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100-576: He left his throne in 1696 to his eldest son Bhupatindra Malla to spend the rest of his life in religious activities, and died on 14 November 1708. A son of Sri Jaya Jagatprakasa Malla Raja, Jitamitra was noted for his construction projects. In 1674 he built a Shikara-style Shiva temple with a gilded repousse mask of the God on each side in Bhaktapur. In 1682 he built near the Durbar the two-storied Dharmasala Palace with

200-508: A Yagya called Siddhāgni koṭyāhuti Māhāyagya . The fire for the Yagya was continuously lit for 48 days while the ashes from the fire were kept on the spot until January 1704. Even today, the spot where the Yagya was performed is believed to have retained the warmth till date. The construction of the temple was completed after a few months in the year 822 of the Nepalese era during the first day of

300-561: A moustache , Vétāla is believed to be a mischievous child. Vétāla is worshipped as the protector of Bhaktapur and of Bhairava . A statue of Vétāla is installed in front of the chariot of Biska Jatra . He is also believed to appear frequently in locales around the Nyatapola temple as a child during the time of the Biska Jatra festival. A folklore prevalent in Bhaktapur tell the tale of

400-473: A protectorate of Bhaktapur . Lokaprakāsha died from smallpox just a year after his coronation and the throne of Patan became empty again. This time, the nephew of Yog Narēndra Malla, Indra Malla, was crowned but the power remained in the hands of Yogamati. Moreover, Lalitpur secretly made an alliance with Kantipur and in 1708 the combined forces of Kantipur and Lalitpur attacked the " Obhu " fort of Bhaktapur four more times but were unable to breach

500-416: A stone mason , Tūla Simha, worked for 499 days. Similarly, another worker, Chatra Simha, worked for 285 days. However, the time it took from the laying of the foundation to completion of the construction took only six months. So, the stone work and woodcarving began two years before the foundation was laid. As per the sources, on 23 October 1701, Bhupatindra Malla invited his ministers, chief courtiers and

600-460: A dharmaçala was recorded as 14–15 m in length and 4–5 m in width. In modern times, the dharmashala have evolved towards wooden structures simply referred to as sala . Dharmashalas have been a part of the Indian philanthropic tradition since olden days and orthodox traveller still prefers to stay in a dharmashala rather than in a hotel. The Preah Khan stele dated to 1191 CE (see Cœdès 1941) and

700-488: A golden Mahadeva . The palace was used by royalty until 1769 and today is a museum and part of the World Heritage Site on Durbar Square. To the east of this, he erected the temple and statue of Narayana , along with the temples of Dattatrikasa and Pashupati. An inscription in 1678 states that he built the royal palace Thanathu Dubar and its gardens and courtyard. Jitamitra was also credited with restoring Kumari Chowk,

800-499: A guest of Capuchin Catholic friars living in Bhaktapur . He described Bhaktapur as: Badgao (Bhaktapur) stands on a hill some six or seven miles from Kathmandu. The air is much better, and with its fine houses and well laid out streets it is a much gayer and more beautiful city than the other two; it has several hundred thousand inhabitants who are engaged in trade Similarly, he described Bhupatindra Malla as: The old Kinglet of Badgao

900-501: A ledger book which states that: On the 10th day of the dark half of the month of Jyeshtha of Nepal Sambat 819 (= 12 June 1699), Sri Sri Sumāti Jitamitra Malla performed a siddhi homa . Scholar Bhim Nidhi Tiwari theorised that Jitamitra Malla may have died around January 1705. A contemporary chronicle ( Thyāsāfu in Nepal Bhasa ) from 1708 report the death of Jitamitra's younger brother Ugra Malla. The same chronicle also mention

1000-536: A lot of guests were to be invited in the wedding, the income of the royal family couldn't handle the expenses alone. So, the Malla kings and especially Jitamitra Malla collected culinary ingredients from the cities within the Kingdom of Bhaktapur . This form of taxing was called " sevākū ". The first of these "sevākū" was collected from Nala . Jitamitra Malla wrote "...As per the orders of Sri Sri Sumāti Jitamitra Malla , Nala

1100-576: A part of their own kingdom. Similar to Lalitpur, the monarch Bhaskar Malla was just eight years old and the power was on the hands of his mother, Bhuvana Lakshmi. The queen mother of Kantipur , went to Lalitpur to bring Lokaprakāsha to her kingdom. The twenty-year-old mother of Lokaprakāsha, Yogamati asked Bhupatindra Malla for help against Kantipur 's plan. With Bhupatindra's help, Lalitpur captured Bhuvana Lakshmi and imprisoned her for four days. The citizens of Kantipur then kidnapped Lokaprakāsha but Bhupatindra Malla rescued him and declared Lalitpur

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1200-547: A skilled ruler and since childhood he was given a chance to rule alongside his father. He was also keen on building, having built a hiti and a public shelter (called a phalcā in Nepal Bhasa ) at Thimi as a prince. His most famous contributions are the Nyatapola Temple , a Nepalese-style five-storey temple completed in a six-month period between 1702 and 1703 and the palace of fifty-five windows, both of which are often considered an apogee of Nepalese architecture . He

