, the Terai jungles were teaming with wildlife. Inner Terai valleys historically were agriculturally productive but extremely malarial. Some parts were left forested by official decree during
1880-627: The river lacks sources in high elevation glaciers and snowfields to buffer pre-monsoon drought. Average monthly flows at Jalkundi (27°58'N, 82°14'E) in Deukhuri Valley vary from 17.6 m /s in pre-monsoon April to 451 m /s at the peak of the monsoon in August. Maximum recorded flood was 7,390 m /s on 10 September 1981. 100-year flood flows are predicted at 10,100 m /s. Every year, floods threaten over 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) in Uttar Pradesh. Flood control projects under study include
1927-639: The river. Below Bhalubang, Inner Terai Deukhuri Valley opens between the Dang and Dudhwa Ranges , both sub ranges of the Siwaliks. Valley, following the WNW trend of the Siwalik hills for 100 km. Although the land is fertile, before DDT came into use in the 1950s Deukhuri was so malarial that only the Tharu people who had genetic resistance could be confident of surviving
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1974-902: The south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas , the Sivalik Hills and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain . This lowland belt is characterised by tall grasslands , scrub savannah , sal forests and clay rich swamps . In North India , the Terai spreads from the Yamuna River eastward across Haryana , Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar and West Bengal . The Terai is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion . Nepal's Terai stretches over 33,998.8 km (13,127.0 sq mi), about 23.1% of Nepal's land area, and lies at an elevation of between 67 and 300 m (220 and 984 ft). The region comprises more than 50 wetlands . North of
2021-533: The two larger basins. After crossing into India, the Babai and Rapti separately join the Karnali's continuation called Ghaghara . The Ghaghara ultimately joins the Ganges. The Rapti's headwaters descend south from rugged highlands populated by Kham Magar . The western tributary Mādī Kholā ( Nepali : माडी खोला ) rises in northwestern Rolpa and is joined by Lungrī Kholā ( Nepali : लुङग्री खोला ) draining northeastern Rolpa. The Mardi then crosses into Pyuthan . It
2068-499: The warmer months. The river crosses from Dang into Banke District . Approaching Nepalganj —largest town in Nepal's western Terai —the Dudhwa Hills fall away and the river turns SE, crossing into Uttar Pradesh, India and flowing through districts Shravasti , Siddharth Nagar , Basti , Sant Kabir Nagar , Maharajganj District and Gorakhpur , passing Gorakhpur city at about 135 air miles (215 km) from Nepal. Just west of
2115-523: Was 1.0 °C (33.8 °F) on 23 January 1985. Simara Airport lies in Old-Pipara Simara offering flights to Kathmandu and is the nearest airport from Kathmandu . Mahendra Highway & Tribhuvan Highway link Jitpur Simara to different regions of Nepal as well as to the Indian Border . The Amlekhganj Raxaul railway has been a historic monument since India was a British colony. The railway
2162-402: Was constructed to transport logs and sleepers. It led to the opening of major roads and construction of the infrastructure. This railway is at the verge of extinction due to the illegal encroachment of lands/buildings and deforestation by gangs. 60% of the land is utilized for agriculture. A newly founded park hosts elephants, one horned rhinoceros, "nilgai", diverse birds, python etc. The park
2209-400: Was eradicated using DDT in the mid-1950s, at the unfortunate expense of future generations of birds, especially vultures, which were especially sensitive to the chemical. Subsequently, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. About 16,000 Tibetan refugees settled in the Nepal Terai in 1959–1960, followed by refugees of Nepali origin from Burma in 1964, from Nagaland and Mizoram in
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