1300-425: A worker who attended the construction of the Nyatapola temple daily, did no work but ate the most lunch. When the other workers noticed him, they quickly reported to Bhupatindra Malla but the king consoled the workers by saying that "he will be of some use, some day". Eventually, when the time came to install the heavy golden pinnacle on the top of the temple, the same worker who did no work before, quickly grabbed

1400-399: A young Bhupatindra Malla. Although it is unclear how a popular figure such as Bhāju Kasa was antagonized in folklore. Before, Bhāju Kasa took office, legal documents contained Annapurna Lakshmi, Bhupatindra Malla's great-grandaunt, as the witness. Her name first appeared in a legal document from 30 December 1667 during the reign of Jagat Prakasha Malla , Bhupatindra Malla's grandfather. She

1500-461: Is among the most popular and influential of the Malla kings and also has great cultural importance in Bhaktapur. The silhouette of his gold-plated bronze statue at the royal palace complex is often used by various organizations and corporations as a symbol to represent Bhaktapur . Bhupatindra Malla was born to Jitamitra Malla by his queen consort Lālamati on kārtika śukla khaṣṭhī ( the sixth day of

1600-471: Is based upon the folklore of Bhāgirāma Kāyastha (alias Bhāju Kasa), the chief minister in Jitamitra Malla 's court. Although Jitamitra Malla himself speaks highly of Bhāju Kasa, even declaring him as the second greatest in the kingdom after him in one of his inscriptions, the folklore of Bhaktapur sees him as an antagonist figure who tried to usurp the throne and assassinate a young Bhupatindra Malla with

1700-455: Is clear that Bhupatindra Malla organized a siddhāgni kotyāhuti yagya in order to offer an extremely small metallic bell, the same type of yagya done to commemorate the construction of the Nyatapola temple . As per historian Purushottam Shrestha, the reason for performing such complex ritual for the act of offering a small bell can be attributed to the plague epidemic that ravaged Nepal for seven years from 1716 to 1723. The bell however

1800-524: Is spared by the assassins who run their knife on a goat instead and is picked up by a family of Tibetan artisans who raises him and eventually Bhupatindra Malla gathers his own army and takes back the throne. It is said that then Bhupatindra Malla executes Bhāju Kasa and puts his usurping stepmother on house arrest in the Thanthu Lyākū palace. In actuality however, Bhāju Kasa was an extremely popular figure in contemporary Bhaktapur whose popularity caused to be

1900-489: Is still a mystery. Catching and taming of wild elephants was considered a sign of masculinity in medieval Nepal . There are three instances of Bhupatindra Malla hunting for wild elephants in the Terai forest . The first hunt was held on 24 March 1708. There are no further details about this hunt as the chronicle simply mention that Bhupatindra Malla chased elephants on Fālguna sudi 13 of Nepal Sambat 829. The second hunt

2000-458: Is the tallest building in Bhaktapur and holds a great cultural significance to the locals despite being off limits. The square that houses this temple is the most important area of the town. Likewise, the Nyatapola is the tallest in Nepal as well and is considered the greatest contribution by Bhupatindra Malla. The construction of the temple was completed in six months. Before the construction of

2100-477: Is to provide the following to Purvarāma who will bring them to the royal court..." on his letter. The list of ingredients asked from Nala included, a buffalo costing six mohars , two ducks, two goats, forty eggs, 2.18 liters oil, 160 kg flattened rice , 2 kg salt, fish, dhau , 3.2 liters milk, banana, pork, venison and different varieties of sesame . Diksha ceremonies were generally held in an eclipse , solar eclipses being more favoured. There

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2200-470: The Bayon . To this day, many Angkorian sites have been identified as houses of fire, in places such as Prohm Kel, Prasat Phtu, Teap Chei, Preah Khan, Ta Prohm, Kuk Top Thom and Prasat Kuk. Debate exists as to the exact use of the houses of fire. Scholars theorize that the houses with fire functioned as a "rest house with fire" for travellers or even chapels for travellers believed to be the house of fire, housing

2300-455: The Gregorian calendar . The same document mentions that no women were burned as Sati during the funeral. Sometime after his death, his wife Lalamati consecrated two sets of gilded repoussé statuettes of her and Jitamitra Malla, among which one set is part of a gilded repoussé strut in the former royal palace and the other set is displayed at the palace during the festival of Mohani , on

2400-529: The Kingdom of Bhaktapur , the citizens from the Kingdom of Patan also volunteered in the construction. By early February 1703, the construction of the plinth was completed. The construction was halted temporarily in April for the Bisket Jatra festival. The construction work accelerated after the end of the festival and by the end of April, the lowermost storey was finished. In early May, Bhupatindra Malla started

2500-420: The Kingdom of Lalitpur had to pay a hefty amount to Bhaktapur and Gorkha , Makwanpur and Tanahun if an alliance was made with Kantipur without their consent. This treaty greatly angered Yog Narendra Malla and in 1705 he attacked a fort called " Obhu " that belonged to Bhaktapur . However, due to the fort's strength Yog Narendra Malla's force were not able to capture it. His forces continued to attack

2600-515: The Nyatapola temple being his most revered contribution. An integral part of the local folklore, Bhupatindra Malla is regarded as a great builder and a lover of arts whose reign is considered the cultural high point of Bhaktapur. In particular, he was a scholar of the Maithili language and composed 26 plays in Maithili throughout his lifetime. His parents, Jitamitra and Lālamati, wanted him to be

2700-460: The Nyatapola temple , the tallest building in Bhaktapur was a Shiva temple in the palace complex. The Shiva temple also features a five-level platform similar to the Nyatapola . So, it is possible that Bhupatindra Malla may have used the Shiva temple as a base when drawing the architectural drawing for the temple. It was said that Bhupatindra Malla was skilled in woodcarving and Vastu shastra and

2800-513: The Ramayana titled Dukhi Vāro and the play was shown around the town . The digging work for the foundation of the temple was completed by late December 1701. Bhupatindra Malla himself laid three bricks on the foundation thereby commencing the construction work. The construction work gained further momentum as almost all the citizens of Bhaktapur came to volunteer. Likewise, citizens of Thimi , Banepa , Dhulikhel and other smaller settlements under

2900-464: The Thanthu Lyākū palace which was built by himself and spent the rest of his life in pilgrimage and other religious activities. Just a few months after his coronation , Bhupatindra Malla inaugurated a play named " Kolāsuravadhopākhyāna " in early March 1697. For this occasion, he offered a ritual oil lamp called tvādevā to Nāsadyah, the deity of music and dance. Yog Narendra Malla became

3000-405: The king of Lalitpur . For this, he gave two elephants and one camel to the king of Lalitpur while Bhaksar Malla of Kantipur received a camel and an elephant each from him. Based on the stone sculpture of a camel pair at a temple in the palace square of Bhaktapur , it becomes clear that these camels were Dromedary . In the entirety of Nepal , there are only two depictions of camels ,

3100-455: The sacred fire . An inscription at Preah Khan tells of 121 such rest houses lining the highways into Angkor . The Chinese traveller Zhou Daguan expressed his admiration for these rest houses when he visited Angkor in 1296 CE. Another theory is that the House of Fire had a religious function as the repository the sacred flame used in sacred ceremonies. In 1902, Lunet de Lajonquière rediscovered

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3200-408: The waxing moon in the month of Ashadha (late June–early July 1702). All in all, it took six months to build the temple. When construction finished, a grand feast was organized by a grateful Bhupatindra Malla and almost 20,000 people attended. Bhupatindra may have also authored the " Siddhāgni Kotyāhuti Dévala Pratisthā ", manuscript detailing the construction work of the Nyatapola temple with

3300-456: The attacks on Bhaktapur stopped as a crisis of succession was created in Lalitpur . After the death of Yog Narēndra Malla, the throne of Lalitpur became empty. Bhupatindra Malla helped in the crowning of Lokaprakāsha Malla, the son of Yogamati who herself was the daughter of Yoga Naréndra Malla. Since, Lokaprakāsha was just seven years old, Kantipur saw this as the chance to make Lalitpur

3400-431: The big influence that Lālamati, who even consecrated several gilt bronze statues of herself and Jitamitra Malla , and Ugra Malla had during Bhupatindra Malla's reign. Similarly, Bhupatindra Malla's rock inscription at a quarry in the eastern part of Bhaktapur states that "Bhupatindra Malla, in order to build a stone temple in his father's name had these rocks collected". So, Jitamitra Malla 's death just like his birth

3500-583: The bright half of the month of kārtika ) in Nepal Sambat 795, equivalent to 3 November 1674 on the Gregorian calendar . There was another son born to Lalamati and Jitamitra Malla before the birth of Bhupatindra Malla. The contemporary expenditure book has a record of the Annaprashana ( Newar : macā janko ) ceremony of a prince in April 1674 ( NS 795), before the birth of Bhupatindra Malla. This prince has simply been referred as "Jitamitra Malla's Prince" in

3600-513: The ceremony. The dancers from Kantipur performed a dance named " Bhimānanda pyākhan " for which they were paid 20 rupees . Similarly, dancers from Thimi and Sāngā, which lied within the Kingdom of Bhaktapur , were only paid 8 rupees for their performance during the weeding. The preparations for the wedding ceremony to be held in November began from June. During a marriage of the Newar prince, there

3700-412: The chief minister Lakshmi Narayana Joshi. In 1689, Yog Narēndra Malla with the help of Jitamitra Malla successful isolated Kantipur and the combined forces attacked several forts that belonged to Kantipur while the infant king was being paraded around the town. Bhupatindra Malla with the help of Gorkha , Makwanpur and Tanahun forced Yog Narendra Malla to sign a treaty in 1701 according to which

3800-406: The chief minister, Bhāju Kasa, who also wanting to usurp the throne himself decides to help her and the couple manages to persuade Bhupatindra Malla to visit a nearby forest with some hired assassins. The assassins however finding him innocent and touched by his pleadings leave him in the forest and run their knives on a goat . Bhupatindra Malla is later found by a family of Tibetan craftsmen and it

3900-418: The coronation of Bhupatindra however, Bhāju Kasa disappears from records. Moreover, Bhupatindra's chief minister Hāku Vāro (colloquially Hāku Bhāju) also didn't serve him throughout his reign, unlike the case of his father . It appears that Bhupatindra became more biased towards his mother Lālamati, particularly because he wanted to avoid his minister gaining as much power and popularity as Bhāju Kasa did during

4000-418: The current king of Bhaktapur. The doubt regarding the death of Jitamitra Malla was further supported by a line from the document containing the religious rites performed by him, which dated to around June of 1699 mentions a homa ritual performed by Jitamitra Malla. Because of these evidence, historians pushed forward the idea that Jitamitra Malla voluntarily gave up the throne for Bhupatindra Malla and spent

4100-411: The day of Vijayadashami . Jitamitramalla is known to have composed ten dramas in the Maithili language although none of these have been published. This biography of a member of a Nepalese royal house is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bhupatindra Malla Bhupatindra Malla ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐨𑐹𑐥𑐟𑐷𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬 𑐩𑐮𑑂𑐮 ‎; 3 November 1674 – 15 April 1722)

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4200-530: The decorative use of the Lokesvara motif. The stele describes a series of 121 vahni-griha found along three roads and in specific Angkorian temple enclosures. The decorative use of the Lokesvara motif, which represents the Buddha of compassion, is associated with the switch to Buddhism as state religion for Jayavarman VII and his successor Indravarman II (1220-1270 CE). In the late 13th century, one hundred years after

4300-415: The details of the cost of the construction, the timeline of the construction, names of the workers who worked on it including their work time and wages. Vira Vétāla ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐰𑐷𑐬 𑐰𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐮 ‎), also commonly called Vétadyah ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐰𑐾𑐟 𑐡𑑂𑐫𑑅 ‎) is considered the vahana of Bhairava in Bhaktapur and is a popular deity in Bhaktapur. Although he is depicted with

4400-417: The details of the dishes served during the feast following this ceremony. Bhupatindra Malla's childhood has been highly dramatised in the folklore of Bhaktapur . The story, although historically inaccurate quite popular in Bhaktapur . The story goes that Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen despised Bhupatindra Malla and wanted to make her own issue the future king of Bhaktapur . So, she asks for help from

4500-518: The development of the Dharmsala Palace, its 55 windows and gardens. Although historians initially believed that Jitamitra Malla died around the time of the coronation of his son . However, in 1967 Historian Gautama Vajracharya published a previously undiscovered manuscript, where his death date is given as the thirteen day of the waxing moon of Margasira in NS 829 which falls on 14 November 1708 on

4600-534: The expenditure book and finds no mention in any other sources. Bhupatindra Malla was raised by his mother Lālamati who played a very important role to shape the psychology of the young prince. Many of Bhupatindra Malla's pre-marital rite of passage have been recorded in the contemporary expenditure books, like the Chudakarana , Upanayana and the Diksha . For instance, the Chudakarana ceremony of Bhupatindra Malla

4700-411: The feast. In the feast following the wedding, all the citizens of Bhaktapur were invited. Likewise, 16,244 citizens from other cities within the kingdom were also invited. Jitamitra Malla himself wrote a Newari play titled " Madālasā Harana " which was performed during the wedding. Dancers from the royal court of Kantipur as well as other citizens from Kantipur were invited to perform in

4800-457: The first being a stone sculpture at a temple of Bhaktapur and the other in a latticed window in Bhaktapur as well. It becomes clear that the Kingdom of Bhaktapur had some camels, a non-native and a rare animal for Nepal . The presence of camels became the subject of pride for Bhaktapur . The temple containing the sculpture of the camel pair was built during the reign of Bhupatindra's father . So, Bhaktapur might have had camels even before

4900-494: The fort while Yog Narendra himself was operating from Changu . As the threat of attack on Bhaktapur grew, Bhupatindra Malla with his son Ranajit , retreated to Banepa and declared it the kingdom's temporary capital. On 28 October 1705, Yog Narēndra Malla was poisoned in Changu , probably by the spies of Bhupatindra Malla. As a result of the poisoning, Yog Narendra Malla died on Wednesday, 28 October 1705. After, Yog Narēndra's death,

5000-465: The fort. Gaurivivāha ( lit.   ' marriage of Gauri ' ) was a Nepal Bhasa play detailing the marriage of Parvati to Shiva . The play written by Bhupatindra Malla himself which was shown in the Kingdom of Patan in early January 1707. The money collected from the play was used by Bhupatindra Malla to offer a bell to the lord of dance, Nrityasvara . Many historians and authors have wrongly written that Jitamitra Malla died around

5100-465: The heavy pinnacle and installed it on the top with ease. The man is then said to have disappeared and was never seen again. So, he was believed to be Vétāla himself. Dharmasala A Dharmasala or a house of fire , or house with fire , is the name given to a place where people, especially pilgrims, can rest on a journey . It is a type of building found in Angkorian complexes constructed during

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5200-431: The help of Jitamitra Malla's youngest queen. The story also assumes that Bhājyā Pūkhū, a large rectangular tank on the eastern border of Bhaktapur with a Shiva temple in its center which was commissioned by and named after Bhāju Kasa, was in fact built by Bhāju Kasa in order to win the support of the junior queen. In reality however, the pond existed since the 12th century and Bhāju Kasa only commissioned its renovation as

5300-454: The idea that Bhupatindra Malla succeeded his father via a revolt just like in the case of Pratap Malla , after putting him in house arrest. Under the direction of his father , Bhupatindra Malla had renovated a stone spout ( hiti ) and a resting place ( phalcā ) in Thimi . When Bhupatindra Malla became sufficiently skilled to rule on his own, Jitamitra Malla abdicated the throne. He lived in

5400-475: The images of Astamatrikas and, in 1690, donated two large cooper kettledrums (nagara) or bells to his favourite deity, the goddess Taleju for the gilded roof of Taleju. He also contributed a finely carved wooden tympanum above the main entrance to the Mul Chowk and also erected many memorials in Bhaktapur. His son, Bhupatindra Malla who succeed him in 1696 was equally fascinated with architecture, and continued

5500-399: The king of the Kingdom of Lalitpur (present day Lalitpur, Nepal ) after he started a revolt against his father Srinivasa Malla. Yog Narēndra Malla was an ambitious king who upon his coronation in 1684 made an alliance with Jitamitra Malla in order to isolate and take over Kantipur . At that time, Kantipur's monarch was an infant Bhupālēndra Malla and the power was mostly on the hands of

5600-451: The king on the route between Kampot and Udong. In 1903, French archeologist A. Foucher recognised that these structures served first and foremost religious purposes and were not simply ‘resthouses’, pointing out that stone is a material intended for the gods and not for human habitation. The first and only publication specifically addressing the ruins on the model of Prasat Teap Chei was conducted by Finot (1925) who provided descriptions of

5700-439: The king would talk with each other from their rooftops. When the queen noticed them, she started to worry that the gazers might fall in love with each other. So, she requested her husband to construct a tall temple dedicated to Goddess Siddhi Lakshmi, that will calm the angry Bhairava while secretly hoping that it would block the view of the woman's house from the palace. Ugra Malla (official name Sri Sri Jaya Ugra Malla Deva)

5800-442: The kingdom who feared the same fate. With the hopes of preventing the epidemic, Bhupatindra Malla and his court performed a siddhāgni kotyāhuti yagya in order to offer a bell to Siddhi Vatsalā who is regarded as a powerful mother goddess . The 18th century Plague epidemic was the most deadly epidemic in history of Nepal. It appears that Lālamati Dévi ( Nepal Bhasa : 𑐮𑐵𑐮𑐩𑐟𑐷 𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐷 ‎), Bhupatindra's mother,

5900-582: The late years of the 17th century states, "This is the kingdom (referring to Bhaktapur ) won by Bhupatindra Malla", perhaps indicating a usurpation. Furthermore, a contemporary Paubha painting of Shiva which contains the miniature of the royal family of Bhaktapur does not have a miniature of Jitamitra Malla . The royal family depicted composed of Bhupatindra Malla on his throne, his uncle Ugra Malla, his mother Lālamati, his sister Bhānumati and his queen Vishva Lakshmi seated together and in prayer to Shiva . Jitamitra Malla's name appears for one last time in

6000-465: The learned and patient king Jitamitra Malla who is the greatest in the kingdom . After him, the intelligent minister Bhāgirāma is the greatest. Meanwhile, Lakshmi Narayana Joshi, the minister of Kantipur became jealous of Bhāju Kasa's influence and fame in Bhaktapur . So, the kingdom of Kantipur warned Jitamitra Malla of an attack if Bhāju Kasa was not removed from office. Jitamitra Malla couldn't remove Bhāju Kasa due his immense popularity among

6100-501: The locals. As a result, the forces of Kantipur surrounded the western gate of Bhaktapur for about a month after which they ransacked Bhāju Kasa's property. Bhāju Kasa then fled away to Lalitpur . There Yog Narēndra Malla, the king of Lalitpur found Bhāju Kasa innocent and convinced Lakshmi Narayana Joshi to reinstall him the court of Jitamitra Malla . After returning to office, Bhāju Kasa's popularity grew even more, perhaps surpassing that of Jitamitra Malla . This immense popularity

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6200-461: The maps for the temple were made by him with the help of other experts. Similarly, before the Nyatapola was constructed there existed a temple referred as " Ngātapūlū " in the " Siddhāgni koṭyāhuti devala pratishṭhā" manuscript . Even before the construction began formally, the woodcarving and sculpting work had started. In the " Siddhāgni koṭyāhuti devala pratishṭhā " manuscript , it is written that

6300-492: The name of her deceased son. Hāku Bhāro, colloquially Hāku Bhāju was the chief minister in Bhupatindra Malla's court. Hāku Bhāro replaced Bhāgirāma Kāyastha (colloquially known as Bhāju Kasa ) , who was the minister in Jitamitra Malla 's court. Soon after he took tenure in 1676, Bhāju Kasa's fame started to grow among was the people of Bhaktapur . An inscription form Khaumā district in Bhaktapur mentions: Hail

6400-458: The palace of fifty-five windows and the Nyatapola temple . Queen Vishva Lakshmi supported her husband in many of his ambitious construction works. According to some folklore, the tall Nyatapola Temple was commissioned by the Queen herself. The story says that once the Queen noticed her husband King Bhupatindra Malla gazing at a woman every morning. Since the woman lived near the palace, she and

6500-431: The palace. His usurping stepmother is imprisoned within the palace while Bhāju Kasa is taken to a forest near the western gates of Bhaktapur where he is executed. Despite being a popular folklore, it has no historical basis. Not only are there no records of Jitamitra Malla's queen apart from Lālamati, a young Bhupatindra Malla is depicted in a few contemporary paintings and there are ledgers books of various ceremonies of

6600-430: The regularly-spaced temples along the northwest and east roads. The dharmasalas are normally found to the north of the routes. Of all the characteristics, it is the regular spacing between temples that provides the justification for applying the specific term ‘resthouse’ that was initially presented by Louis Finot . Groslier suggested that an average day's travel in ancient Cambodia was 25 kilometers, thus determining

6700-591: The reign of Bhupatindra. Apart from the camel trade by Bhaktapur with its neighbours and the few depictions of it in Bhaktapur as well, other mentions of camels has not been found in Nepalese history yet. Ippolito Desideri was an Italian Christian missionary who arrived in Nepal on 27 December 1721 on his return trip from Tibet . He stayed in Kathmandu and Patan for a while and only entered Bhaktapur on 14 January 1722. He stayed in Bhaktapur until 25 January as

6800-526: The reign of Jayavarman VII, Zhou Dagan mentioned the presence of samnak , or rest stops, which he compared to the post houses more common in China. Though the massive houses of fire fell into disrepair with the collapse of the Khmer Empire , the use of specific sala for travelers remained: in the 19th century, Henri Mouhot commented on the frequency of royal stations spaced approximately 20 kilometers apart for

6900-446: The reign of his father . Lālamati appears as a witness in all royal cases since the reign of Bhupatindra. Lālamati helped her son greatly during his reign, especially in political issues. Lālamati outlived both her husband and her son and died in the second year of her grandson 's reign. Even after their death, Lālamati consecrated gold-plated statues of Jitamitra Malla and she set up a Guthi land to light oil lamps for Taleju in

7000-516: The reign of late 12th-century monarch Jayavarman VII and still found in Preah Khan , Ta Prohm and Banteay Chhmar . The Sanskrit name of the dharmasala can only translate as the house of fire . A House of Fire has thick brick or stone walls, a tower at the west end and south-facing windows. Building orientation follows the position of the road rather than the typical east–west cardinal alignment of Angkorian architecture. The average size of

7100-538: The rest of his life performing pious deeds. The idea was that Jitamitra Malla wanted to avoid a conflict with his heir as was the case with Pratapa Malla and his father Lakshminarasingha Malla in Kantipur and Yognarendra Malla and his father Srinivasa Malla in Lalitpur . This idea was further brought into main stream by Nepalese playwright Bhim Nidhi Tiwari in his historical drama, Mahārāja Bhūpatīndra. Recently however, historians like Om Prasad Dhaubhadel put forward

7200-481: The rest of the administrative division of Bhaktapur in his palace where he proposed his plans build the Nyatapola Temple . As soon as the decision to build the temple was made by the meeting, preparations for construction started. Trees were cut in the forests surrounding Bhaktapur and the very next day on 24 October, Bhaktapur received wood from Banepa and woodwork for the temple began. Similarly, on Sunday 27 October 1702, Bhupatindra Malla, in order to prepare

7300-427: The royal astrologer Jayanarayana wrote (this document) to Kalyana Simha. During the reign of his father Jitamitra , the chief minister Bhagiram Pradhananga (colloquially Bhāju Kasa) became popular and even claimed himself to be the most skilled in the kingdom after the king . His rapid popularity spawned rumors that he was planning to assassinate the young prince Bhupatindra and claim the throne for himself. After

7400-508: The same space as the Nyatapola . By late December, the Ngātāpulu temple was destroyed and some of the surrounding houses were demolished in order to make space for the big temple. The house owners were given land in the eastern part of the town and the locale is today named Pālikhéla ( lit.   ' ground given in exchange ' ). However, one of these owners was saddened by the loss of his ancestral home and to show his sadness authored

7500-552: The same time Bhupatindra Malla was crowned. But there are some chronicles ( Thyāsāfu in Newari ) that say that Jitamitra Malla after leaving the throne once his son became capable of reigning, lived in Thanthu Lyākū, a palace constructed by Jitamitra himself and spent the rest of his life in religious activities. However, Jitamitra Malla's last days are still a mystery. Records of Jitamitra Malla disappear suddenly after Bhupatindra's coronation. During his own reign, Jitamitra Malla

7600-444: The sight of a comet around the same time which was considered a bad omen. Historian, Om Dhaubhadel has theorised that Bhupatindra Malla may have put his father in house arrest in the Thanthu Lyākū palace and crowned himself in a similar manner to what Pratap Malla did. It is really hard to prove or disprove this as the Thanthu Lyākū palace no longer exists and most of its inscription may have been lost with it. Thus, this theory

7700-422: The size, decoration, orientation, and spacing of the dharmaçalas, a term that suggests both a religious and secular role. Claude Jacques recently supported the use of theses structures as fire shrine as it more accurately represents the inscription and possibly points to its role in housing a ‘sacred fire’, images of which are depicted being carried in processions on the walls of Angkor Wat , Banteay Chhmar and

7800-433: The subject of harassment from his counterpart in Kantipur . Similarly, there is no any historical evidence of Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen as he likely only had Lālamati as the only queen. Historian Dhaubhadel suspects that Bhupatindra Malla may have put both his father and his stepmother in house arrest in Thanthu Lyākū palace and then erased any evidences of his stepmother. But this theory ultimately fails to explain

7900-418: The tank and the temple in its middle likely suffered heavy damage from the earthquake in 1681 . The story further says that after gaining support of the junior queen Bhāju Kasa uses the new gained power to trick a young Bhupatindra Malla to go to a secluded forest with some hired assassins while Bhāju Kasa and Jitamitra Malla 's junior queen rule Bhaktapur. The story now shifts to a young Bhupatindra Malla who

8000-407: The throne and executes Bhāju Kasa and puts his usurping stepmother in a house arrest. This event likely didn't happen and was not a true historical event but can be regarded as folklore . The main point to disprove this story is that Jitamitra Malla didn't have multiple queens. There are no mention of Jitamitra having any queen other than Lālamati. Moreover, there are chronicles documenting

8100-459: The two of them plotted to murder a young Bhupatindra Malla. They convinced two assassins to kill the young prince in a nearby forest. The assassins however couldn't kill the pleading young prince and left him in the forest. Bhupatindra Malla would later be picked by a family of Tibetan artisans who raised him until adolescence and taught him his true identity. Bhupatindra Malla returns to Bhaktapur where due his popularity gathers his own army and storms

8200-403: The uninhabited mountains. Inside the stone Siddhi Vatsalā temple in the palace square of Bhaktapur is a small metallic bell which contains a short Newari inscription. The inscription reads "...may all be fortunate, after performing a siddhāgni kotyāhuti yagya , Sri Sri Bhupatindra Malla offered this bell inside the stone temple on the first day of Bhadra of Nepal Sambat 835....". It

8300-509: The various rituals of a young Bhupatindra Malla and even a painting of a young Bhupatindra Malla. So, the story seems very unlikely. Initially, when history in Nepal was still in its infancy, it was believed that Bhupatindra Malla was crowned on 21 September 1696, after his father's death. However, a treaty signed between Yognarendra Malla of Patan and Bhaktapur five months after the supposed "death" of Jitamitra Malla titles Jitamitra Malla as

8400-430: The various types of bricks , gave his ministers about 244 mots 1 suki money as advance and the purchasing of bricks also began. Bhaktapur continuously received wood from the surrounding areas and by mid-November 1702, the work for 529 fyé gān (small bells hung in the roof that ring with the wind) began as well. It seems that there was already a temple called "Ngātāpulu" in the manuscripts , which once occupied

8500-457: Was offered to Goddess Taleju on 1 July 1714 by Bhupatindra Malla. A gold inscription at the Taleju temple mentions this event as "Bhupatindra Malla brought back a female elephant, Vasanti from Makwanpur . A lot of effort was put to bring her back and Sri Sri Bhupatindra Malla offered Vasanti to Goddess Taleju". In 1914, Bhupatindra Malla had to sue for peace with Bhaksar Malla of Kantipur and

8600-402: Was Bhupatindra's uncle who assisted him during the early years of his reign especially in political matters. Ugra Malla was equally active and ruled alongside his brother and Bhupatindra's father, Jitamitra Malla . Ugra Malla was featured with his brother in most paintings of Jitamitra . Ugra Malla died c.  1708 . He was colloquially referred as mēlamhā jūjū. The Nyatapola temple

8700-459: Was a Malla Dynasty King of the Kingdom of Bhaktapur (present day Bhaktapur , Nepal ) who reigned from 1696 until his death in 1722. He is the most widely known king of Bhaktapur and is among the most popular of the Malla dynasty . He is popularly known in Bhaktapur as nepaḥ juju , meaning the king of the Newars . His reign was characterized by the construction of numerous palaces and temples with

8800-460: Was a ceremony called " vātā chóyā " and " kū chóyā " was held which involved sending different varieties of bread to the bride's residence. For that ceremony, the bakery work started on 25 June 1687. On 26 June 1687, the Bhāju (a Newari term for the chief minister) of Jitamitra Malla 's court gave 600 rupees to the customs officer in order to gather all the necessary ingredients for the feast. Since

8900-485: Was also an avid lyricist and playwright with some of his songs still being sung in Bhaktapur. Bhupatindra Malla was also a politically strong figure in the Nepal Valley and established the reputation of Bhaktapur as a strong military principality similar to that of Kantipur . He has been described by Ippolito Desideri as "the first ruler of Bhaktapur to not pay tribute to the king of Kantipur ". Bhupatindra Malla

9000-494: Was also rich, and a very capable man. He had always refused to pay tribute to the ruler of Kattmandu, but was at last forced, not only to pay, but to give more, after spending large sums in war. During the short time I was at Badgao this ruler twice sent for me, showed me much honour, and when I left, gave me a letter to the King of Bitia ( Bettiah ), whose kingdom I was to traverse; he also gave me an escort to protect me until I had crossed

9100-490: Was an annular solar eclipse on 5 November 1687, just a day after the wedding day in which Bhupatindra Malla conducted his Diksha ceremony. In Bhaktapur however, the eclipse was partial which started at 8:06 in the morning, reached its peak at 9:10 and ended at 10 in the morning. A priest named Jayamuni directed the ceremony for which he received 500 rupees as Dakṣiṇā . The preparation for this ceremony had begun from 22 September 1687. Contemporary ledgers contain

9200-482: Was done on 1 March 1685 in Dumāju chuka , a courtyard of the royal palace . The rituals done during this ceremony and the expenditures incurred in it are recorded in the expenditure book. Similarly, his Upanayana ( Classical Newar : Būdān ) was held on 3 February 1686. Likewise, the expenditure incurred, and the rituals performed for the ceremony has been recorded in detail in the expenditure book. Bhupatindra Malla

9300-463: Was his main helper during his reign. She appears as a witness in all treaties and legal documents involving the royal court. Lālamati is referred as Rājamātā (meaning queen mother), in inscriptions and legal documents. An example of this comes from a section of a legal document from 26 December 1714 about Bhupatindra Malla selling land to a person named Kalyana Simha: ... In the presence of Rājamātā Sri Sri Lālamati Dēvi and Sri Sri Ranajit Malla ,

9400-417: Was known to document events in the form of dhara pau (translating to ledger books) which contained financials of royal ceremonies and the details of every single religious rites that he performed. Sudden disappearance of his records have led to some theories that Bhupatindra Malla may have usurped the throne from his father who was put into house arrest in the Thanthu Lyākū palace. A ritual book dated from

9500-401: Was married to Vishva Lakshmi on 4 November 1687, when he was 13 years old. According to contemporary ledgers , the bakery work for the wedding started on 25 June 1687. By September, Jitamitra Malla had sent letters to officials in Thimi , Banepa and other cities within the kingdom . The letters contained the amount of tax money required from the cities and the ingredients required for

9600-410: Was offered on 3 September 1715, a few months before the plague epidemic which began around May 1716. However, months before the epidemic began affecting people, it had started to affect livestock and wild creatures. Contemporary chronicles mention the mysterious death of hundreds of cattle , poultry , pigs , wild hogs , deer , mice before the plague began. These deaths must have scared people of

9700-416: Was on 21 December 1711 in the forests of Terai . This time, Bhupatindra Malla was accompanied in his hunt by Mānikasena, the king of Makwanpur . A fresco inside the royal palace of Bhaktapur depict this scene. The final hunt was in 1714 in the forests of Makwanpur Terai as well. This time however, he tamed a female elephant and brought it back to Bhaktapur . The elephant was named " Vasanti " and

9800-441: Was the first female to appear as a witness in a legal document in Bhaktapur's history. From 1667 to 1676, Annapurna Lakshmi's name appeared as a witness in legal documents. Vishva Lakshmi doesn't appear much in legal documents, treaties and there are no mentions of her in anything related to the politics of the valley. Vishva Lakshmi however is known to have supported her husband in the numerous construction works, particularly

9900-413: Was the probable source of a folklore in Bhaktapur. It accounts that Bhāju Kasa assisted the youngest queen of Jitamitra Malla attempted to usurp the throne. Firstly, in order to gain the trust of the queen, Bhāju Kasa made a large rectangular pond overnight in western Bhaktapur . The pond is named Bhājyā Pūkhū after Bhāju Kasa himself and had a Shiva temple in the middle. Then after gaining her trust,

10000-520: Was under their raising that Bhupatindra developed his love for arts. Meanwhile, Bhāju Kasa and the junior queen successfully becomes the defacto albeit unpopular rulers of Bhaktapur. After some years Bhupatindra Malla, being taught his real identity returns to Bhaktapur as a young man who immediately becomes popular among the locals. Bhupatindra Malla manages to gather a small army with the help of which, Bhupatindra Malla attack Bhāju Kasa and his stepmother. This time, Bhupatindra Malla successfully takes back

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